Reference Sources on the Internet in United States History

Abstract

This article is a selective guide to some of the best Internet sites for obtaining reference information in the area of United States History. The categories covered include historical documents, archival directories, bibliographies, book reviews, statistics, discussion groups, biographical information, and online guides to the Internet.     

美国国家档案馆的中国档案

美国国家档案馆(National Archives of the United States ),是保存美国联邦政府[1]有永久价值的档案文件并提供利用的综合性管理机构,也是美国规模最大、设施最完善、馆藏最丰富的档案馆.美国国家档案馆的历史并不长,建立于1934年,现由美国国家档案与文件局[2]负责管理,局馆合署办公.从实际作用来讲,国家档案馆不过是一个保存档案并提供利用的场所而已,真正发挥档案管理功能的是国家档案与文件局及其下属机构.     

National and Institutional Policies on Open Access in the United States

National and institutional policies on open access are not yet fully established in the United States because of the manner in which the open access movement has evolved. In this report, the authors illustrate how the open access movement has evolved within each community libraries, universities, publishing companies, government agencies, the professoriate, public interest groups, and the U.S. Congress and note what trends now are beginning to emerge.     

United States National Library of Medicine Drug Information Portal

The Drug Information Portal is a free Web resource from the National Library of Medicine (NLM) that provides a user-friendly gateway to current information for more than 15,000 drugs. The site guides users to related resources of NLM, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and other government agencies. Current drug-related information regarding consumer health, clinical trials, AIDS, MeSH pharmacological actions, MEDLINE/PubMed biomedical literature, and physical properties and structure is easily retrieved by searching on a drug name. A varied selection of focused topics in medicine and drugs is also available from displayed subject headings. This column provides background information about the Drug Information Portal, as well as search basics.     

National security controls,information, and communication in the United States

National security controls on information and communication in the United States arise from a variegated body of Executive Branch measures, statutes, and court decisions, as well as shifting opinions concerning the application of such authorities. After a discussion of the current national security atmosphere in the country, a brief history of Federal controls will be followed by an in-depth presentation of the current framework of controls on information and communication. Lastly, this review concludes with a discussion of the major implications of current conditions upon constitutional rights and democratic values in the United States.     

Sources of Information for Investors in the Commonwealth of Independent States (Formerly: The Soviet Union)

A grant from the Center for International Business Education at the University of Michigan made possible a visit to the Commonwealth of Independent States to discover sources of information for investors in those nations. Visits were made to such libraries as the Russian State Library, to locate sources of information about the evolving economy there. These works, including periodicals, statistical works, tools on economic theory, conditions, and commerce, dictionaries, and bibliographies, are described. Through the use of the materials listed, individuals may find a wealth of information for studying the evolving market economy or for investing.     

情景分析法在美国"预见情报"中的运用

情景分析法是在环境非常复杂,不确定性非常高的情况下预见未来的一个重要方法.该方法在情报分析中的运用,虽然国内外都有一定的介绍,但这些介绍要么缺乏实际案例;要么案例过度简化令人很难理解.美国国家情报部门的案例国内尚未见到,该方法在美国情报部门日常情报工作中的运用模式还沒有人做过研究.本文通过对美国中央情报局最新解密的24份预见情报文件的梳理,总结了情景分析法在美国情报部门的运用,为我国企业和国家情报研究人员提供了"最佳实践"案例.本研究有助于我国情报工作者更好地借鉴国外的情报分析方法以及更好地保护我们自己的情报.     

The ecology of broadcasters in the United States

Forbidden to censor, and saddled with an undefined (and perhaps undefinable) criterion of the “public interest, convenience and necessity”; for deciding among otherwise‐qualified applicants for a broadcast facility, it is little wonder that the FCC has relied upon a patchwork of precedents and rule‐of‐thumb standards. Possibly because of the uncertainty of these standards, and partly because the staff has not increased in size as greatly as has the workload, the Commission has avoided whenever possible the enlargement of license application hearings to include anyone other than the applicants themselves. Sometimes, however, the courts haven't allowed the FCC to so restrict the number of participants in a hearing, and sometimes the courts have had to remind the Commission that the laboriously accumulated body of administrative practice and precedent is not always the same as the language or purpose of the Communications Act of 1934.

“Economic injury”; is a station owner's concept. It is at the interface of theory and marketplace reality. It is the almost impossible‐to‐prove claim that the establishment of a new station in one's market will so split the available revenues that both stations will fail—or, at least, that both stations will have to operate with substandard (e.g., cheaper) programming, and thus will not serve the public interest. At first, the FCC listened to some of these claims, but soon evolved a policy of avoiding them, by whatever means and reasoning that it could. Over the years, and despite substantial prodding from the courts, the FCC's policy of avoiding this claim has become rigid . . . thus providing us with an excellent and fascinating case study of administrative policy formulation.     

The Continuing Digital Divide in the United States

Mapping the digital divide in America is a multifaceted issue; however, the influence of underlying socioeconomic causes, the shift in the conversation to new divides including broadband accessibility and digital literacy, and the importance of the library in narrowing the divide are all prominent points of focus in the literature today. As conversations surrounding the digital divide begin to shift from a divide in access to a divide in skills and/or literacy, attention must be drawn to meeting those needs in equal measure to maintaining access as the primary means of closing the digital divide in America.     

Environmental health and toxicology resources of the United States National Library of Medicine

For over 40 years, the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) has worked to organize and to provide access to an extensive array of environmental health and toxicology resources. During these years, the TEHIP program has evolved from a handful of databases developed primarily for researchers to a broad range of products and services that also serve industry, students, and the general public. TEHIP's resources include TOXNET , a collection of databases, including online handbooks, bibliographic references, information on the release of chemicals in the environment, and a chemical dictionary. TEHIP also produces several resources aimed towards the general public, such as the Household Products Database , which helps users explore chemicals often found in common household products, and Tox Town , an interactive guide to commonly encountered toxic substances, health, and the environment. This paper introduces some of NLM's environmental health and toxicology resources.     

美国《学校图书馆国家标准》的框架体系、核心要素及其启示

[目的/意义]介绍美国《学校图书馆国家标准》的框架体系与核心要素,为当前我国学校图书馆标准制定提供借鉴和思考。[方法/过程]通过对美国《学校图书馆国家标准》进行解析,归纳其框架体系和核心要素,总结对我国学校图书馆标准制定的启示。[结果/结论]《学校图书馆国家标准》通过6个共享基础(探究、包容、合作、管理、求索、参与)和4个学习领域(思考、创造、共享、成长)将3套单独标准(学习者、馆员、学校图书馆)集成为一个整体框架,在集成效应下分别设置每套单独标准中共享基础对应的学习领域所涵盖的核心能力,总体来看,《学校图书馆国家标准》内容架构融贯,特征理念明确,实施配套详尽,能够为今后我国学校图书馆标准制定提供借鉴和参考。     

美国国家档案馆公共文化服务机制探析及启示

公共文化服务运行机制是保证公共文化服务有序展开和顺畅运转的重要制度安排。本文立足美国国家档案馆和美国国家档案馆基金会的网站信息和数据,在研读两大机构年度报告的基础上,正视美国国家档案馆公共服务的类型及成效,着重对其管理机制、服务机制及保障机制进行深入探析,并结合我国现状提出启示。     

美国国家档案馆网站档案目录检索工具探微

鉴于美国国家档案馆馆藏和目录检索工具的新发展,本文详细地介绍了其馆藏情况以及OPA、ARC、ADD、Microfilm Catalog和ALIC等目录检索工具的结构和使用方法,以使我们能更深入和及时地了解.     

我所了解的美国公共图书馆

文章介绍了美国现代公共图书馆的发展概况，指出了其服务的特色及给我们的启示。     

The quality movement in higher education in the United States

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