New I & R Teams in Library-Based Services:

This article presents a new library-based model for I & R called SENIOR CONNECTIONS which is operated by older volunteers and student interns from Schools of Library Science and Social Work with the guidance of library-staff I & R Coordinators. This I & R model combines professional informational skills (librarian) and human relations skills (social worker) plus the rich resources and capabilities of older volunteers. Students and volunteers participate in the I & R training program which is conducted jointly by faculty from both professional schools to develop a cadre of skilled volunteers and professionals. Serving as both an information center and helping service, SENIOR CONNECTIONS is targeted to promoting local access to information and resources for older residents. By utilizing the existing library staff, interns and volunteers, SENIOR CONNECTIONS operates as a service-effective and cost-efficient program.     

Evaluating I & R in Smaller Public Libraries

Small public libraries with few professional and support staff often exist in areas distant from urban libraries. If their communities do not have an effective Information and Referral (I & R) system, the library director may consider seeking a State Library grant to establish an I & R service in the community. Clear-cut goals and objectives, an awareness of the need for coordination and cooperation with other agencies, are all essential to a successful grant application. This article describes the outcome of a grant which made possible The Bridge, an I & R service for a county of 50,000 people. Evaluation after a year of operation shows that the essential goal of establishing and operating such a service has been reached. Suggestions for improvement are noted.     

Videocassettes and I & R:

As urban communities have expanded and changed over the years, so too have the services of public libraries evolved to reflect the needs of their constituencies. The last fifteen years have given rise to library-based community information and referral (I & R) services whose purpose is to direct the patron to resources and/or organizations which might help answer his/her questions or solve higher problems. Well-developed listening skills are essential for the delivery of I & R service, and providers might benefit from viewing various videocassettes concerned with this subject. For library I & R providers, these videos are often available in the film department where they work.     

The Public Library Services in Nigeria:

The article highlights the functions of the public Ii- brary. It acknowledges the contributions of some authors on the pat- tern and development to the literature of public library services in Nigeria and then analyzes the characteristics of the services. The concept and processes of Information and Referral (I & R) service are explained. There is a recommendation that public library should set up I & R service to enhance the awareness of public library ser- vices. The problems likely to militate against an efficient I & R ser- vice are examined. It avers that there are good prospects for an I & R service in Nigeria and urges the public libraries to embark on the service.     

Information and Referral:

Information and Referral (I & R) should be an integral part of the programs sponsored by a special library in any setting. This paper describes the activities of a special library and information center in the human services field and outlines the theory and service elements I & R agencies and libraries have in common.     

Information and Referral in the Academic Library:

Information and referral (I & R), since its introduction as a concept of library service in the late 1960s, has received wthied eim apttoerntatinocne Ionf tIh e& pRu balisc a l ivbiraab ? e' sceotnticnegp.t Soifm aiclaard ermeciocg rneifteiorenn coef service has not occurred. Reasons for this may be linked to an attitude that "the public library serves and the academic library instructs." As the complexity of new information technologies engulfs the academic library, primary reliance on an instructional attitudc toward reference service is no longer adequate. The experience of I & R in the public library offers a more appropriate reference service model based on the direct provision of information that is often "value-added" to meet specific information needs of the user. Such lessons from the successful practice of I & R in the public library can provide a framework for academic library reference services as librarians reevaluate themselves in a changing academic library context.     

Focus on the Client:

The social service dimensions of organizing and delivering information and referral services (I & R) are explored. The overarching purpose of I & R is identified as assuring access to human services for persons in need. In striving to guarantee access, the information and referral service encounters three complex domains - the nature of the client and client need, the nature of social service provider agencies, and the social service system or network as a whole. Aspects of each domain limit the effectiveness of information giving and the utility of advances in information technology. Comprehensive I & R must include the additional functions of casework assessment, crisis intervention, case advocacy, systems advocacy, and participation in social planning/community problem solving. Several case illustrations are included. Interdisciplinary staffing is suggested to more effectively blend information and social service skills for the information and referral agency of the future.     

I & R in an Academic Library

Although not commonly acknowledge, Information & Referral (I & R) services are now an integral feature of many public academic libraries. Two such special services offered in Hclm-Cravens Library, Western Kentucky University, illustrate this development. The Grants Information Center, which evolved from a Foundation Center Cooperative Collection, identifies funding sources for a wide variety of research and developmental projects for acadcrnic and public pakons. The Library's map collection performs a similar function with respect to nonlibrary sources of caitographic information and map products. Both services enhance the library's contribution to the university and to its larger community.     

“I still go ask someone I enjoy talking to”: The use of digital and human sources by educational stage and context

How does educational stage affect the way people find information? In previous research using the Digital Visitors & Residents (V&R) framework for semi-structured interviews, context was a factor in how individuals behaved. This study of 145 online, open-ended surveys examines the impact that one's V&R educational stage has on the likelihood of attending to digital and human sources across four contexts. These contexts vary according to whether the search was professional or personal and successful or struggled. The impact of educational stage differs based on context. In some contexts, people at higher educational stages are more likely to attend to digital sources and less likely to attend to human sources. In other contexts, there is no statistically significant difference (p < 0.10) among educational stages. These findings provide support for previous V&R research, while also demonstrating that online surveys can be used to supplement and balance the data collected from semi-structured interviews.     

Educational/Instructional Media

The Spread of Educational Technology edited by Philip Hills and John Gilbert (London: Kogan Page/New York: Nichols Publishing, 1977&mdash;$27.50)

International Yearbook of Educational and Instructional Technolo. 1978/79 compiled and edited by Anne Howe and A.J. Romiszowski (London: Kogan Page/New York: Nichols Publishing, l978&mdash;$23.50)

Educational Film Locator (New York: R.R. Bowker, 1978&mdash;$45.00)

Graduate Degree Programs in Instructional Technology 1978-79 by John W. Ellison and Clara DiFelice (1978, 152 pp.,&mdash;$4.50, paper)

Learning via Telecommunications (1978, 80 pp.r&ndash;$8.95, paper)

The Politics of Interconnection: A History of Public Television at the National Level by Robert K. Avery and Robert Pepper (1979, 66 pp.&mdash;$3.00, paper),

The Nixon Administration Papers on Public Broadcasting (1979, &mdash;$5.00, paper)

AVMP 1979: Audiovisual Market Place: A Multimedia Guide (New York: R.R. Bowker, 1979&mdash; price not given, but about $24.00, paper)

Charles Callaci Learning Through Television: A Handbook of Principles (Ramo II Publishers, Box 352, Chino, Ca 9l710&mdash;price not given, paper)

Whitney North Seymour, Jr. and Elizabeth N. Layne For the People: Fighting for Public Libraries (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1979&mdash;$8.95)     

Scite

Scite. Scite Inc., 334 Leonard St., Brooklyn, NY 11211; https://scite.ai/; tiered pricing model with free, basic ($7.99/month), premium ($19.99/month or $100/year), premium+ ($59.99/month), and enterprise plans.

Scite (https://scite.ai/) was founded by Josh Nicholson and Yuri Lazebnik and previously funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) [1, 2, 3]. The Scite database contains over 800 million citation statements [4] tagged by a machine learning algorithm as supporting, mentioning, or contrasting the findings of cited articles [5] and by their locations in the citing articles (introduction, results, methods, discussion, or other). Scite also provides a count of editorial notices for each article. Users can search the website and install plug-ins for browsers Chrome and Firefox and reference management tools such as Zotero. Additional tools include reports and dashboards, badges, and automated reference checks. Scite can be used by researchers to locate evidence and evaluate references; librarians to enhance research impact projects; publishers and editors to check reference lists of submissions [6, 7]; and journals, publishers, and databases to create context and showcase impact [4, 8, 9].     

CLIC! The Community Library Information Center:

The late '60s saw public libraries moving toward the establishment of information an a referral service through the creation of neighborhood information centers. The Prince George's County Memorial Library System, in Maryland, was one of those systems, establishing CLIC, the Community Library Information Center, in 1971. CLIC was housed in a neighborhood branch library, located within the Model Cities Area. Funded by the federal Model Cities (MNA) program, the service was designed to serve residents and human service providers in the Model Cities Area. Whcn the CLIC proposal was initially conceived, certain basic questions were generated: 1. Can an Information, Referral and Follow-Up (I. R & F.) service be established in a neighborhood branch library, dealing with a limited(geographically) clientele and a limited range of agency services? 2. Can the techniques of an I.R. & F. begun in a decentralized way (i.e. in a neighborhood branch library) be made applicable to and/or serve as a base for a subsequent centralization and dissemination throughout a large county? This article traces the history and discusses the various functions performed by the CLIC! service over the past IS years in an effort to provide answers to those questions.     

Determinants of the ineffective use of information resources in scientific and technological activities

This paper reveals and analyses the causes and factors (determinants) that are responsible for insufficient and ineffective use of the national and global flows of scientific and technical information (STI) in research and development (R & D). It is shown that the macroproblem of minimizing the effect of the determinants that are responsible for ineffective use of scientific information resources is complex and has an interdisciplinary nature. This paper also formulates some priority measures to improve the effectiveness of R & D information support.     

A Three-Decade Retrospective on the Hostile Media Effect

Some 30 years ago, Vallone, Ross, and Lepper (1985 Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 577–585. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) conducted a pioneering study of the hostile media effect in which they demonstrated that partisans perceive media coverage as unfairly biased against their side. Over the ensuing decades, scores of experiments and surveys have extended their findings, demonstrating hostile media effects in a variety of domains. Taking the measure of the research more than 30 years later by systematically reviewing the many studies conducted in different locales, this article summarizes the knowledge base on the hostile media effect. The article integrates findings, clarifies conceptual issues, and presents two research-based models of the effect. Future scholarly pathways are suggested, with a focus on how hostile media biases may change—or continue—in an era vastly different than the mass communication-dominated age in which the concept was pioneered.     

Orbis Cascade Alliance Distributed Print Repository: Organizing Collections at the Consortial Level

Journal print archives or repositories have been in existence for some time. More recently, the academic libraries in the United States Pacific Northwest that belong to the Orbis Cascade Alliance undertook the development of a distributed repository to preserve the print journals from the American Chemical Society and the JSTOR Arts and Sciences I & II collections. The project sought to identify two complete runs of each title held between the members of the consortium and assign responsibility for preserving the titles in perpetuity. The methodology, challenges, and benefits of this project are discussed.     

Regulating the Radio Pirates: Rethinking the Control of Offshore Broadcasting Stations Through a Maritime Perspective

Offshore broadcasting pirates, transmitting radio shows from international waters back into the borders of nation-states, have been largely examined from a media-communications perspective. Drawing on pirate stations broadcasting into Britain I argue that new insights into the regulation of this phenomenon can be formed if it is considered not only as a media-communications venture, but likewise a maritime one. Following the Marine &c. Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967, Section 42 of the Broadcasting Act 1990, and the surveillance missions which ensued, I contend that these were not only aerial strategies designed to deal with an aerial problem (that of broadcasting), but also sea-based strategies, designed to deal with a maritime problem (that of broadcasting from ships and forts at sea). I thus propose re-thinking the ways in which successive British administrations regulated the radio pirates, paving the way for an alternative understanding of this phenomenon in media history.     

The American Universities Which Published Most Often in Journals for Business & Finance,Law, Education,and Social Sciences Librarians, 2000–2010

The authors adapt the methods and ranking system of the 5-year study by Wiberley, Hurd, and Weller (2006) to report the number and affiliations of papers published by subject-specialist librarians in four journals from 2000 to 2010: the Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship, Law Library Journal, Legal Reference Services Quarterly, and Behavioral and Social Sciences Librarian. While both approaches demonstrated high output from many of the same highly ranked universities, our modified approach identified a significant number of unranked schools that may have deep specialty strengths among their subject expert librarian authors.