Information and Referral in the Academic Library:

Information and referral (I & R), since its introduction as a concept of library service in the late 1960s, has received wthied eim apttoerntatinocne Ionf tIh e& pRu balisc a l ivbiraab ? e' sceotnticnegp.t Soifm aiclaard ermeciocg rneifteiorenn coef service has not occurred. Reasons for this may be linked to an attitude that "the public library serves and the academic library instructs." As the complexity of new information technologies engulfs the academic library, primary reliance on an instructional attitudc toward reference service is no longer adequate. The experience of I & R in the public library offers a more appropriate reference service model based on the direct provision of information that is often "value-added" to meet specific information needs of the user. Such lessons from the successful practice of I & R in the public library can provide a framework for academic library reference services as librarians reevaluate themselves in a changing academic library context.     

Videocassettes and I & R:

As urban communities have expanded and changed over the years, so too have the services of public libraries evolved to reflect the needs of their constituencies. The last fifteen years have given rise to library-based community information and referral (I & R) services whose purpose is to direct the patron to resources and/or organizations which might help answer his/her questions or solve higher problems. Well-developed listening skills are essential for the delivery of I & R service, and providers might benefit from viewing various videocassettes concerned with this subject. For library I & R providers, these videos are often available in the film department where they work.     

Information and Referral:

Information and Referral (I & R) should be an integral part of the programs sponsored by a special library in any setting. This paper describes the activities of a special library and information center in the human services field and outlines the theory and service elements I & R agencies and libraries have in common.     

Evaluating I & R in Smaller Public Libraries

Small public libraries with few professional and support staff often exist in areas distant from urban libraries. If their communities do not have an effective Information and Referral (I & R) system, the library director may consider seeking a State Library grant to establish an I & R service in the community. Clear-cut goals and objectives, an awareness of the need for coordination and cooperation with other agencies, are all essential to a successful grant application. This article describes the outcome of a grant which made possible The Bridge, an I & R service for a county of 50,000 people. Evaluation after a year of operation shows that the essential goal of establishing and operating such a service has been reached. Suggestions for improvement are noted.     

CLIC! The Community Library Information Center:

The late '60s saw public libraries moving toward the establishment of information an a referral service through the creation of neighborhood information centers. The Prince George's County Memorial Library System, in Maryland, was one of those systems, establishing CLIC, the Community Library Information Center, in 1971. CLIC was housed in a neighborhood branch library, located within the Model Cities Area. Funded by the federal Model Cities (MNA) program, the service was designed to serve residents and human service providers in the Model Cities Area. Whcn the CLIC proposal was initially conceived, certain basic questions were generated: 1. Can an Information, Referral and Follow-Up (I. R & F.) service be established in a neighborhood branch library, dealing with a limited(geographically) clientele and a limited range of agency services? 2. Can the techniques of an I.R. & F. begun in a decentralized way (i.e. in a neighborhood branch library) be made applicable to and/or serve as a base for a subsequent centralization and dissemination throughout a large county? This article traces the history and discusses the various functions performed by the CLIC! service over the past IS years in an effort to provide answers to those questions.     

Thriving in Changing Times:

The sheer power and scope of Internet information services are o~eninet:h e oublic's eve to the volume of information available in akay &at tr&ional 6brary service points have never quite managed Are librarians missing the point in how information options are presented to the public? Do we need to shift ow emphasis on the importance of specific skills and abilities required by front line librarians? Or, do we need to emphatically emphasize service as a primary mission in library services? In addition to basic core competencies, today's reference librarian must be committed to providing superior public service to library clientele and that commitment must be immediately apparent to each user.     

Focus on the Client:

The social service dimensions of organizing and delivering information and referral services (I & R) are explored. The overarching purpose of I & R is identified as assuring access to human services for persons in need. In striving to guarantee access, the information and referral service encounters three complex domains - the nature of the client and client need, the nature of social service provider agencies, and the social service system or network as a whole. Aspects of each domain limit the effectiveness of information giving and the utility of advances in information technology. Comprehensive I & R must include the additional functions of casework assessment, crisis intervention, case advocacy, systems advocacy, and participation in social planning/community problem solving. Several case illustrations are included. Interdisciplinary staffing is suggested to more effectively blend information and social service skills for the information and referral agency of the future.     

高校图书馆网上服务的互动交流性评价

通过对中国高校数字图书馆联盟49所高校图书馆主页反映的网上服务的调查统计分析，从服务项目设置、服务内容、技术功能、人员素质等方面揭示出目前高校图书馆网上服务的互动交流性存在的不足，提出强化网上服务的互动交流性能，拓展高校图书馆网上服务的发展空间和技术创新潜力。     

New I & R Teams in Library-Based Services:

This article presents a new library-based model for I & R called SENIOR CONNECTIONS which is operated by older volunteers and student interns from Schools of Library Science and Social Work with the guidance of library-staff I & R Coordinators. This I & R model combines professional informational skills (librarian) and human relations skills (social worker) plus the rich resources and capabilities of older volunteers. Students and volunteers participate in the I & R training program which is conducted jointly by faculty from both professional schools to develop a cadre of skilled volunteers and professionals. Serving as both an information center and helping service, SENIOR CONNECTIONS is targeted to promoting local access to information and resources for older residents. By utilizing the existing library staff, interns and volunteers, SENIOR CONNECTIONS operates as a service-effective and cost-efficient program.     

21世纪初公共图书馆理念的研究、宣传和实践

文章叙述了世纪初我国公共图书馆理念的研究、宣传和发展历程;概括了关于公共图书馆制度;关于图书馆服务的免费、平等、开放等理念、关于图书馆自由、读者权益等图书馆权利理念以及公共图书馆理念对我国图书馆实践的促进作用;提出我国公共图书馆持续较好发展需要继续思考的一些问题。参考文献29。     

I & R in an Academic Library

Although not commonly acknowledge, Information & Referral (I & R) services are now an integral feature of many public academic libraries. Two such special services offered in Hclm-Cravens Library, Western Kentucky University, illustrate this development. The Grants Information Center, which evolved from a Foundation Center Cooperative Collection, identifies funding sources for a wide variety of research and developmental projects for acadcrnic and public pakons. The Library's map collection performs a similar function with respect to nonlibrary sources of caitographic information and map products. Both services enhance the library's contribution to the university and to its larger community.     

U.S. Public Library Outlet Internet Connectivity: Progress Issues and Strategies

The 1998 Public Library Outlet Internet Connectivity study (Bertot & McClure, 1998) sponsored by the American Library Association (ALA) and the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) collected public library outlet Internet connectivity data by outlet metropolitan status, poverty, and region strata. Based on a national survey, the results show that there are disparities in public library outlet Internet connectivity, public access provision, and speed of public access Internet services. Such disparities have implications for future connectivity policy development such as the e-rate, state library-based connectivity programs, and library-initiated connectivity initiatives that this article identifies and explores. Community Access Points (CAPS), in addition to public libraries, may be necessary to reach national goals related to universal service and equality of access to the Internet.     

Community Information in Schools:

Community Information and I & R services have not generally been implemented in school librarianship, although some elements of the idea have been presented by authorities for a number of years. This article defines the concepts, outlines results of field research conducted in Great Britain on I & R in schools, presents an 1 & R model for schools based on the British experience, makes suggestions for I & R file construction and maintenance, and reviews selected microcomputer data base management programs useful for I & R information control.     

Collaborative,Creative, Participative: Trends in Public Library Innovation

Innovation in public libraries has been concentrated in the areas of participation, making & creating, learning, new outreach and partnerships. These trends represent the emerging areas of strategic focus for public libraries and are strongly influencing the development of library services towards a model that is collaborative, creative and participative, and that places the library at the centre of its user’s daily lives. This article provides an overview of these trends, with examples of how they are manifesting in library services, programming and strategy.     

Broadband for public libraries: Importance,issues, and research needs

U.S. public libraries provide free public internet services to the communities that they serve, but require robust, high-speed broadband internet connections to continue meeting public demands. The 2008–2009 Public Library Funding & Technology Access Study (PLFTAS) illustrates challenges that public libraries encounter in achieving broadband connectivity and equipment upgrades, and maintaining acceptable levels of services as they meet continually increasing internet-enabled service demands. This article: 1) analyzes the ability of public libraries to serve as a community-based public internet access point in the context of limited funding and access to telecommunications services and equipment; 2) discusses key policy issues that affect the provision of public library internet-enabled services through broadband; 3) provides recommendations for policy makers to include libraries as part of a larger national-level telecommunications policy; and 4) identifies a number of topics and issues that need further investigation and research in this shifting policy environment.     

Collection Development Resources and Procedures in Nigerian Public Libraries

By means of a mailed questionnaire, a study was undertaken to assess the collection development resources and procedures of public libraries in a developing country, Nigeria. Usable responses were received from nine of the nineteen public (state) library services in the country. The results show that Nigerian public libraries receive grossly inadequate funds, especially for acquisition of library materials. Consequently the libraries' collections are small. There is no uniform pattern of allocating staff to the acquisitions departments, which are over-staffed in relation to their workloads. It was found also that slightly differing acquisitions procedures are adopted by the various public libraries.     

广州与香港的公共图书馆比较与研究

通过对广州与香港公共图书馆服务的效益、设施投入和管理体制的比较，认为合理的图书馆服务网点和总馆／分馆制管理体制是完善公共图书馆服务的两个主要因素，也能为我国公共图书馆事业管理变革提供启示。     

公共图书馆服务网络模式的实现探究——以郑州市图书馆服务模式为例

城市公共图书馆是一个城市的文化象征,服务网络模式的构建对扩大图书馆服务覆盖面、建设公共文化服务体系有着重要意义。在分析公共图书馆服务网络模式基础上,以郑州市图书馆特色服务模式为例,结合当前公共图书馆的发展趋势,指出服务体系更新,构建"全民图书馆"图书馆服务网络,以人为本,做好阵地服务,走出馆门,创建分馆,扩大服务范围,构建图书馆服务网络将成为今后一个时期我国图书馆事业发展的重要任务。     

社会参与图书馆公共服务研究

社会参与图书馆公共服务有利于图书馆服务多元化,有利于构建沟通桥梁,有利于激发馆员的服务热情,同时体现了读者权益。目前,社会参与图书馆公共服务的内容主要包括:参与图书馆的数字参考咨询服务、参与图书馆读者服务、参与图书馆的文化推广活动、参与图书馆的宣传推广服务、参与弱势群体服务、参与全民阅读服务。社会参与图书馆公共服务具有普遍性、多样性,为实现图书馆服务效益最大化提供了帮助。     

基于网络的医学院校图书馆社区医学信息服务研究

随着网络的普及,图书馆传统信息服务模式已不能满足用户日益增长的信息需求,利用先进的网络技术手段开展信息服务,已是现代图书馆信息服务的主流模式。在分析社区读者医学信息需求特点的基础上,提出了医学院校图书馆利用网络面向社区开展医学信息服务的方案。