浅论工作过程系统化课程开发的几个关键要素——基于十堰职业技术学院的教改实践

我院的工作过程系统化课程开发中发现并较好地把握了四个方面的关键要素:课程设计要融入一定的工作过程性知识;要遵循人的认知规律和职业成长规律,学习目标要涵盖专业能力、方法能力和社会能力;课程内容的表述要包括工作过程六步法和六要素。     

Vocational education and training and the therapeutic turn

The concept of ‘therapeutic education’ is being increasingly used in contemporary education policy studies to identify learning initiatives which are dominated by objectives linked to personal and social skills, emotional intelligence and building self‐esteem. Contemporary educational goals connected with such strategies have been criticised for encouraging a ‘victim culture’ which marginalises learners and replaces the pursuit of knowledge and understanding with the development of personal values relevant to a life of social, cultural and economic risk and uncertainty. In relation to vocational education and training (VET) and post‐school policy trends in particular, Hayes has argued that preparation for work has abandoned vocational/occupational knowledge and skills in favour of providing learners with personal skills for emotional labour in low‐level service jobs. This paper interrogates such analyses and questions whether the therapeutic role of VET really is incompatible with the traditional objectives of developing knowledge, understanding and values in work environments. Links are made between new emphases on work‐based learning and the ‘caring’ conceptions of learning in post‐school education. It is concluded that—although therapy should not dominate VET—an attention to the important values dimension of learning in the field does involve a therapeutic dimension of some kind.     

基于智慧技能学习理论的Flash动画教学模式重构

智慧技能作为加涅划分的学习结果类型之一,对程序性知识的学习起到了重要的指导作用,其辨别、概念、规则、高级规则4类学习层次更是为Flash动画的教学注入了新的思维。在智慧技能与Flash课程概念诠释的基础上,通过对4类智慧技能对应Flash知识点的学习条件详细分析,进而深层解析了基于智慧技能理论的Flash课程新型学习模式,并实践重构了基于智慧技能的Flash课程教学流程。     

学习迁移研究的历史与发展

学习迁移即一种学习对另一种学习的影响，它广泛地存在于知识、技术、态度和行为规范的学习中。迁移是学习的继续和巩固，又是提高和深化学习的条件，学习与迁移不可分割，学习迁移一直是学习理论的一个重要问题，对迁移进行研究，有助于探讨人类学习的实质和规律，揭示能力和品德形成的内在机制，同时也为教学过程提供理论依据。迁移的研究是对所有综合性认知理论的一个严格的、也是必要的经验。     

Women's Empowerment and Education: linking knowledge to transformative action

Women's empowerment is a concept that has acquired substantial recognition in the past decade. However, it is better known among international development organisations, NGOs, and grassroots groups than in academic circles. This article examines the concept of women's empowerment as a foundational element in a theory of social change in which the oppressed must be key actors in the change process. On the basis of empirical evidence, it highlights four dimensions of empowerment: economic, political, knowledge, and psychological. The knowledge dimension is fostered by one of the most respected and universal of institutions: formal education. Yet schools do not always provide friendly or even safe spaces for girls; moreover, the school curriculum emphasises academic subjects and avoids ‘life skills’ discussions. Most successful cases of empowerment through education have occurred in non-formal education programmes that specifically promote critical reflection on gendered social norms and encourage corrective responses. The article argues that the empowerment process must consider the close connection between the private and the public arenas, as the private space seriously constrains women's availability and possibilities for transformative action; therefore, both macro- and micro-level interventions are needed to create a modified gender division of labour. The promotion of agency — at both the individual and collective levels — plays a major role in the development of women's empowerment. Such a process requires the engagement of non-state actors, particularly women-led NGOs. The article ends with challenges for policy.     

论教学三主体双客体系统及其构建

有关教学主客体的研究是当代教育理论的一个重要课题。从宏观教学过程这一概念出发,在理论分析和概念识读的基础上,提出教学系统的三主体双客体结构理论。按照这一理论,教学系统由三类主体（教的主体、学的主体和管理主体）和两类客体（主体性客体和单纯性客体）构成。用这一理论来指导教学工作实践,可以充分调动教学过程中的一切积极因素,协调构成教学过程的各种要素的关系,促进教学质量和教学效率的提高。     

知识线索树——智能教学系统中知识关系的表示方法

知识关系模型是智能化教学系统开发过程中必须面临的问题,也是系统实际运用时教师们必须理解的概念.＂知识线索树＂模型,是在现有知识模型——树状、网状模型基础上,结合实际教与学的需求与现代教育理论提出的一种新的知识关系表示模型.该文系统阐述了知识线索树的理论基础、表示原则、表示方法和模型的应用.     

学习理论的发展与学习创新

自古以来,关于知识的来源及其获取的方法,一直存在着经验论与唯理论之争,这些争论后来成为20世纪学习理论两大流派——行为主义和认知主义的哲学基础。建构主义是学习理论从行为主义发展到认知主义以后的进一步发展,它为当今时代学习创新提供了许多有益的启示:在学习目标上,变知识传输为知识建构;在学习方式上,倡导自主、探究、合作学习和情境学习;与此相适应,在教学上,也要从知识传授向全面促进学生的学习转变。     

Measuring attitude towards learning science in Malaysian secondary school context: implications for teaching

ABSTRACT

The aim of education is to ensure a holistic development towards knowledge and well-being. Despite exhaustive effort on embedding twenty-first century skills in science teaching, students show lack of interest to learn and pursue their science careers. This present study has attempted to develop an instrument for measuring attitude towards science learning. The purpose was to ensure valid items were identified to measure all aspects of attitude namely affect, behaviour and cognitive. The study of attitude in science will determine the direction on how teaching strategies can be successful in promoting interest in learning. The study has been underpinned from the theories related to Theory of Reasoned Action, Constructivist learning and Connectivism. Samples from three secondary schools were selected based on proportionate stratified random sampling. 350 samples were targeted to respond to self-constructed questionnaires. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was employed to prove the hypothesised 5-factor measurement model. The results have supported a model fit with positive interactions between the factors are evident. The study has proven the theoretical contributions which embark on holistic development of an individual to ensure attitude is moulded. The emotional and spiritual aspects of learning are needed to ensure positive contribution to the social dynamic. In this paper, the discussions are elaborated from the standpoints of theories and practical importance. The results have contributed to a theoretical model of science teaching method.     

知识嫁接学说：一种更具包容性的教学理论

人类知识的传承主要是通过其特有的教与学系统而实现的。以往各种教与学理论只是从不同的角度和侧面阐述了教育教学的部分本质。知识嫁接学说试图综合各种教与学的理论成果,从更开阔更全面的视角来阐释教学的过程和本质。该学说认为,人类的个体知识就像一棵具有三级结构的＂榕树＂,教育教学的过程就是对知识树实施＂嫁接＂的过程。在网络时代,知识嫁接越来越呈现出碎片化的趋势,这就要求我们在知识嫁接的过程中,应特别关注知识之间的亲和力,掌握知识嫁接的时机,对不同种类的知识采用不同的嫁接技术。在人类知识的传承过程中,复制与模仿是知识嫁接的重要方式之一,知识嫁接成功的标志就是知识由短期记忆转变为长期记忆。今天的教育教学应该将自下而上的学习与自上而下的学习结合起来,以最终实现知识创新的目标。     

谈外语知识学习与技能学习的平衡发展

人类的学习是在社会活动中,以言语为中介,通过积极思维,主动掌握人类社会历史经验和积累个体经验的过程。对于学生来说,学习外语,不仅要掌握外语知识,而且要在掌握必要的语言知识的同时,熟练掌握运用外语进行交际的各种技能。也就是说,我们掌握一门外语,就是要掌握有关的知识和技能,使其平衡发展。     

Learning citizenship through social participation outside and inside school: An international,multilevel study of young people's learning of citizenship

In this article we revisit and re‐analyse data from the 1999 IEA CIVED transnational study to examine the factors associated with the ways in which young people learn positive attitudes towards participation in, and knowledge and skills about democracy. Less formal learning, wherever it takes place, has recently been conceptualised as a process of social participation, and we explore its effects using Lave and Wenger's and Wenger's understanding of learning through communities of practice. This is then contrasted with the effect of the volume of civic education. The analysis shows that learning through social participation, both inside and outside school, and in particular through meaning‐making activities shows a strong positive relationship with citizenship knowledge, skills and dispositions across a wide range of countries. Moreover, it demonstrates the usefulness of situated learning theory in the field of civic learning, and its applicability in large‐scale, quantitative studies.     

在教学方法中普及应用建导技术是释放学生创造力与合作力的关键

本文首先介绍国际上先进的、国内还空白的一个关键的事理学原理,即人脑认知机制的“非简单性”．然后回顾若干教育方法论与学习方法论的前沿成果,指出只有真正在教学过程中做到“以学习者为中心”才有可能实现对这些原理的应用。     

The role of work-related learning in the identity transformation of Canadian workers with low literacy skills

Workplaces are settings where power, knowledge and self are brought together in a complex social environment which includes various forms of struggle related to identity, agency, socio-cultural norms, political structures and functional practices. The purpose of this article is to uncover how formal and informal work-related learning processes influence the identity transformation of workers with low literacy and essential skills. Drawing on two recent Canadian data bases which serve as cases in this study, the position taken by the authors is that the organisational context can both facilitate and impede worker subjectivity. Various conditions, approaches to learning and training pathways are examined as they contribute to social cognitive and transformative learning theories.     

A general theory of learning and teaching and a related comprehensive set of performance indicators for higher education institutions

In contemporary knowledge societies, performance indicators are an indispensable element of sustainable quality management and enhancement through monitoring and evaluating quality performance of higher education institutions. It is argued that learning and teaching quality in higher education should be approached in a holistic way, namely across the four subdomains of learning and teaching environment, teaching processes, learning processes and learning outcomes and their assessment. performance indicators related to these areas must align with a synoptic understanding of learning and teaching comprising behavioural, information processing, cognitive, social (constructivism) and humanistic theories of learning. Selected issues from a comprehensive set of about 280 performance indicators for learning and teaching are presented and contextualised. The indicators set resulted and emerged from critical reflection of research literature and explorative surveys of various informed and engaged stakeholders, from 14 public European universities, and a general theory of learning and teaching.     

Social skills deficits as a primary learning disability

Advances in the definition of social skills deficits in children and youth with learning disabilities are presented and critiqued. The proposed modified definition of learning disability by the Interagency Committee on Learning Disabilities, which includes social skills deficits as a specific learning disability, is presented and discussed. This definition is analyzed from primary, secondary, and social learning theory causative hypotheses. Development of an adequate assessment technology is viewed as critical to the identification and classification of social skills deficits in children and youth with learning disabilities.     

国内学习型社区研究综述

国内学习型社区的理论研究与我国建设学习型社会的宏观政策相伴相生。当前国内关于学习型社区的研究在概念定义上纷繁多样,在功能定位上复杂丰富,在学科涉及范围上广泛多元;并在总体上存在着研究领域的泛化、研究理念的理想化、研究视角的单一化、研究过程的“两张皮”现象等问题。学习型社区的研究必须重视基本理论建设,关注现实中国的社会实践,实现研究的理论品质和实践品质的共同提升。     

“微课”背景下的“微学习”目标研究

大数据时代已经到来,随着"微课"的不断发展以及教育技术的飞速进步,学习者的学习方式正在慢慢发生改变,"微学习"正成为新型的学习方式。虽然与传统学习方式不同,但为提高学习效率,"微学习"的目标应和传统学习目标基本一致,应以知识积累和思维认知能力的共同提高为最终目标。该文将引入传统理论如布鲁姆的教育目标分类学、米特斯特拉斯和米勒的知识观以及鲍姆加特纳的思维理论等进行阐述,阐明"微学习"首先应该完成基于思维思考过程的个人知识管理和个人知识构建,达成一种思与知双位提升,最终上升至智慧的层面。     

Focused Multisensory Anatomy Observation and Drawing for Enhancing Social Learning and Three-Dimensional Spatial Understanding

The concept that multisensory observation and drawing can be effective for enhancing anatomy learning is supported by pedagogic research and theory, and theories of drawing. A haptico-visual observation and drawing (HVOD) process has been previously introduced to support understanding of the three-dimensional (3D) spatial form of anatomical structures. The HVOD process involves exploration of 3D anatomy with the combined use of touch and sight, and the simultaneous act of making graphite marks on paper which correspond to the anatomy under observation. Findings from a previous study suggest that HVOD can increase perceptual understanding of anatomy through memorization and recall of the 3D form of observed structures. Here, additional pedagogic and cognitive underpinnings are presented to further demonstrate how and why HVOD can be effective for anatomy learning. Delivery of a HVOD workshop is described as a detailed guide for instructors, and themes arising from a phenomenological study of educator experiences of the HVOD process are presented. Findings indicate that HVOD can provide an engaging approach for the spatial exploration of anatomy within a supportive social learning environment, but also requires modification for effective curricular integration. Consequently, based on the most effective research-informed, theoretical, and logistical elements of art-based approaches in anatomy learning, including the framework provided by the observe–reflect–draw–edit–repeat (ORDER) method, an optimized “ORDER Touch” observation and drawing process has been developed. This is with the aim of providing a widely accessible resource for supporting social learning and 3D spatial understanding of anatomy, in addition to improving specific anatomical knowledge.     

Education for future-oriented citizenship: implications for the education of twenty-first century competencies

Globalization and the knowledge economy have opened up worldwide agendas for national development. Following this is the emphasis on the social dimension, otherwise known as social capital. Much of social capital includes “soft skills” and “twenty-first century skills”, which broadly cover critical, creative and inventive thinking; information, interactive and communication skills; civic literacy, global awareness and cross-cultural skills. Proactively, the Singapore government is preparing for Curriculum 2015, a new curriculum that would develop student attributes, embedded in the “confident person”, “self-directed learner”, “active contributor”, and “concerned citizen”. Significantly, a new curricular initiative, Character and Citizenship Education, emphasizes the integrative nature of citizenship and twenty-first century competencies and has been implemented in all schools in Singapore from 2011. This future-oriented approach to citizenship education emphasizes the significance of individual initiatives and the intellectual capital of citizens. This paper analyses features of this particular approach to citizenship education, and its strengths and significance, which may be viewed as an integrative “total curriculum approach” with a “whole-society” perspective. In addition, the challenges of teaching twenty-first century skills will also be highlighted. This departs from the conventional paradigm of socialization, but to help students develop attributes for a future society to come.