美国《图书馆权利法案》的制定与修订过程

[目的/意义] 《图书馆权利法案》是图书馆权利、图书馆智识自由这一核心政策群之灵魂,对其制定与修订过程的微观研究不但有益于图书馆权利问题的探讨,亦可为图书馆政策的制定和修订提供参考。[方法/过程] 采用政策分析、历史研究的视角,从8个《图书馆权利法案》版本的文本异同出发,结合相应的政策信息和文献资料进行分析。[结果/结论] 总结单一调整、综合调整、条款增删和反复调整4类文本修订方式和效果,并结合大规模修订、小规模修订、被否定的修订3种场景还原政策修订过程、参与者的角色地位,进行修订程序的分析,发现ALA在政策制定过程中体现了回应社会环境变迁与守护职业立场的功能。     

图书馆权利的界定

中文的"图书馆权利"一词源自对美国图书馆协会<图书馆权利法案>英文"Libmry Bill of Rights"的翻译,目前中国大陆图书馆界对"图书馆权利"的定义主要有民众权利论、图书馆员权利论、公民与图书馆权利论三种观点.文章根据对<图书馆权利法案>的内容、美国图书馆协会智识自由办公室的使命、美国图书馆协会有关智识自由的定义等方面的分析,将图书馆权利界定为:图书馆权利是指民众利用图书馆的自由、平等权利.     

图书馆权利的来由

中文的"图书馆权利"一词源自对美国图书馆协会<图书馆权利法案>英文"Library Bill of Rights"的翻译,大约于1980年开始在中国出现.2004年,我国大陆第一次将"图书馆权利"的主要内容列入全国图书馆学专业统编教材<信息资源共享>,其后程焕文正式提出"图书馆权利"这个术语,并因此而使"图书馆权利"一词在我国图书馆界广泛传播和流行.目前,我国图书馆学界对"图书馆权利"一词的正宗性一直存在着分歧:一种观点认为"图书馆权利"一词用词不正宗,不宜使用;另一种观点认为"图书馆权利"这个词是一个非常正宗的汉语词汇,应该没有异议.文章认为:美国图书馆协会<图书馆权利法案>的英文名称"Library Bill of Rights"沿用了英文习惯用法,在英语语境中并不会产生歧义,随着"图书馆权利"理念的进一步广泛传播,"图书馆权利"一词也将成为一个简单明了和民众喜闻乐见的正宗中文专门术语.     

美国公共图书馆经费保障制度研究

经费是公共图书馆生存和发展的基本保障,围绕经费保障问题形成的制度则是公共图书馆生存和发展的基础性制度。美国公共图书馆事业发达的重要基础在于其经费保障制度及其体系的完善。美国通过联邦、州和地方政府多个层面颁布法律、法规和标准来规定对公共图书馆的拨款事项,实现美国公共图书馆经费增长与国家财政支出增长同步,并取得较好的服务效益。但目前尚存在经费在不同级别政府间分配不公等问题。本文系统分析美国各个层面对公共图书馆经费保障制度的立法基础和法律形式,考察其经费保障体系的实践效果,以期为我国图书馆法关于经费问题的理论与实践研究提供参考。     

Libraries in Slovakia

ABSTRACT

The Slovak library sector has been in general decline since 1991, due to woefully inadequate funding. There are some bright spots, however. Central scientific and academic libraries have fared better than public libraries. Slovak librarians have realized the benefit of collective action for the good of the profession. The work of the Slovak Library Association over the past ten years has been fundamental to advances made. Slovak librarians have also been cooperating with foreign organizations and associations, with many positive results.     

美国公共图书馆面临的电子图书争议及其对策

美国电子图书用户阅读需求的持续增加引发了公共图书馆和出版商的电子图书争议,争议的焦点在于电子图书的价格和获取模式。美国图书馆协会充分发挥行业协会的作用,牵头组织并支持美国公共图书馆努力探寻互利互惠的商业模式,竭力维护用户的知识自由权利,广泛利用各种渠道传播和交流信息,以平衡电子图书生态系统中各方的利益。我国公共图书馆应借鉴美国公共图书馆的经验,增强合作意识,加强多边合作,注重图书馆危机管理,积极捍卫图书馆职业的核心精神。     

美国公共图书馆经费保障制度演进与省思

美国公共图书馆经费保障制度的形成历经自然演化、制度确立、州政府参与和联邦政府拓展的演进过程.这种制度通过自然演变到人为确立,再以图书馆专门法的形式得以固定,最终完成制度的形成和变迁.美国公共图书馆经费保障制度的演进过程是各种利益主体和各级别政府逐步参与到图书馆事业中,并推动图书馆事业各项相关立法的实现过程,这对于构建我国图书馆的经费保障制度具有参考价值.     

The Transformation of Singapore's Public Libraries: A Case Study

This article is an overview of the vast changes that were made in Singapore's public libraries, focusing especially on how leadership made the reforms both relevant and healthy for the future of the system.     

美国公共图书馆开展创客教育的实践与启示

[目的/意义]美国公共图书馆是最早开展创客教育的图书馆之一,具有丰富的创客教育实践经验,对其现状进行梳理和总结,以期为我国公共图书馆开展创客教育提供借鉴。[方法/过程]通过对美国州府所在地公共图书馆开展创客教育的实践情况进行调研,总结其特点,在此基础上对我国公共图书馆开展创客教育提出建议。[结果/结论]指出我国公共图书馆创客教育实施应出台指导文件,规范创客教育;加强联合建设,多方位推进创客教育;关注弱势群体,促进教育的公平性;建设多元师资队伍,提升馆员素养;开发特色主题活动,促进阅读推广;关注人文因素,体现社会关怀。     

Creating Advocates for Public Libraries

SUMMARY

While public libraries in the United States vary widely by size and location, they all serve a common purpose: to provide information, education, and recreation for all people in their service areas. To continue to serve this purpose, especially in the midst of the current shrinkage of public funding, public libraries need advocates who believe in them strongly and are willing to speak publicly on their behalf.     

On the Closure of English Public Libraries

This article challenges the conventional assumptions about the serious decline of public libraries in England. The author asserts that, as shown by the comparative data for the United States and Australian public libraries, it has not been caused by changes in society or technology. Nor has government austerity been the driving force. The loss of public interest originated in the years from 1990 to 2010 when major alterations were made to the ethos of the service. The current budget cuts and moves to ‘hollow out’ and close library services have come because of the consequent fall in public affection.     

Space and the Social Worth of Public Libraries

In spite of the growth of digital information and the resultant questioning by some of the value of public libraries, library usage data indicate there were 497,600,000 more visits to public libraries in 2013 than in 1993. Why do people still visit public libraries in the digital age? While many factors drive people to visit public libraries, one thing that public libraries offer that cannot be duplicated online is physical space. Over the decades, library space has been the glue holding the library universe together even as the specific activities that take inside libraries have evolved. While public libraries do an excellent job of promoting their important role in providing access to information, educational resources, technology, and a host of valuable services, they must also promote the value of public library space itself. This requires more than trotting out numbers; it requires telling compelling stories of how public library space is used and reminding the public that the kind of spaces public libraries provide are, in fact, a vanishing resource. The post-911 tightening of security in public buildings of all sorts—coupled with the increasing privatization of what were once public spaces—has left public libraries as perhaps the last remaining indoor public spaces where an individual can remain from opening until closing without needing any reason to be there and without having to spend any money. Public libraries should promote the uniqueness of their spaces in much the same way that National Parks promote the unique spaces they preserve and make available to the public.     

图书馆读者权利的法学分析

图书馆读者权利有三种形态:应然权利、法定权利和实然权利.目前,我国图书馆学界是从应然的层面上讨论读者权利的.读者权利需要法律化,成为法定权利,否则难以转化为读者事实上的权利.图书馆法应当以保障读者权利为目标,明确规定读者的各项权利和政府对图书馆的财政责任.     

公共文化服务体系中公共图书馆地位及作用探讨

由公共文化服务体系的内涵入手,通过分析公共图书馆的主体构成和职能,提出公共图书馆在公共文化服务体系中的定位,探讨其在公共文化服务体系中应发挥的作用.     

公共图书馆存在的理由:来自图书馆使命的注解

在世界范围内，几份重要的公共图书馆文献都将当代公共图书馆的使命界定为教育、信息服务、文化传播、促进社会和谐、培育信息素养、培养阅读兴趣、扫盲。文章首先考察了这些文献对公共图书馆使命的阐述，然后以经验研究（empmal research）发现为依据，考察了这些使命作为公共图书馆存在理由的有效性。研究发现，这些使命在当代政治和社会话语中经常出现，公众对它们也具有很高的需求，从这个意义上说，它们的确为公共图书馆的合理性提供着有效注解，但信息服务使命目前正受到互联网的挑战，扫盲及培养阅读兴趣的使命正在受到图书馆借阅量下滑趋势的挑战。     

Reference Desks in Public Libraries: What Happens and What To Know

With staffing and funding shortages and rapidly changing expectations from patrons, what is actually happening at the reference desk in today’s libraries? Understanding the needs today’s reference librarians face can be useful in developing ways to support those needs. Asking them to make some predictions on the future of public library reference work gives Library and Information Science (LIS) students, and libraries preparing for the future, a valuable look at the expertise provided by experience. This understanding will help make some realistic decisions about reference staffing and service needs and provide some guidance for those aspiring to careers in public library reference.     

公共图书馆与政府信息公开

公共图书馆作为政府举办的公益性图书馆,是区域性文献信息资源收藏与提供的中心,在政府信息公开中具有天然的、不可替代的优势;同时作为公共文化服务体系中的重要环节,也责无旁贷。本文阐述了公共图书馆在政府信息公开中的作用以及政府信息公开对公共图书馆提出的要求,并指出应当注意的问题和对策。     

交流、感悟、思考——访问美国纽约布鲁克林区公共图书馆

论文研究了纽约布鲁克林区公共图书馆的发展现状、服务理念与核心价值、经费预算、阅读活动、扫盲教育、志愿者工作,并分析比较了中美两国公共图书馆之间的不同与差距.     

The Future of Small Rural Public Libraries in America: A Report Prepared for the Board of the Langlois Public Library

This report by the director of a small public library examines multiple issues that face small and rural libraries in the age of big data, high expenses, and limited revenues. The author concludes that small libraries often have quite individual needs that must be met if the library is to be successful in its service mission, especially in this time of rapidly changing technology and a shifting demographic profile.     

公共图书馆对公众图书馆意识的培养

阐述了我国公众图书馆意识现状,在分析公众图书馆意识淡薄原因的基础上,探讨了公共图书馆对公众图书馆意识培养的途径。