改革开放以来我国高等教育集权与分权的周期性变革

中央集权制与地方分权制是两种基本的教育行政体制。改革开放以来,我国高等教育行政体制在由计划经济向市场经济转变的进程中呈现出从中央高度集权、中央与地方分权到中央政府向地方政府、高校和市场适度分权的周期性变革趋势。本文对高等教育行政体制的生成状况进行了分析,通过梳理高等教育集权与分权变革的30年演化历程及相关问题,阐明我国高等教育集权与分权改革的走向。     

Decentralization of First Nations Education in Canada: Perspectives on Ideals and Realities of Indian Control of Indian Education

Fuelled by the concept of self-determination, efforts to improve schooling under the banner of decentralization are taking hold in First Nations communities throughout Canada. Proponents of decentralization hold the perception that decentralized systems are more likely to improve education than centralized systems. But is there a chance that local control can improve First Nations education? From the point of view of the realization of the decentralization values, the outcome is uncertain at best and gloomy at worst. To the extent that First Nations are alert to the emerging educational needs and problems and strong enough to mobilize First Nations resources on their behalf, we may entertain a cautious optimism on the resolution of some of the manifold contradictions of decentralization. I contend that unless there is a genuine devolution that entails the empowerment of First Nations communities to provide an education that is specifically suited to each community, schools for Aboriginal children will remain mediocre in quality. If decentralization is to sustain its momentum and advance productively in coming years, at least it should meet three conditions. First, certain constraints or contradictions internal to decentralization will have to be resolved. Second, Aboriginal scholars and First Nations school authorities need to employ appropriate change strategies by providing a framework for local control, and finally, First Nations communities and federal authorities need to find the key symbolic and structural characteristics of decentralizing First Nations schools.     

印度喀拉拉邦的教育分权计划:理想与现实

许多发展机构的文献都提倡通过教育分权管理策略来促进地方参与教育的行动。尽管这种倡导有着长远的历史,但事实上,在许多教育体系中的教育分权计划并没有取得成功。印度喀拉拉邦的“人民分权计划运动”试图采用一个多方位的“大爆炸”方式实施分权计划,它虽有力量,但也存在局限性,其主要障碍是地方当局的技术能力有限,以及未转变参与者态度,未向参与者充分证明分权是符合他们需要的。     

中国西部教育生产函数研究

本文运用“甘肃基础教育调查研究”项目2004年调查数据,采用教育生产函数方法和分层线性模型,对甘肃省农村初中数学和语文教育质量的影响因素进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,甘肃农村初中数学和语文教育质量在个体、班级和学校三个水平上均存在显著差异;学生家庭社会经济背景和学校同伴对数学和语文教育质量有显著影响;教师素质对数学和语文教育质量有重要影响;班级规模对数学和语文教育质量有显著负影响;分权管理制度对数学和语文教育质量有显著正影响。基于上述结论,本文对提高西部农村初中数学和语文教育质量提出以下主要政策建议：缩小班级规模;提高教师素质;建立代课教师权益保障制度;推动学校实施分权化管理。     

Reflecting globalization effects on local policy: higher education reform in Taiwan

Recent comparative education policy studies show that even though there seems to be similar patterns and trends in higher education reforms in East Asian societies, the recently initiated higher education reforms have had very diverse agendas. Thus, the considerable convergence of policy rhetoric and general policy objectives may not satisfactorily explain the complicated processes of changes and the dynamic interactions between global, regional and local forces that shape education policy-making in individual countries. This article discusses globalization effects on national policy, with particular reference to how the higher education sector in Taiwan has transformed itself under the global tide of marketization and decentralization. There are a lot of changes similar to both higher education in Taiwan and that of elsewhere, which suggests that Taiwan's higher education has been affected by the trends of globalization. But before we jump to this conclusion, maybe we should also bear in mind an alternative hypothesis that local factors are crucial and determining factors for change. The core of the article is to examine the ways and strategies the Taiwan Government has adopted to reform its higher education systems in response to the changing local socio-economic political context and regional-global environments, with a particular focus on provision, regulation and financing.     

教育政策过程中的规则和自由裁量权:以民办高等教育政策为例

本文通过对两个民办高等教育政策案例的分析,探讨了教育政策过程中的规则和自由裁量权的相互关系.在教育政策过程中,主导政策制定的上级教育行政部门为下级教育行政部门的政策执行设定了原则性的价值前提和事实前提.下级教育行政部门拥有较为宽泛的自由裁量权,有助于政策的创新和扩散.通过行使自由裁量权,下级教育行政部门可以介入具体政策的制定过程,由此模糊政策制定与政策执行的界限,使教育政策过程体现为教育行政机构上下互动和相互回应的特征.如何界定下级或执行机构的行政行为和政策后果,与如何界定执行机构的地位和身份以及整个组织环境的信任程度有关.通过制定更严密的规则和程序来控制自由裁量权的传统方式是失效的.     

市场经济与成人教育资源配置

市场经济是通过市场机制、价值规律的作用来分配资源的方式。在市场经济体制下，由于经济主体的多元化、经济决策的分散化、实现利润的最大化，因此，成人教育的资源配置应改变集中配置、行政手段分配的模式，实行根据市场价格信号所反映的供求情况，通过成人教育资源在各地区、各教育部门和学校之问的自由转移，实现合理有效的配置。     

Educational decentralization: a review of popular discourse on Chinese–English bilingual education

Educational decentralization is a worldwide phenomenon, which takes different forms and leads to different outcomes in different socio-economic contexts. Taking Chinese–English bilingual education in Mainland China as an exemplar, this study examines how the decentralization of education has worked in China in the past two decades, and what consequences decentralization has brought about in the country. The analysis reveals that decentralization has created a favourable overall socio-economic and political context for bilingual education to develop, from a local endeavour into a nation-wide undertaking. The analysis also reveals that decentralization has allowed the diversified operation of bilingual programmes at the regional level. However, there has been a visible inconsistency and incoherence between the theoretical underpinnings of the programmes and the practice in schools and classrooms. Such an inconsistency and incoherence may have resulted from a newly reconfigured relation between the central government and local governments, as well as a lack of human or intellectual resources at the regional level, leading to some unintended educational and socio-political outcomes.     

Reform Decisions of 1985: Basic Education

The power for the administration of elementary education belongs to local authorities. Except for major policies and principles and general plans that are to be determined by the central authorities, all other responsibilities and powers are to be delegated to local authorities for drawing up and implementing specific policies, rules and regulations, and plans, as well as for guiding, administering, and monitoring the work of the schools. The authorities of the provinces will define the functions and powers for administrative departments at the provincial, municipal (prefectural), county, and township levels. In addition to state appropriations, all local authorities are required to allocate a proper percentage of their respective funds for educational purposes so as to promote education in all places. Most of township revenues should be used for education. The local authorities may levy an extra tax for education, which shall be used exclusively to improve teaching facilities for elementary education. They should encourage state-owned enterprises, public organizations, and individuals to run schools and provide them with guidance. Also, they can encourage units, collective undertakings, and individuals to make financial donations to help develop education, but of their own accord, not by exaction. To ease the schools' economic burdens, fees charged to schools by various quarters must be strictly controlled.     

Efficiency of local public education in a decentralized context

This paper estimates the local efficiency of the public provision of education in Colombia between 2008 and 2013. Since the decentralization process in 1991, local authorities have spent an increasing amount of resources in the provision of education services. The empirical analysis relies on a multiproduct function that assesses public performance considering two types of education products: quality and enrolment. Results for Colombian municipalities show efficiencies that vary between 26% and 98%, suggesting that better results in quality and enrolment in public education could be accomplished using the same resources. Possible sources of inefficiency are explored, such as institutional environment and fiscal autonomy. Differing regional patterns are observed for the cases of education quality and enrolment.     

我国大学行政管理结构的变迁——基于H大学1999年-2009年的案例研究

1999年以来的十年是我国高等教育发生深刻变革的时期,在国家宏观经济、政治体制改革和高等教育体制改革的影响下,很多大学通过积极推进内部管理体制改革促进了学校整体建设与发展。本文以我国一所较为典型的地方综合性大学为例,探讨其在1999年-2009年时期行政管理结构变迁的基本动因、轨迹及特征,着重分析内外部环境的变化引发大学行政管理结构变迁的过程。     

从大众化进程中审视成人高等教育招生考试改革

成人高等教育是实现我国高等教育大众化的重要途径。当今成人高等教育招生考试制度的突出矛盾,是教育行政部门的统一控制与成人高校要求扩大招生自主权之间的矛盾,主要存在着考试目标偏差、成教特色模糊、地区差异性不突出、考试形式单一等诸多问题。要解决上述矛盾和问题,就必须理念回归,体制创新,管理科学,形式多样。     

中美协作式高等教育管理体制比较研究

随着各国高等教育管理体制改革的不断推行,高等教育管理体制改革呈现均权化的趋势。美国的高等教育管理体制打破了传统的地方分权制模式,其高等教育管理体制改革注重权力间的分配与制衡,逐步形成一种全方位、协作式的管理体制。本文通过与美国协作式高等教育管理体制构建的比较,对我国高等教育管理体制进行反思并借鉴美国的经验。     

Decentralization of higher education and its implications for educational autonomy in Taiwan

This article primarily aims to investigate the effects of decentralization on educational autonomy in Taiwan through historical and documentary analysis. To draw an analytical framework, it begins with a brief examination of the concept of autonomy. This is followed by an examination of how decentralization has influenced the state-institution-individual relationship in Taiwan's higher education by using a three-level hierarchical model. After analyzing decentralization as empowering practices, it argues that the emergence of a performativity culture has generated an antinomy of the decentralization reforms, in which decentralization has formed a new ecology of education administration in Taiwan on the one hand, and simultaneously has brought the issue of bureaucratization in education on the other.     

当前日本教育行政地方分权改革面临的问题

伴随教育过程日益复杂化,教育制度设计面临诸多的变数,因此,评价一项教育制度改革成功与否,有必要基于动态的、客观的考察和分析。1998年以来,日本开始推进教育行政地方分权改革,由于受多种因素的制约,从改革最初的设定和改革的实际进展来看,当前日本教育行政地方分权改革进展缓慢,教育行政管理体制仍以集权型为主;法律制度建设和国家意志相结合,阻碍了教育自主性;受教育政治中立性原则的影响,居民参与缺乏法律保障。     

成人教育在地方院校中的地位与作用

本文作者从地方院校成人教育的特点入手 ,试图对成人教育在地方院校中的地位与作用作一个较系统、全面的论述 ,以便对成人教育工作有一个比较全面的认识 ,促使地方院校中的成人教育工作得以健康、顺利的开展     

教育政策过程中的行政纵向制约:垂直维度和水平维度的研究

以一项民办高等教育政策和一个跨省市办学事件为案例,分析教育政策过程中的行政纵向制约系统的构成,结果表明:在行政纵向制约系统中,地方教育行政部门是政策过程中最重要的行动主体,政策对象处于纵横交错的行政纵向制约系统的最底端,政策的“工具性”强化了行政纵向制约系统的垂直维度,“等级化”的存在使得处于纵向制约系统中层级较低的政策部门无法完成权威和认可的自给自足,垂直维度的政策含义的实现还要依靠政策部门与其他参与者在水平维度上的互动、协调和共谋,才能实现政策的“一致性”。     

教育分权内涵再探

教育分权的内涵可以从其客体、授权主体和受权主体三个方面做出新的阐释。教育分权的客体是隶属于第三部门教育领域的一种公共权力,它包括国家教育权、社会教育权和学校自主权。教育分权的授权主体与权力来源主体一样,都是政府。消解政府在公共教育权力配置中的垄断地位,重新定义政府在教育领域的行为范式,是在新的现实条件下的迫切需求。教育分权的受权主体是社会与学校。从社会角度来讲,主要考虑建立市场参与教育事务的运行机制;从学校层面上讲,主要考虑赋予学校自主权的问题。     

Educational administration and supervision in Japan

The administration and supervision of education represents one of the most controversial issues in post-war Japanese education. The basic issue is one of centralization or decentralization. The left wing teachers union favours local control, the conservative government, central control. The American Occupation established a system of local school boards which, as a result of political lobbying, were largely controlled by teachers union sympathisers. In 1956, four years after the end of the Occupation, the Japanese government eliminated the election of board members and replaced voluntary compliance with compulsory compliance with Ministry of Education objectives. This compulsory compliance was most clearly demonstrated in the central authorization of textbooks and in the implementation of theshunin system, which, the teachers union claims, introduces too many administrative positions into schools and further bureaucratized education. The Ministry claims that theshunin positions serve a guidance rather than an administrative function; the union on the other hand foresees the disruption of the unity of its rank and file members as a result of the insertion of a middle management wedge. Theshunin controversy clearly demonstrates how the administration of Japanese education has become enmeshed in partisan politics and Japanese history and tradition.     

从法国型地方政府看地方行政权限的合理性

世界单一制国家普遍兴起的扩大地方自治权的理论,为我国地方行政权限的重新分配提供了认识的渠道。由中央向地方分权让利的做法也成为我国行政权力调整的基本倾向。作为中央监督和地方自治相结合行政体制的典型,法国型地方政府政制值得我们深入解读,不仅有助于认识我国地方行政分权改革中的弊端,也有助于结合其合理性,有的放矢予以纠正、提高。