STEM领域中女性生涯选择影响因素研究述评

中国国际“互联网+”创新创业大赛不仅是我国推进创新创业教育的一个新举措,而且还是促进高校科学技术成果落地转化的新路径。“互联网+”双创大赛融合科学教育与科学传播的优势,“互联网+”双创大赛既是一种项目导向式创新型科学教育,也是一次面向大众的科学传播活动,对于高校教师、在校大学生和高校管理者都有重要意义。     

Communicating resilience in actual and imagined boundaries: narrative plots and meanings of retention in organizations

The paper examines the narratives of STEM (Science, technology, engineering and mathematics) career pathways constructed by women scientists and engineers through the theoretical lens of resilience. Based on in-depth interviews conducted with 45 women who are currently employed in STEM organizations in Singapore, I explore the narrative actions women deploy to survive in largely masculine STEM organizations. Using narrative analysis, I explore the stories women craft as strategies of resilience when negotiating STEM career pathways. Given the critical role of storytelling in resilience, the study points to the role of communication in enabling networks, and in making available opportunities for circulating stories. Moreover, the cultural and structural challenges to women’s work in STEM suggest the key role for communication interventions that are directed at changing sociocultural attitudes toward women’s work in STEM.     

The Liberal Arts Job Search in an Electronic Environment:

What began as a career networking support group in the living room of a visionary Smith College alumna has grown into a nationally recognized, independent nonprofit career development organization. Today Alumnae Resources provides a comprehensive range of services to thousands of college-educated women and men, most with liberal arts backgrounds. AR's career development model focuses on the need for information, and as the organization has grown and advanced technologically, so has its core, the Resource Center. The library now provides a variety of electronic tools for individual career research. Though some may be intimidated by this electronic environment, their education can be an advantage in adapting to the ncw technology and succeeding in the changing workplace.     

Relationships, trust and learning: experiences of emerging professionals working in collecting institutions

When emerging professionals start working in archival institutions, libraries and museums (also referred to as collecting institutions), they bring knowledge and skills gained through internships, formal study, volunteer activities and previous work experience. They learn new processes quickly, are passionate about working with holdings or collections and are keen to build their knowledge. They gain exposure to the different disciplines that are reflected in the roles of archival institutions, libraries and museums as they build their professional identity and consider future career directions. What else do they need? A research study about the experiences of a group of individuals embarking on first or subsequent careers and starting new positions in collecting institutions found that relationships were an essential component in developing their skills and knowledge and planning their future directions. The article would be of interest to students looking ahead to working in an archives, library or museum and exploring career paths; supervisors and mentors who work with emerging professionals; professional associations and communities of practice; and educators who have a role in developing curriculum in educational or workplace contexts.     

面向青少年科学职业理想培养的场馆科学教育研究——来自英国两家科普场馆的启示

为激发青少年科学家潜质,储备科技创新人才,提升青少年科学职业理想愈发重要。科学职业理想会影响个体从事科学领域的职业选择,而场馆教育情境对其培育具有重要促进作用。本研究梳理了英国伦敦科学博物馆和纽卡斯尔生命中心的场馆生涯教育实践,以资借鉴。英国科普场馆教育以提升青少年科学职业理想为目标,在个体维度关注职业关联性感知,在社会维度聚焦机会公平,并衍生出了以生涯理念指导馆本课程、在教育空间开展体验活动、加强馆校结合、发挥科学家群体榜样作用和关注女性等弱势群体等生涯教育策略。结合英国两个场馆的实践经验,我国科普场馆可通过创新活动设计,融入科学家精神,汇集多元主体,实现面向科学职业理想的场馆科学教育变革。     

Information Empowers People to Build Careers

A majority of Americans surveyed indicated a need for occupational information and career planning assistance. Career counseling is a process of examining individual needs, goals, values, workplace issues, and personal constraints, as well as information about occupations, career ladders, options and specific employment opportunities, and relating all this information to make decisions about work and other career issues. Developmental theories of career counseling can be used as a framework for examining theories of career development. Other ways to examine career development are through occupational choices, work adjustment, a combination of choice and adjustment process theories, and decision-making. The role of the librarian is one of facilitating access to the abundance of career information available, and empowering patrons to use this information to make intelligent decisions about not only their careers, but also other areas of their lives as well.     

Behind the Findings: Yes,the Science Explorations Program Worked,but Why?

Abstract The Science Explorations program was developed by the Milwaukee Public Museum (MPM) out of a desire to use the unique resources of MPM to advance informal science education and to address a community need of local and national concern: improving science education and accessibility for underserved audiences. In 2002, with support from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and private donors, MPM launched this after‐school program for a target group of urban, mostly minority, middle school girls, a group at risk for underachievement in science and technology. The museum staff built a combined program with five middle schools and also sought to reach out to family members of the participating girls in order to increase support for the young women's science endeavors. A three‐year evaluation of the Science Explorations program demonstrated positive findings from primarily quantitative data. An aim of this article is to present findings from the qualitative data to shed light on the reasons this program met nearly all of its targets. Findings from case studies and qualitative interviews suggest that the museum staff's efforts to demystify science—a process that provided ongoing access to real scientific endeavors and invited personal contact with scientists—influenced the program's success. Findings also suggest that strong school liaisons may help increase family support for young women's scientific pursuits, which can in turn play a role in their success in this program.     

Evaluating Occupational Information for Use in Libraries and Career Resource Centers

Occupational information plays a central role in the process of personal career exploration and decision-making. The proliferation, popularity, and high cost of printed, computerized and videotaped occupational information require librarians to assess the material's value prior to purchase and following its use. Fortunately, a number of resources and professional guidelines exist to assist in this endeavor. This chapter describes those factors that need to be taken into account, and the resources available to facilitate the evaluation of occupational information for use in libraries and career resource centers.     

Vocational Anticipatory Socialization of Adolescents: Messages,Sources, and Frameworks That Influence Interest in STEM Careers

By high school, many students have dropped out of the pipeline that will lead to science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) occupations. We examine the role of vocational anticipatory socialization (VAS)—the types of messages adolescents receive, message sources, and adolescents' frameworks—on youth's educational and vocational interests. Adolescents (37 focus groups, N = 229) reported that they received two types of VAS messages: personal fulfillment (advising students to prioritize their well-being) and career detail (advising students about specific aspects of an occupation). Adolescents used three career frameworks (enjoyment, ability, and goal) that filtered and often magnified VAS messages and experiences. We extend VAS research by identifying two primary purposes of the career advice embedded in VAS messages and three career frameworks. Practical implication are that parents can affect adolescents' beliefs about their abilities and potential enjoyment of STEM careers by supplementing personal fulfillment messages with career detail messages. Individuals in STEM occupations are in the best position to encourage adolescents by offering career detail, discussing how their career can be rewarding and how math and science classes can influence their career attainment.     

Editorial consultants acknowledged

This article reports the results o f a qualitative study of women in television and radio broadcasting. Its purpose is to chronicle career experiences and to relate those experiences to the culture of mass media organizations. Fourteen women managers in a major metropolitan market were interviewed about their own career paths and the overall status of women in the industry. Based on these interviews, the article suggests questions for future research on women in broadcast management.     

略论图书馆员的职业生涯设计

阐述职业生涯理念在图书馆界未被重视的原因，论述图书馆员重视职业生涯设计的必要性以及如何进行自己的职业生涯设计。     

MLIS研究生的核心能力培养

图书情报硕士专业学位(MLIS)研究生需要具备扎实的专业知识素养、职业实践技能、社会协同能力和创新创业才能,其核心能力的缺失会造成人才竞争优势降低、学科声望提升受阻、图情事业发展驱动不足,以及图情教育缺乏支持等不良后果。文章提出通过采取优化培养方案、深化课程改革、加强实践教育、开展协作办学等措施,提升MLIS获得者的核心能力,进而克服跨专业报考教育劣势、功利目的严重、培养方案同质、师资水平失衡等制约MLIS人才培养的不利因素。     

One Librarian's Journey into a Cyberspace Career

Librarians possess an enormous range of skills which lend credence beyond the traditional field of librarianship. With the overall decline in employment opportunities for librarians, it is time for them to reassess what role they can play in today's society. By examining the unique combination of skills the librarian acquires, both through on the job training and through a graduate educational program, one finds that librarians can play an essential role in working with evolving information technologies. This article touches upon one librarian's career from the traditional beginning of working in a lilxary as a library assistant to working as a service provider for libraries. It then illustrates how those skills were used to obtain a position in the home user Internet industry.     

How Six Religious Pedagogies Can Inform ACRL Threshold Concepts for IL Instruction Training

Due to a lack of formal pedagogical training in Library Science graduate programs, early career librarians are often unprepared to teach information literacy courses. This is problematic for those whose responsibilities include library instruction, creating a need for librarians to develop the skill of identifying and applying pedagogy to their information literacy courses. We argue that librarians can benefit from looking at specialized educational contexts, as those contexts make use of unique pedagogies that students are exposed to on a regular basis. By looking at six different pedagogies found within the context of religious education, and then by aligning those pedagogies with the six threshold concepts of the ACRL Framework, we seek to model the type of pedagogical identification and application that can benefit librarians in any given context.     

Book People in Germany: A Study on the Professional Situation and Career Conditions of Men and Women in the German Book Publishing Industry and the Book Trade

This (online) survey sheds light on gender-specific aspects/particularities of the professional activity and career development of women compared to men in this professional field. The study applies principles of theoretical and empirical knowledge from other gender-sensitive studies of professional fields in the media sector. 1,234 people completed the questionnaire (87 % women). The data shows that the field is no exception when it comes to the (poor) conditions for women. Some of the findings however exhibit interesting deviations and show, that the growing proportion of women does not turn the professional field into one where career development is equally attainable for men and women.     

Race and Gender: An Analysis of the Sources and Reporters in Local Television Coverage of the 2002 Michigan Gubernatorial Campaign

This study examined how race and gender of reporters and community diversity influenced use of women and minority sources in local television coverage of the 2002 governor's race in Michigan. Content analysis of campaign stories broadcasted by four local television stations revealed that women reporters were more likely than their male colleagues to use women and nonpartisan sources such as experts and ordinary citizens. But minority journalists were only slightly more likely to use minority sources and were less likely than nonminorities to use nonpartisan sources.     

具有专业背景的科技期刊编辑培训模式研究

基于专业背景编辑的现实需求和发展需要,提出具有专业背景的科技期刊编辑培训模式。科技期刊编辑的培训教育是编辑工作的一项重要内容。现阶段,科技期刊编辑的职业教育缺乏专业性、实践性和个性化,引导编辑树立正确的职业价值观,提升个人竞争力和编辑素养,是一个重要的研究课题。如何为科技期刊编辑提供有效的培训教育,帮助期刊编辑结合个人编辑素养和专业特点,制定符合编辑发展的培训规划是现阶段科技期刊编辑培训教育的重要任务。     

Television,Japan, and Globalization

Prime-time network programs broadcast between 7 993 and 2002 underrepresent elderly characters. More women between the ages of 50 and 64 were classified as elderly, rather than middle-aged. The age distribution of minority men resembles that of White women, while minority women are typically cast in younger age groups. The world of work on television is one of diminished options for the elderly. Television celebrates youth while it neglects and negates the elderly.     

Effectiveness of sources of HIV/AIDS awareness in a rural community in Imo State, Nigeria

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of each of the 14 sources of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) awareness available to women and adolescent girls dwelling in a rural community in Imo State, Nigeria was measured in order to understand the relative contribution of the sources to the general knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS possessed by the women and the girls. METHODS: The details of the research methods adopted in this study, which involved 734 in-school and out-of-school adolescents and 434 women, have been described previously [Nwagwu, W. Di Nwanna and the reproductive health of the girl child in Imo State, Nigeria. Final Report (04 83064 000 GSS) submitted to MacArthur Fund for Leadership and Development, Abuja, 2006]. RESULTS: Friends and relatives emerged as the most effective source of AIDS awareness for women (29%), followed by community meetings (26%) and then television (20%), whereas the most effective sources for the girls were television (28%), followed by friends and relatives, and radio (17% and 14.4%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Each of the information sources listed made some contribution to the general knowledge about HIV/AIDS possessed by the respondents, although the level of awareness would have been low among women in the absence of friends and relatives, and among the girls in the absence of television. Information awareness programmes should be selected according to the needs of social groups and the most effective information sources concentrated upon.     

Early career experiences of navigating journal article publication: Lessons learned using an autoethnographic approach

The successful publication of peer reviewed academic journal articles is an essential achievement for early career researchers (ECRs) seeking to establish themselves in their profession. However, this journey can pose several significant challenges for ECRs. We use an autoethnographic approach that draws deeply on our lived experience as ECRs to capture our recent and current experiences of negotiating the academic journal article publication journey to explore the tensions, contradictions, and benefits encountered in the journey. We critically examine challenges we experienced in choosing a target journal and negotiating the follow‐up process; undertaking revisions; and our experiences of limitations and possibilities in peer review and editorial support. While the peer review journal writing process has played a significant role in supporting us to become more effective ECRs, we also highlight challenges we faced negotiating ethical quandaries in this space, as well as illustrate how our preconceptions of a simple publication journey were confounded by subsequent experience of the complex realities of the space. We also suggest that educational interventions are indicated to provide ECRs support in foundational knowledge about what constitutes valuable revisions, an effective paper, and the scope of issues that can be addressed to make a paper more effective, with reference to the possibility of academic mentoring to support this need. Finally, we explore our findings in light of the tensions imposed by the relative inexperience and lack of power yielded by ECRs.