关联主义与新建构主义:从连通到创新

关联主义和新建构主义都是网络时代的学习理论.前者关注的是学习的外部过程,后者关注的是学习的内部过程,两者可以互为补充.通过对两种理论的异同点的比较与分析,提出了将两者互相融合、共同指导网络时代学习的基本思想,并对网络时代的知识产权问题进行了讨论.     

自主与传统语言学习环境的比较研究——一项基于SPSS11.0统计分析的实证调查研究

自主学习以多种理论为依据,在信息社会时代更显示了其强大的生命力。自主学习环境可以说为自主学习提供了优越的外部环境。本研究突破对单一教学环境进行研究的局限,通过问卷调查的形式,对自主学习环境和传统课堂学习环境下的自主学习问题进行了对比调查和研究,以弄清两种不同的教学环境下的学生对自主学习的理念和执行能力有何异同。问卷调查数据用SPSS11.0进行了统计和分析。     

Bridging Cognitive Load and Self-Regulated Learning Research: A complementary approach to contemporary issues in educational research

The aim of this Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Bridging Cognitive Load and Self-Regulated Learning Research’ is to explore how cognitive load theory, which is particularly relevant for how learners deal with complex information, and self-regulated learning theory, which is particularly relevant for how learners use information to monitor and control their learning, can be combined into one joint research paradigm that is relevant for contemporary and future developments in education. The first two sections introduce cognitive load theory and self-regulated learning theory. The third section discusses the main similarities and differences between the theories, and describes how the cue-utilization framework can be used as the basis for a joint research paradigm. The main idea postulated is that new instructional methods should help learners identify diagnostic cues in available information that provide an accurate indication of where learners stand in relation to criterion task performance. Use of these diagnostic cues when monitoring learning will lead to better regulation of learning activities and of mental resources allocated, and thus to more efficient learning and higher learning outcomes.In the fourth section, the six studies and two commentaries presented in this special issue are positioned within this paradigm. In the fifth and final section, a common research agenda based on the joint CLT-SRL paradigm is sketched and its relevance for future developments is explained. The studies presented in this special issue and the two commentaries, which complete the Special Issue, should be seen as a very first step in executing this research agenda.     

Teachers’ collaborative learning – development of teaching in group discussions

Teacher learning and the development of in-service education for teachers are both an active area of research and a broad challenge. In working as teachers, theory and practice are often seen as divided, or problems in teaching and the requirements of development are solved on the basis of experience. This study focuses on collaborative teacher learning as part of an in-service education course that supports teachers in connecting learning theories with practical knowledge and that aims to create new knowledge and practices for teaching. The starting points for the study are the changes of the curriculum and theories of learning. The aim is to analyse developing of teaching in teachers’ collaborative group discussions and how the theoretical knowledge of learning theories is connected with developing teaching practices. The research method of the study was data driven, systematic and qualitative analysis of the content of the discussion. The research data consist of video recorded group discussions of two teacher teams from the in-service education course meeting. The analysis focused on developing talk and further, on finding interconnections between the developing talk and the theories of learning. The analysis shows three different ways how the learning theories emerged in method developing talk. The findings indicate that theoretical knowledge can be used or left unused and imply that creating and changing teaching practices is challenging. However, the findings show that theoretical, research-based knowledge on learning theories can be applied to developing teaching practices in the teachers’ collaborative knowledge creation process. Long-term in-service education based on collaborative knowledge creation and supporting the interconnection of theoretical knowledge of learning and experience knowledge of teaching is a promising way to arrange and develop in-service education.     

西方两大派别学习理论发展过程的系统分析

西方学习理论可以分为学习的联结主义理论与学习的认知主义理论。学习的联结派认为，学习实质上是通过建立简单的联系而获得经验的过程，从桑代克的试误说起，到华生的经典性条件反射说，斯金纳的操作性条件反射说，再到班杜拉的观察学习说，联结派在本规范内经历了不断完善的过程。学习的认知派则认为，学习是经过复杂的加工活动建立认知结构而获得经验的过程，学习认知派理论从格式塔完形说、托尔曼的认知地图说开始，经历了从认知主义到建构主义的发展过程。由于两大派学习理论都无法解释学习的全野，因此也出现了企图融合两大派理论的折中主义学习理论。     

二语习得理论与远程教育

Moore和Kearsley(1996)主张远程教育者应提供三种互动形式:1.学习者和学习内容之间的互动;2.学习者和学习指导员之间的互动;3.学习者相互之间的互动.根据互动学的二语习得理论和Kransen理论的一致可知充分理解的输入是二语习得的关键,互动有助于二语的习得和增强语言的流利程度.当然有效的信息输出对二语的习得也很重要.     

多媒体学习的认知机制

多媒体学习的认知机制是从两个层面上加以研究的。一个层面是专门的多媒体认知机制理论,包括双重编码理论、多媒体学习模型与新双重编码理论,另一个层面是一般性的认知机制理论,包括工作记忆模型、分布式认知理论、认知负荷理论以及生成学习理论等。这些理论对前一层面的模型起支撑作用,并能指导对多媒体学习的深入研究。但是,多媒体学习的认知机制研究应当是以建构主义学习理论而不是认知主义的学习理论为背景的,应当具有大脑认知神经科学的证据予以支持,应当是关注学习的情境性问题。     

Beyond labels: what are the salient features of lesson study and learning study?

ABSTRACT

Lesson Study and Learning Study are popular teacher professional development models across the world. Drawing on an extensive review of research and literature, this paper aims to identify the features of the two models to contrast and establish their similarities and differences particularly with regard to their application in practice. The paper focuses on their impact on teaching and learning as well as the rationale behind the process of Lesson Study and Learning Study. Four major distinctions between the two models are revealed: ways of identifying a topic for teaching, views and methods for understanding student learning, the focus of teacher collaboration on lesson design and implementation, and the overall instructional design. The paper concludes that the two models appeal to different practitioners depending on their aims and objectives in teaching and learning as well as their broader perspectives on education. In addition, this paper suggests that the two models could complement each other to improve the effectiveness of teaching and learning in different contexts.     

Integrating data-based decision making,Assessment for Learning and diagnostic testing in formative assessment

Recent research has highlighted the lack of a uniform definition of formative assessment, although its effectiveness is widely acknowledged. This paper addresses the theoretical differences and similarities amongst three approaches to formative assessment that are currently most frequently discussed in educational research literature: data-based decision making (DBDM), Assessment for Learning (AfL) and diagnostic testing (DT). Furthermore, the differences and similarities in the implementation of each approach were explored. This analysis shows that although differences exist amongst the theoretical underpinnings of DBDM, AfL and DT, the combination of these approaches can create more informed learning environments. The thoughtful integration of the three assessment approaches should lead to more valid formative decisions, if a range of evidence about student learning is used to continuously optimise student learning.     

A review of five African board games: is there any educational potential?

Studies of African indigenous games often focus on a specific game or on games from different regions. This article, rather, examines five popular African board games in order to find the similarities and differences among these games. The analysis shows similarities among them. However, these similarities do not necessarily mean that these games are identical. The review of the games indicates that these games are different when elements such as rules and play are used to study them. This article also demonstrates that these board games are tools that can be integrated into the curriculum through a discussion of the educational affordance of each game. The article is an invitation to educators and game researchers to broaden the definition and exploration of game-based learning.     

欧洲技术促进学习研究新进展

技术促进学习研究是学习科学的一个研究领域,文章通过典型案例着重分析了欧洲技术促进学习研究领域在移动学习理论与实践、技术支持的正式与非正式学习设计、学习技术的设计应用、技术环境下的未来学习、技术促进学习研究社区等五个方面的主要研究及其进展,并简述了该领域的主要研究机构及其异同,评析了技术促进学习研究领域所做的研究.     

Comparing variation theory with Piaget’s theory of cognitive development: more similarities than differences?

ABSTRACT

Lo’s variation theory is a learning and teaching theory based on Marton’s phenomenographic approach and is one of the most important backbones of learning studies. The proponents of variation theory demarcate their approach from constructivist learning approaches, stressing constructivism as philosophical framework, but not as learning theory. At the same time, the phenomenographic approach emphasizes the importance of Piaget’s work about the cognitive development, which should be considered when talking about learning and teaching. We argue that – from a theoretical point of view – Piaget’s theory of how cognitive schemata are developed and how variation theory proposes that learning can be fostered entails many similarities which are not apparent at first glance. We demonstrate the similarities and differences using a teaching example from an English as second language classroom and show the implications for practical instructional work. Finally, we discuss concrete suggestions how variation theory could benefit even more from Piaget’s theory.     

Assessment for learning in Norway and Portugal: the case of primary school mathematics teaching

In this study, we aim to understand the forces driving assessment for learning (AfL) in primary school teaching. By applying a case study design, including the two cases of Norway and Portugal and using mathematics teaching as an example, available policy documents and research reports are analysed to identify the differences and similarities that might explain the assessment practices previously observed in the two countries. Many similarities are found at the school and national levels. In particular, AfL is introduced as a national policy in both countries. Still, AfL practices are not common in primary mathematics classrooms in either country, although this is true for different reasons in each country. It is suggested that the assessment culture caused by national policies, such as curriculum reforms, national professional development projects and teacher autonomy, explains the similarities in the observed outcomes.     

言语行为理论与会话含义理论的不同点之比较分析

言语行为理论与会话含义理论是语用学理论的重要组成部分,理论从初次提出到现在历经半个多世纪的研究与发展,已经日趋成熟和完善,两个理论之间也存在着有机统一、相互递进的关系,组成了一个完整的系统。本文针对两个理论的内容及两者之间的不同点进行比较分析,总结出在两个理论的关系及它们在语用学发展历史上的重要地位。     

Learning stories from IT workers – development of professional expertise

In the knowledge economy, many companies are well aware of the vital need to maintain the professional expertise of their workers at a high level. Though there have been a lot of research studies in the areas of professional expertise and workplace learning, few examined the learning pathways novice workers went through to become experts in their professions. Most of the research studies on expertise focused on the nature of expertise and few on its development. As for workplace learning research, most studies focused on the learning resources and methods workers used and the affordances of the workplace in making learning possible. Based on the accounts of expertise development collected from individual information technology (IT) workers in Hong Kong, this paper proposes a four-phase model of professional expertise development in the workplace and discusses its similarities to and differences from extant theories of expertise and skill development.     

从认知到情境:学习范式的变革

学习的情境理论强调学习过程中个体与其所依存的物理和社会文化历史情境的相互作用 ,在学习的实质、内容、方式以及教育应用等诸多方面 ,情境理论都呈现出与认知理论有所不同的新范式。情境理论对以往的学习理论具有一定的整合作用     

学习动机研究的特点、问题及走向

从20世纪40、50年代开始,学习动机研究呈现出如下特点:在理论取向上,认知观和社会认知观取代早期的机械论,将学习动机与学习者所处的具体环境和学习中的认知要素结合起来加以研究,并开始关注学习动机的发展问题;在研究方法上,确立测量学习动机的主要指标和方法。但这些研究还存在着以下几个问题:动机概念的术语五花八门,缺乏区分效度;不同理论取向并存,难于构建一个完整的动机研究模式;研究者对学习动机基本性质的看法存在着重大分歧;过于倚重自我报告的问卷研究遭到越来越多的质疑。未来,在研究的理论取向上,社会认知理论的优势地位将更加突显,对学习动机内在结构的分析将更加全面系统,在社会认知观的指导下,将建立环境因素、学习动机、学习策略与学习结果关系的整合模型;在研究方法上,定量研究与定性研究的结合将得到普遍运用。     

The role of learning theory in multimodal learning analytics

This study presents the outcomes of a semi-systematic literature review on the role of learning theory in multimodal learning analytics (MMLA) research. Based on previous systematic literature reviews in MMLA and an additional new search, 35 MMLA works were identified that use theory. The results show that MMLA studies do not always discuss their findings within an established theoretical framework. Most of the theory-driven MMLA studies are positioned in the cognitive and affective domains, and the three most frequently used theories are embodied cognition, cognitive load theory and control–value theory of achievement emotions. Often, the theories are only used to inform the study design, but there is a relationship between the most frequently used theories and the data modalities used to operationalize those theories. Although studies such as these are rare, the findings indicate that MMLA affordances can, indeed, lead to theoretical contributions to learning sciences. In this work, we discuss methods of accelerating theory-driven MMLA research and how this acceleration can extend or even create new theoretical knowledge.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

• Multimodal learning analytics (MMLA) is an emerging field of research with inherent connections to advanced computational analyses of social phenomena.
• MMLA can help us monitor learning activity at the micro-level and model cognitive, affective and social factors associated with learning using data from both physical and digital spaces.
• MMLA provide new opportunities to support students' learning.

What this paper adds

• Some MMLA works use theory, but, overall, the role of theory is currently limited.
• The three theories dominating MMLA research are embodied cognition, control–value theory of achievement emotions and cognitive load theory.
• Most of the theory-driven MMLA papers use theory ‘as is’ and do not consider the analytical and synthetic role of theory or aim to contribute to it.

Implications for practice and/or policy

• If the ultimate goal of MMLA, and AI in Education in general, research is to understand and support human learning, these studies should be expected to align their findings (or not) with established relevant theories.
• MMLA research is mature enough to contribute to learning theory, and more research should aim to do so.
• MMLA researchers and practitioners, including technology designers, developers, educators and policy-makers, can use this review as an overview of the current state of theory-driven MMLA.

     

在校大学生学习适应性的调查研究

以河北省邢台学院的300名在校大学生作为被试,从学习动机、学习能力、学习态度、教学模式、环境因素及身心健康等六个维度对学习适应性问题进行了研究.结果表明：（1）大学生的学习适应性水平总体上不乐观,处于偏低水平,尤其是在教学模式适应和学习态度适应方面.（2）男生和女生在学习适应上没有显著差异.（3）本专科生在学习适应性上差异不显著.（4）独生子女与非独生子女在学习适应性上没有显著差异.在学习能力方面,独生子女与非独生子女存在着显著差异,非独生子女明显好于独生子女.在学习态度方面,独生子女与非独生子女存在着显著差异,独生子女明显好于非独生子女.（5）大学生适应性在居住地城乡上没有显著差异.（6）各个专业的学生在学习适应性上存在着极其显著差异.各个专业在环境适应、教学模式适应方面存在着极其显著差异,在学习动机、身心健康方面存在着显著差异.（7）各个年级在学习适应性上没有显著差异.各个年级在环境适应方面存在着显著差异,在其他方面差异不显著.     

《水力学》和《土力学》中渗流知识的关系及“教与学”

分别介绍《水力学》和《土力学》中所讲授的渗流相关内容,并分析两门课中渗流知识的异同点及相互关系,结果表明两个课程中渗流内容侧重点不同,不可相互替代,最后对这两门课中渗流部分内容的教与学进行探讨,建议教学时引导学生将《水力学》和《土力学》两门课相关知识结合起来,并建立渗流相关内容的知识结构,到达真正理解和掌握渗流相关知识的目的。