Beyond Tomorrow:

Libraries have made progress toward the development of the electronic library as defined by Pat Battin in 1984. As the electronic library presently exists it closely resembles an automated version of traditional library services. Before the development of the electronic library is concluded questions need to be posed and answered regarding the use of this tool. It must be ascertained whether scholars in different disciplines use automated tools in profoundly different ways in order that the electronic library meets the needs of those whom we intend to serve.     

Post-1992 Europe: History and implications

The twentieth century has witnessed a series of initiatives designed to unify Europe, which culminated in the founding of the European Community. In 1985 the European Commission (the executive arm of the decision-making Council) issued a White Paper that became the basis of the Single Europe Act, which took effect in 1987. The implementation of this act, to be completed by the end of 1992, will required the resolution of numerous problems but creates enormous opportunities for economic growth.     

Beyond Our Walls:

No abstract available for this article.     

Interactivity: Moving Beyond Terminology

Abstract Museum professionals strive to provide meaningful experiences for visitors. Meaningful experiences are those that provide choice and control in the exploration of ideas, concepts, and objects. In many cases, these experiences occur through an interactive component. Although a number of studies have focused on interactives in museums, the field would benefit from an intensive look at how visitors perceive of and learn from these experiences. Discussion about this topic has been sidetracked by conversations about the terminology that describes this type of experience. Drawing upon studies conducted in this area, this paper looks at the role of interactives in museums by exploring three broad themes: clarity of purpose and underlying assumptions; design factors; and social engagement and learning. In conclusion, suggestions are offered for ways that these studies might inform the development of interactive experiences.     

Beyond Postmodernism: An Introduction

News coverage of “doomsday” asteroids and comets offers a telling insight into tensions surrounding the reportage of many modern risks. This study of press coverage in the U.S. and Britain discusses differing concepts of uncertainty held by journalists and scientists, and explores the defensive maneuvers that failure of prediction prompts in both communities—strategies that have a significant effect on the news of global threats consumed on both sides of the Atlantic.     

The Polish book trade: Spring 1992

This article describes the state of the Polish book trade as of late spring 1992. Based on readings and on interviews and discussions in Poland with librarians, academicians, and individuals in various areas of the book trade, it provides information on the volume and nature of publishing and difficulties faced by the trade, and provides suggestions for American libraries seeking to purchase regularly books published in Poland.     

Beyond Satisfaction: Understanding and Promoting the Instructor-Librarian Relationship

This article reports upon the assessment and research activities undertaken by a research group of faculty librarians at Hunter College regarding the perceptions, awareness, and usage of library services by non-librarian faculty members. Given the initial directive to measure faculty satisfaction with library services, the research group developed an ongoing action-research protocol to pursue more meaningful assessments of faculty awareness and use of library services and resources. The researchers employed both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, gathering data through informal information groups with faculty members and through an online survey measuring faculty awareness of library resources and services (Faculty Awareness of Library Services (FALS)). The findings show that while Hunter faculty value relational engagement with the library, they are more frequently aware of non-relational, self-service library resources. Further, the data suggest that tenured faculty members are aware of library services at a higher rate than tenure-track faculty. This data forms the foundation of an on-going action-research protocol to assess long-term trends, the products of which will continue to inform faculty services, outreach, and programming.     

Beyond Habit and Convention: Visual Literacy and the VRC

Special Libraries, Special Challenges is a column dedicated to exploring the unique public services challenges that arise in libraries that specialize in a particular subject, such as law, medicine, business, and so forth. In each column, the author will discuss public service dilemmas and solutions that arise specifically in given subject libraries, while drawing links to how such issues affect librarianship in general. Special or subject-matter librarians interested in authoring a piece for this column are invited to contact Melissa K. Aho at aho@umn.edu.

Amanda Rybin is the Associate Director of the Visual Resources Center in the Department of Art History at the University of Chicago. She holds a BA in Art History and Creative Writing and an MLIS from the University of Denver. Her email is: arybin@uchicago.edu. The University of Chicago VRC may be found at: http://arthistory.uchicago.edu/vrc.     

Beyond Framing

Visual news media's framing has been well studied; however, production factors and cultural conditions involved in photographer–subject interactions have attracted less scholarly attention although they are no less influential in determining the depiction. Guided by social constructionism theory, in-depth interviews with staff photojournalists at a daily community newspaper in the Midwest and an analysis of their work revealed 22 variables that impact how and why images look the way they do. Photojournalists have complete control of only two of these variables, share partial control of 13, but have no control over the remaining seven. The photographers also shared insights into how to improve their journalism's verisimilitude when dealing with reactive subjects. The results support concepts of social constructionism that the subjects of photographs are most comfortable with photographers who share similar characteristics, but that some characteristics can have greater influence. The results also highlight areas where photographers might focus in pursuit of authenticity in journalistic photographs.     

Beyond Online

Information specialists should provide a value-added service by supplementing their online searches with primary research. Primary research results in more up-to-date information from a broader spectrum of sources. The requester benefits from primary research by receiving a cost-effective and more comprehensive information package. The information professional benefits by acquiring a more in-depth knowledge of the subject, increasing awareness of important projects within the organizational, and achieving recognition as a key information analyst.     

Beyond plagiarism: Ethical misconduct in scientific and technical publishing

Ethical misconduct among scholars’whether plagiarism, data fabrication, data misrepresentation, or other forms of dishonesty’is on the rise, and increasingly in the public spotlight. Marcel LaFollette describes the context in which misconduct takes place, contrasting the nature of the scientific community before and after World War II. In the 1980s, the federal government facilitates, funds, and scrutinizes scientific research far more extensively than ever before. Increased political concern, LaFollette argues, will have far-reaching implications for scientists and their publishers. Marcel Chotkowski LaFollette is assistant professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and visiting scholar, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. She is the former editor ofScience, Technology & Human Values and is currently writing a book on ethical misconduct in research communication. This article was prepared with support from the National Science Foundation under grant RII-8409904 “The Ethical Problems Raised by Fraud in Science and Engineering Publishing”.     

技术与标准之外——与赫多恩博士的对话

布莱恩赫多恩（PBryanHeidorn）是美国伊利诺大学图书情报学院的助理教授，他的研究领域主要在于自然科技资源（如生物信息）的处理和提供利用方面（如图形用户界面、识别信息检索等）。所以在数字图书馆领域研究中．赫多恩博士主要还是关注技术层面的问题。但不可避免地．人文、社会和政治层面的因素也越来越强烈地影响到数字图书馆技术发展和实际应用过程中，可以说，作为纯粹的数字图书馆技术的研究者在美国是不存在的，他们必须关心技术以外的领域。     

Beyond entities: promoting explorative search with bundles

Search engines are increasingly going beyond the pure relevance of search results to entertain users with information items that are interesting and even surprising, albeit sometimes not fully related to their search intent. In this paper, we study this serendipitous search space in the context of entity search, which has recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for building semantically rich answers. Specifically, our work proposes to enhance an explorative search system that represents a large sample of Yahoo Answers as an entity network, with a result structuring that goes beyond ranked lists, using composite entity retrieval, which requires a bundling of the results. We propose and compare six bundling methods, which exploit topical categories, entity specializations, and sentiment, and go beyond simple entity clustering. Two large-scale crowd-sourced studies show that users find a bundled organization—especially based on the topical categories of the query entity—to be better at revealing the most useful results, as well as at organizing the results, helping to discover novel and interesting information, and promoting exploration. Finally, a third study of 30 simulated search tasks reveals the bundled search experience to be less frustrating and more rewarding, with more users willing to recommend it to others.