Creating Responsible Designers: Recognizing and Responding to Professional Immunity Claims

Design educators see the need for responsible designers but often disagree over how these individuals should behave or how they might encourage their students to become ethically aware practitioners. With this dichotomy in mind, this essay examines professional moral responsibility from the standpoint of immunity claims. Specifically, it shows how designers attempt to minimize their moral culpability by using pardons arising from role morality or collective responsibility. The essay also shows the effect these claims have on the environment where design students regularly work. The discussion gives design educators new starting points to consider for more nuanced departmental, curricular, and classroom responses to develop and graduate responsible designers.     

Compassionate Communication in the Workplace: Exploring Processes of Noticing, Connecting, and Responding

This research contributes to the growing body of literature exploring emotion and communication in the workplace by considering the workers in a variety of jobs that require “compassionate communication.” Compassion is conceptualized as one form of emotional work and is theoretically developed through a model that highlights the subprocesses of noticing, feeling, and responding. Analyses of interviews with 23 workers in a wide range of human service jobs indicated a number of complexities in the communication of compassion in the workplace. Processes of “noticing” included both noticing the need for compassion and noticing details of clients' lives in order to communicate more successfully in compassionate ways. Processes of “connecting” included both emotional processes (empathy) and cognitive processes (perspective taking). Processes of “responding” included both nonverbal strategies, such as immediacy behaviors and environmental structuring, and verbal strategies for balancing the informational and emotional content of messages. These results are interpreted in the light of both contemporary and traditional communication theory, and practical implications are presented for human service workers and others involved in compassionate communication in the workplace.     

Compassionate Communication in the Workplace: Exploring Processes of Noticing,Connecting, and Responding

This research contributes to the growing body of literature exploring emotion and communication in the workplace by considering the workers in a variety of jobs that require “compassionate communication.” Compassion is conceptualized as one form of emotional work and is theoretically developed through a model that highlights the subprocesses of noticing, feeling, and responding. Analyses of interviews with 23 workers in a wide range of human service jobs indicated a number of complexities in the communication of compassion in the workplace. Processes of “noticing” included both noticing the need for compassion and noticing details of clients’ lives in order to communicate more successfully in compassionate ways. Processes of “connecting” included both emotional processes (empathy) and cognitive processes (perspective taking). Processes of “responding” included both nonverbal strategies, such as immediacy behaviors and environmental structuring, and verbal strategies for balancing the informational and emotional content of messages. These results are interpreted in the light of both contemporary and traditional communication theory, and practical implications are presented for human service workers and others involved in compassionate communication in the workplace.     

Contexts,Original Orders,and Item-Level Orientation: Responding Creatively to Users' Needs and Technological Change

This article questions traditional assumptions that archival aggregations must always be rigidly defined. Technology allows archival institutions to respond to users' diverse requirements by empowering them to create multiple groupings and variable orders. To take advantage of these capabilities as archives become increasingly digital, a shift toward item-level orientation will be crucial. Users will still need information about context, but the digital future will almost certainly necessitate abandoning current methods in favor of documenting contextual relationships at item level. Respect for “fonds” and original order will retain some value but will no longer be the primary means of capturing context.     

Responding to Charlie Hebdo

This paper utilizes survey methodology to explore the ethical perspectives of political cartoonists following the Charlie Hebdo shootings. Ethics positions theory is considered. Participants tended to be either situationists, absolutists, or exceptionists. Political ideology was associated with relativism scores. Findings showed that most of the participants (74 percent) reported that they drew a cartoon in response to the shootings. Participants expressed feelings of anger and sadness following the shootings. They reported that they drew cartoons illustrating free speech, cartoonists, pencils and pens, or violence following the shootings.     

全球信息社会建设动向及我们的应对

本文总结和归纳了信息社会世界峰会（WSIS）的动向、目标、成就和贡献,论及了面对全球信息社会建设热潮和WSIS的两阶段会议,国际图书馆协会联合会（IFLA）所采取的行动和成果,分析了IFLA面对信息社会建设所采取的立场和观点,阐明了图书情报专业团体和专业人员针对信息社会建设已经采取的和应该采取的必要的应对措施。     

图书馆情报学主要研究方法:了解、选择及使用

[目的/意义]研究方法在学术研究中发挥着至关重要的作用。确认图书馆情报学领域主要的研究方法，并对它们进行了解熟悉，以在开展研究时能合理选择、灵活使用，确保研究质量。[方法/过程]对近2 000篇图书馆情报学领域的研究文献以及相关研究方法论文进行内容分析，在此基础上对研究方法的类分命名、图书馆情报学界主要的研究方法的确定、特点和使用注意事项进行介绍和讨论。[结果/结论]研究方法应以数据收集法而不是数据分析法命名。图书馆情报学领域常用的研究方法包括实验法、问卷法、理论研讨法、内容分析法、访谈法和书目计量法，每种方法都有各自的特点。因而在选择使用时，既应根据具体研究课题及研究方法之特性，也要考虑使用注意事项，并尽量在同一研究中采用两种或更多的方法，以扬长避短，更有效地展开研究。     

Education Trifecta: Win Attention,Place Knowledge,Show Understanding

Continuing education for librarians and educating library school students in the areas of technical services are topics often discussed within the field of librarianship. The presenters in this session provided alternatives to “on the job” education for technical services professionals. Two presenters provided strategies for instructing an online continuing education course on acquisitions. The third presenter shared information about the development and teaching of a serials course at a library school.     

Locating and Recognizing Text in WWW Images

The explosive growth of the World Wide Web has resulted in a distributed database consisting of hundreds of millions of documents. While existing search engines index a page based on the text that is readily extracted from its HTML encoding, an increasing amount of the information on the Web is embedded in images. This situation presents a new and exciting challenge for the fields of document analysis and information retrieval, as WWW image text is typically rendered in color and at very low spatial resolutions. In this paper, we survey the results of several years of our work in the area. For the problem of locating text in Web images, we describe a procedure based on clustering in color space followed by a connected-components analysis that seems promising. For character recognition, we discuss techniques using polynomial surface fitting and fuzzy n-tuple classifiers. Also presented are the results of several experiments that demonstrate where our methods perform well and where more work needs to be done. We conclude with a discussion of topics for further research.     

了解·理解·讲解——关于提高博物馆讲解水平的一点见解

随着博物馆面向社会免费开放的有效实施,在充分发挥馆藏、研究、展示传统三大职能的基础上,如何更好地拓展教育和服务功能的问题,越发引起各级政府和社会各界的高度重视和热情关注。加强博物馆建设需要从诸多方面努力,其中一项重要工作就是提高讲解水平。坚持贴近实际、贴近生活、贴近群众的原则,强化博物馆宣传教育队伍的素质,提高博物馆讲解人员的讲解能力,以期     

熟悉WTO规则,应对挑战

文章对WTO的法律规则中有关知识产权协定和非贷物贸易（服务贸易）协定的作用，主要内容及对我国图书馆事业发展的影响进行了探讨。     

Rapidly Recognizing Relationships: Observing Speed Dating in the South

In today's fast-paced society, speed dating is becoming prevalent as a method of meeting potential partners for an intimate interpersonal relationship. At each event, participants can meet at least 6 potential partners, and quickly determine whether there is a connection that may lead to additional meetings. Through observations of the speed dates, 2 primary themes were established. Participants unconsciously progress through 3 phases of Berger and Calabrese's Uncertainty Reduction Theory gauging compatibility. Second, female participants passively assess the potential relationship, as males tend to dominate the situation. Through further observation and study, researchers can validate these “thin slices” as an effective method of meeting potential partners and developing intimate relationships.     

Pirates,Pranksters, and Prophets: Understanding America's Unlicensed "Free" Radio Movement

This study takes a qualitative look at illegal radio operations as defined by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). It offers a better understanding of the character and motivations of these broadcasters to operate outside the law. Additionally, the project examined reactions to recent FCC inquiries to create legitimate low power "micro radio" broadcasting for licensed small broadcasters. The study concludes that, depending on the specific broadcaster, there can be several motivating factors influencing the decision to bypass the FCC and start up a radio station. Many of these unlicensed operators do not see themselves as true criminals but rather counter-culture renegades of the air- waves. Researchers also found a strong interest in micro radio pro- posed by the FCC.     

Recognizing the Relationships between Interactivity,Story, and Message: Lessons Learned from the Summative Evaluation of the Human Plus Exhibition

Interactivity, message, and story are critical, interrelated components of most educational exhibition designs. In this article, we introduce an Interactivity Design Framework for guiding exhibition designers’ intentional inclusion of interactivity, story, and message in exhibition components. This framework emerges from selected findings from summative evaluation of the Human Plus exhibition, which took place at the New York Hall of Science in late 2013. The exhibition was designed to generate interest in engineering among pre‐adolescent girls. Recognizing the target group's interest in human relationships and narrative, the exhibition was designed to be engaging and interactive, driven by compelling narratives of how engineering had enhanced the lives of people with disabilities. Exhibits interwove interactivity and story to convey messages related to both engineering itself and how engineering can meet the needs of people with disabilities. Because of this dual focus, the exhibition evaluation revealed important findings about how, and under what conditions, story and interactivity function to convey message: they can work together or compete.     

交流、感悟、思考——访问美国纽约布鲁克林区公共图书馆

论文研究了纽约布鲁克林区公共图书馆的发展现状、服务理念与核心价值、经费预算、阅读活动、扫盲教育、志愿者工作,并分析比较了中美两国公共图书馆之间的不同与差距.     

Understanding the 9/11 Commission archive: control, access, and the politics of manipulation

This article examines a range of issues surrounding the archive developed by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, better known and the ??9/11 Commission.?? We provide a partial biography of the 9/11 Commission??s archival record as it was being assembled. This contemporaneous analysis of the politics surrounding this archive during its formative stage lends insights into the political and power dynamics shaping this archive. We review how the public record and public knowledge of 9/11 were shaped by the processes surrounding the accretion of this archive by charting records access and control controversies before, during, and years after the Commission submitted its final report. Despite claims from all sides that what was needed was an unfiltered, non-partisan and accurate review of what went wrong and how it went wrong, the story we outline underscores that the composition, accumulation, access to, and control of the archival record surrounding 9/11 was shaped as much by political concerns over blame and responsibility (and evading it) as it was by good faith efforts to get to the heart of the matter. In the charged atmospherics of modern US politics, custodial power over the record and access to it was used to prevent political embarrassment and to submerge??as opposed to surface??basic facts. Those with powers over access were not willing to risk having the documentary record either accessed or analyzed in a truly independent manner. This does not bode well, and in fact represents a deeper structural reality that will confound similar future governmental investigations that require access from those it is investigating. There is no reason to doubt that, absent a seismic shift in how the record is maintained and controlled, the archive will continue to be used as a means to shape and interfere with legitimate inquiries.