钙通道阻断剂对家兔起搏细胞自发活动的作用

目的 :为进一步阐明Ca2 + 通道在心脏起搏中所起的作用 ,及左心室流出道 (主动脉前庭 )自律细胞的特性。方法 :利用常规的玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术 ,观察了 2 6例家兔窦房结和左心室流出道自律细胞动作电位的特征。以分析钙通道阻断剂 -维拉帕米 (VER)和氯化镍 (NiCl2 )对窦房结和流出道自律细胞的影响。结果 :(1)用 1μmol/LVER灌流后窦房结及主动脉前庭自律细胞的APA、Vmax、MDP绝对值、VDD、RPF均明显下降 ,APD90 延长 (P <0 .0 5 )。 (2 )用 180 μmol/LNiCl2 灌流后两自律细胞自发慢反应电位的VDD、APA、Vmax、RPF均明显下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,而且窦房结细胞APD90 也显著延长 ;二者的MDP、APD50 均无明显改变 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :钙通道阻断剂对窦房结起搏细胞和主动脉前庭自律细胞动作电位 0相和 4相去极离子流有明显抑制作用。     

肾上腺素对离体豚鼠左心室流出道组织自律性电活动的影响

目的:观察肾上腺素(E)对离体豚鼠左心室流出道组织自发慢反应电位的影响.方法:采用标准玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术,观察E对离体豚鼠左心室流出道组织自发慢反应电位的影响.观测指标有:最大舒张电位(MDP),动作电位幅度(APA),0期最大除极速度(Vmax),4期自动除极速度(VDD),自发放电频率(RPF),复极50%和90%时间(APD50、APD90).结果:用100μmol/L E灌流,豚鼠左心室流出道自律组织动作电位APA明显增大(P<0.01),Vmax明显增快(P<0.05),MDP显著增大(P<0.05),APD90显著缩短(P<0.01);RPF明显增快(P<0.01),VDD明显加快(P<0.05).结论:E对左心室流出道组织自律细胞有兴奋作用.     

高血压大鼠与正常大鼠左室流出道动作电位的分析

目的:为了研究高血压大鼠左室流出道电位的变化。方法:利用大鼠的离体心脏,采用常规玻璃微电极细胞内记录方法。观察静息电位(RP)、0相去极幅度(APA)、0相最大除极速度(Vmax)、复极时程(APD)以及复极50％(APD_(50))和复极90％(APD_(90))的时间。结果:高血压大鼠左室流出道诱发电位APD、APD_(50)、APD_(90)都明显高于正常同龄大鼠(P<0.01)。结论:高血压大鼠左室流出道动作电位复极时程延长。     

氯化镍对家兔离体心脏自发慢反应动作电位的影响

目的:为探讨氯化镍对心脏自律细胞的影响。方法:利用细胞内微电极记录技术,观察了18例家兔窦房结和左心室流出道自律细胞动作电位的特征。以分析Ni~(2 )对窦房结和流出道自律细胞作用的异同。结果:用180μmol/L NiCl_2灌流后两自律细胞自发慢反应电位的VDD、APA、Vmax、RPF均明显下降(P<0.01),而且窦房结细胞APD、APD_(90)也显著延长;二者的MDP、APD_(50)均无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论:NiCl_2对窦房结起搏细胞和主动脉前庭自律细胞动作电位0相和4相去极离子流有明显抑制作用。     

乙酰胆碱对豚鼠左心室流出道自律细胞电活动的影响

目的：采用乙酰胆碱（ACh）和阿托品对豚鼠左心室流出道慢反应自律细胞电活动的影响来间接反映迷走神经对左心室流出道自律细胞的支配和胆碱能受体的分布。方法：采用标准玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术，观测了胆碱能受体激动剂（ACh）对离体豚鼠左心室流出道组织自发慢反应电位的影响及阿托品对ACh效应的拮抗。观测指标有：最大舒张电位（MDP）、动作电位幅度（APA）、0相最大除极速度（Vmax）、4相自动除极速度（VDD）、复极50％（APD50）和90％（APD90）时间以及自发放电频率（RPF）；结果：10μmol／LACh可使RPF和VDD减慢（P〈O．05）．APA显著减小（P〈0．001），APD50缩短（P〈0．05）；ACh对APD50的缩短效应可被10μmol／L阿托品拮抗（P〈0．05）。结论：左心室流出道自律细胞可能也受心迷走神经支配，其细胞膜上可能也存在M—R。     

氯化镍对家兔离体窦房结自律细胞的影响

目的:探讨氯化镍对家兔窦房结自律细胞的影响.方法:利用细胞内微电极记录技术,观察20例家兔窦房结细胞动作电位以及氯化镍对窦房结细胞动作电位产生的影响.结果:用180μmol/L NiCl2灌流后窦房结自律细胞的VDD、APA、Vmax、RPF均明显下降(P＜0.01),APD、APD90显著延长,MDP、APD50均无明显改变(P＞0.05).结论:氯化镍对窦房结自律细胞的动作电位0相和4相去极离子流有明显的抑制作用.     

Cs对家兔窦房结和主动脉前庭的电生理效应

目的 :探讨CsCl对心脏慢反应自律细胞的电生理效应。方法 :应用细胞内微电极记录技术 ,观察了 16例家兔窦房结和主动脉前庭 (左心室流出道 )自律细胞动作电位的特征。以分析CsCl对窦房结和流出道自律细胞作用的异同。结果 :给予 2mmol/LCsCl灌流后 ,两自律细胞自发慢反应电位的VDD及RPF均明显减慢 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,10min左右达到最大效应 ,而MDP、APA、Vmax、APD、APD50 、APD90 与正常对照比均无明显差别 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :CsCl对窦房结起搏细胞和主动脉前庭自律细胞的起搏离子流有明显抑制作用。     

心得安对异丙肾上腺素所致左心室流出道自律性电活动改变的影响

目的:研究心得安对异丙肾上腺素所致左心室流出道自律性电活动改变的影响.方法:本实验采用标准玻璃微电极细胞内引导技术在记录离体豚鼠该部位自发慢反应电位的基础上,观测了心得安对异丙肾上腺素作用的影响.结果:100μmol/L异丙肾上腺素(Iso)可使自发放电频率(RPF)和4期自动去极速度(VDD)显著加快,动作电位幅度(APA)显著增大,0期最大去极速度(Vmax)明显加速,复极50%时间(APD50)缩短(P＜0.01或P＜0.001);5μmol/L心得安可拮抗100μmol/L Iso的电生理效应.结论:Iso可提高左心室流出道组织的自律性电活动,其效应可被心得安阻断.     

家鸽左心室流出道电生理特性的观察

目的 :探讨 4-AP对家鸽左心室流出道组织动作电位的影响。方法 :利用细胞内微电极记录技术 ,观察 1 2例家鸽左心室流出道组织的电生理特征 ,以分析 4 -AP对家鸽左心室流出道的作用。结果 :在局部组织记录到典型的慢反应动作电位 ;用 2mmol/L 4 -AP灌流后 ,慢反应电位RP、APA、Vmax均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5) ,而APD、APD90 也显著延长 ;APD50 无明显改变 (P >0 .0 5)。结论 :家鸽左心室流出道组织不同于普通心室肌组织 ;4-AP对家鸽左心室流出道组织慢反应动作电位去极和复极离子流有明显抑制作用     

炙甘草汤对低钾诱发家兔心律失常的电生理影响

目的:研究炙甘草汤对低钾诱发家兔心律失常的电生理影响。方法:应用常规的玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术,观察炙甘草汤对低钾诱发家兔心律失常的动作电位0相幅值(APA),动作电位时程(APD),50%复极化时间(APD50),90%复极化时间(APD90),最大舒张电位(MDP),4相自动去极速度(Vmax),自发放电频率(RPF)的影响。结果:(1)用20mg/mL的炙甘草汤灌流心室肌细胞后与模型对照组相比细胞电生理变化不明显。(2)用40mg/mL的炙甘草汤灌流心室肌细胞后与模型对照组相比动作电位时程(APD)缩短(P<0.05),90%复极化时间(APD90)缩短(P<0.05)。(3)用80mg/mL的炙甘草汤灌流心室肌细胞后与模型对照组相比动作电位时程(APD)明显缩短(P<0.01),50%复极化时间(APD50)、90%复极化时间(APD90)缩短(P<0.05)。(4)用80mg/mL的炙甘草汤灌流左心室流出道慢反应自律细胞后与模型对照组相比自发放电频率下降(P<0.05)。结论:炙甘草汤能缩短动作电位时程、50%及90%复极化时间,降低自发放电频率,并能防治低钾诱发的心律失常的发生。     

Spontaneous recovery from overexpectation

In three Pavlovian magazine approach experiments, rats received conditioning of auditory and visual stimuli by pairing with a pellet. Then the stimuli received additional conditioning while presented in simultaneous compound and were tested either immediately or after a delay. The compound conditioning resulted in a decrement in responding to the individual stimuli (overexpectation). However, there was recovery of responding with the passage of time. These results suggest that the decrements produced by an overexpectation procedure share some properties with those produced by nonreinforcement.     

谈幼儿自发性活动中的尊重、聆听和支持

自发性活动在幼儿成长过程中具有极为重要的意义。在实际教学工作中,当幼儿进行自发性活动时,教师常常不能正确对待。在幼儿的自发性活动过程中,教师只有充分尊重、聆听和支持幼儿,才能有效发挥自发性活动对幼儿健康成长的促进作用。     

自然之情－－散文的生命

散所抒发的是充满个性的情,我们称之为“自然”之情。散是情,散作常突破“常格”,用“变形”的手法抒发感情。变形是作对人物、事物、环境、景色所作的突破对象原形的一种描写,但这种变形应当遵循美的规律,遵循艺术形象反映生活的规律,以及考虑到散评议的审美规范。     

Spontaneous alternation behavior in Paramecium

Spontaneous alternating behavior (SAB), the tendency of an organism to successively turn left and right in a maze, is a standard metric of short-term memory in developmental and pyschopharmacological studies. Although SAB is perhaps the most phylogenetically widespread behavior in motile lifeforms, conflicting data on SAB exist for several sets of closely related taxa. For example, previous studies provide contradictory evidence concerning the existence of spontaneous alternation behavior in the protozoanParamecium. However, these studies tested different species, using very different experimental designs. Using a single, factorial design for both previously tested species,P. multimicronucleatum andP. caudatum, we found that, in fact, the two species do not differ in their alternation behavior; specifically, they alternate in mazes with short tracks, but not in mazes with long tracks. These results are in accord with alternation studies on other taxa, and they fully resolve the apparent contradictions in the earlier studies onParamecium. They also indicate that caution should be used in interpreting variable results across species tested with different experimental designs and suggest that, in at least some taxa, SAB may not be strictly dependent on the use of short-term memory.     

Spontaneous Reasoning in Elementary Dynamics

Summaries

English

The scope of this study was to explore and analyse spontaneous reasoning of students in elementary dynamics, from the last year at secondary school to the third year at University.

A set of investigations involving several hundred students (mainly French, but also British and Belgian) showed surprising rates of wrong, or right, answers, which are very stable from one sample of students to another. It seems difficult to attribute these results solely to school learning. But they can be reasonably well accounted for if we assume a spontaneous explanatory system, relatively unaffected by school learning.

In particular, students seem to use in their reasoning two different notions of dynamics, usually designated by the same word: ‘force’. To detect which of these two notions has, in fact, been used, one must look at their properties: one of these ‘forces’ is associated with the velocity of a motion whilst the other one is associated with its acceleration. Likewise, the part played by energy in these two notions is distinctly different.

It is possible to set up, and roughly classify, the types of questions which give rise to each notion in spontaneous reasoning. This model, where inertial forces are also included, makes it possible, with a minimum of hypothesis, to account for answers on a wide range of topics, such as: free fall, oscillating systems, ‘accelerated’ frames of references, third law of dynamics.

More generally: when confronted with a physical system, students may first consider the system as it is, with its geometrical and physical characteristics at time t, or consider mainly the evolution of the system, and look for a causal explanation. While compatible in Newtonian formalism, these viewpoints lead students more often to right answers in the first case than in the second one, the explanation being then often confused with quasi‐animistic arguments, and loosely located in time.

Some teaching consequences can be drawn from these investigations. Some of them, of a relatively technical nature, follow more or less directly from the wrong answers reported here. But the most important one concerns the very principle of these investigations: they provide an opportunity for the students involved to make an extremely useful self‐analysis and to learn to distinguish between learned formalism and spontaneous reasoning and, consequently, to master both of them somewhat better.     

我国自发性群众体育组织研究概论

采用文献资料法收集了2004年以来我国自发性群众体育组织的相关研究资料,从文献的数量、研究内容、研究方法及研究的成果等方面进行客观的分析。认为目前体育研究中对自发性群众体育组织的研究较少,研究的局限性较大,特别是缺乏具有现实指导意义的研究成果。指出今后在对自发性群众体育组织的研究中,应注重对其内部规律、形成过程及发展机制的深层探索。     

甲醛溶液的自发聚合过程浅析

本文详细地介绍了甲醛溶液的自发聚合过程。     

Spontaneous recovery of instrumental discriminative responding

In six experiments, rats received discriminative training in which making a response (R) during a stimulus (S) produced a particular outcome (O). In Experiment 1, that outcome was replaced by a second outcome and responding was tested either immediately or after a delay. More substantial responding was observed with the delayed test. In Experiment 2, a test of transfer to new responses suggested that the growth in performance was not attributable to greater use of particular S-O associations. However, in Experiment 3, the growth in responding was found to be specific to particular S-R combinations. Experiment 4 replicated that specificity and demonstrated the importance of using two different outcomes for obtaining the growth in responding with time. Experiments 5 and 6 repeated these observations for the case of extinction, in which O was replaced by nonreinforcement. These results are interpreted as suggesting that an outcome-independent inhibitory S-R process develops, both with extinction and with the use of a second outcome, but dissipates with time.     

综放工作面综合防治自然发火

开滦唐山矿业公司为Ⅲ级自然发火矿井,特别是综放工作面开采给防治自然发火工作带来很大困难。通过对T1491工作面发火隐患情况进行分析,找到了低温氧化、系统漏风等因素是造成煤层自然氧化的原因,采取了调整采区通风系统、阻化剂防火、喷浆堵漏风、灌浆、均压防灭火等综合治理措施,杜绝了煤层自然发火事故的发生,确保了矿井的安全生产。