欧洲资历框架发展的历程、成就与挑战

欧洲资历框架(EQF)是一项联结欧洲各个国家资格体系,促使资格在欧洲不同国家和体系之间互认的共同参考框架和转换器.EQF经过十年多的发展与持续改进,在促进各国交流、建立终身学习型社会、加强各类教育与培训体系之间的联系以及推动劳动力市场发展等方面产生重要影响.同时,EQF在发展过程中也不可避免地面临着诸多挑战,如在质量保障、与其他框架协调、利益相关者参与、等级维度划分、发展更新、术语描述等方面,需要在问题反思的基础上进一步发展和完善,通过建立贯通全过程、连接全要素的质量保障体系,加强与各类教育及其资历框架间的兼容性,提高利益相关者参与程度,多角度、深层次规范框架横纵结构划分以夯实基础,及时发展更新各类要素以提高适应性,统一能力维度的核心要义,从而为发展终身学习型社会与增进国际理解与流动作出更大的贡献.     

European Union and Greek lifelong learning policy within an intercultural context: preliminary insights from research in the Sociology of Law

This paper presents preliminary findings of an extensive socio-legal research project, currently in progress, concerning the implementation of the European Union and the Greek institutional framework on lifelong learning (LLL) and exploring the social effectiveness of LLL policy. The main outcomes, based on testing two research hypotheses through quantitative and qualitative content analysis, are presented. Firstly, there are significant differences in the ranking of four LLL objectives (employability/adaptability takes priority over social inclusion, personal fulfilment and active citizenship) as between legal documents of different origin (EU or national) and binding force (hard or soft law). Secondly, the key role of the global recession of 2008 in reinforcing the economic dimension of EU policy in the field is revealed. These data, considered from a socio-legal perspective, provide a basis for further discussion regarding national alignment to the EU’s LLL policy and argue for new ‘policy syntheses’ informed by the views of social actors concerned with policy implementation, in line with a broad humanistic notion of LLL.     

Lifelong learning policy in two national contexts

This article describes and discusses the development of lifelong learning policy in two EU member states, Denmark and Portugal. The purpose is to show how different societal and historical contexts shape the development and implementation of lifelong learning policies, even though these policies have significant common elements. As a basis for the discussion an inventory of policy elements is presented. Denmark and Portugal have been chosen as examples of smaller EU member states with different historical, social and cultural characteristics. Developments and policies in the two countries, including the links with EU education policy, are described. The discussion includes comparison drawing on the inventory of policy elements. A main conclusion is that the different historical trajectories of the two countries remain very important for present-day education and for the advancement of lifelong learning policy. Early development of public primary education and popular adult education has provided a strong foundation for lifelong learning policy in Denmark while in Portugal not only institutional provision but also popular demand for lifelong learning has had to be built up relatively recently. EU education policy has had much more impact on lifelong learning policy in Portugal than in Denmark, because Portugal has had to depend much more on economic support from the EU social fund.     

作为终身学习评价体系的澳大利亚资格框架

建立针对个人学习成果的综合评价体系,是构建终身学习社会的必然要求.澳大利亚资格框架(AQF)是在终身学习需要不断增长的条件下建立起来的;它涵盖了传统的正规教育和职业教育与培训,使各种资格可以相互比较与衔接;它还通过先前学习认定(RPL)对非正规和非正式的学习成果进行评价,更扩大了传统的评价范围.因此,澳大利亚资格框架正是一种终身学习评价体系,它对未来构建终身学习社会具有重要意义.     

Easing access for lifelong learners: a comparison of European models for university lifelong learning

Easing access to higher education (HE) for those engaging in lifelong learning has been a common policy objective across the European Union since the late 1990s. To reach this goal, the transition between vocational and academic routes must be simplified, but European countries are at different developmental stages. This article maps the development in Denmark, Finland, Germany and England using a case study approach deploying data triangulation from a national and institutional perspective. It explores the extent/commonality of structural factors for easing access for students engaging in lifelong learning. The cases are at widely different stages, but the following factors were considered essential in all countries for opening universities: the establishment of transition paths from secondary education and working life into HE and links between HE, businesses and adult education from a national perspective and the recognition of all forms of learning, the flexibilization of study formats and the design of a curriculum that suits all from an institutional perspective.     

Social exclusion in EU lifelong learning policies: prevalence and definitions

ABSTRACT

The aim of the article is to analyse the concept of social exclusion in EU lifelong learning policies: how the concept has evolved from the 1990s in terms of meaning, definitions and closely connected concepts, what are the implications of this evolution, and whether there is coherence between the conceptual evolution and lifelong learning policy. Using a qualitative methodology, this article focuses on policy documents that form the European Union’s legal and political framework of reference in the lifelong learning area in the last two and a half decades. A total of 59 documents issued between 1992 and 2017 have been analysed using content analysis. The analysis of the documents has been complemented by 6 semi-structured interviews with EU lifelong learning experts. The results show that the concept is narrowly defined in terms of specific groups at risk of being socially excluded and in terms of employability, thus individualising the problem of exclusion and distracting attention from structural factors.     

演进与质变：从终身教育到终身学刁

终身学习是在新的时代背景下对终身教育的继承和超越。从终身教育到终身学习的转变是一种质的飞跃，终身学习是对时代发展要求的应答，它实现了整个教育的重心转移，保证了终身教育制度的有效实施，更符合学习化社会的要求。     

National Qualification Frameworks: from policy borrowing to policy learning

This article takes up the issue of the internationalisation of Vocational Education and Training (VET) reforms, expressed in the way policy instruments such as National Qualifications Frameworks (NQF) are introduced in the European Training Foundation's (ETF) partner countries. There is an international debate and different perspectives regarding NQFs. These perspectives have largely talked past each other. The article brings together these perspectives and highlights the issues at stake in this field. Through the analysis of ETF interventions in different regions, the article makes a case for new approaches of intervention, namely policy learning, that aim at enabling national stakeholders and that are conducive for home-grown VET policies. The discussion is broad in scope, not only because the article reviews developments in qualifications frameworks across-regions, but also because it highlights the complex interaction of the global and local development when introducing NQFs and the impact of such reforms on VET systems.     

全纳的创新资格框架:英国的QCF

2011年1月,英国最新的资格学分框架——QCF正式运行。QCF的产生有其特定的背景:原资格框架(NQF)的高层次普职等值不尽人意;原资格框架(NQF)和互换标准不够清晰;学习者个性化的需求无法得到满足。基于此,QCF以其全新的结构、要素、运行机制以及不同资格证书的比较新路径,保障了资格的全纳性,有利于真正实现等值互换,保障了资格框架的可视性,保障了学习者多元化的需求,对我国资格框架的建立以及"双证书"制度的完善具有一定的参考价值。     

终身教育资历框架下的质量保证机制:欧盟和东盟的策略与启示

终身教育资历框架的建立为各级各类教育的纵向衔接和横向沟通提供了可能,为保证资历衔接的公平、公正和透明,严格的质量保证机制是基础。欧盟建立了基于资历框架下的高等教育质量保证标准和职业教育与培训质量保证参照框架,东盟构建了资历参照框架下的东盟质量保证框架并推动了东盟国家的资历衔接,通过对欧盟和东盟资历框架下的质量保证机制进行剖析,提出我国资历框架质量保证体系建立的策略性建议,以期为我国终身教育资历框架和配套质量保证体系的构建提供参考。     

企业终身教育政策制定的思考

企业终身教育是我国终身教育体系的重要组成,对于提升我国人力资源质量水平、提升企业竞争力具有重要价值。企业终身教育具有企业的微观自主性,但是也需要国家宏观政策的干预与引导。在制定企业终身教育政策时,需要考虑到教育机会公平、专业学科建设、企业终身教育地位、教育资源共享、企业教育信息化、从业人员专业资格与职业发展。     

Reforming teacher education in the context of lifelong learning: the case of the BEd degree programme in Ireland

Lifelong learning has become a prominent fixture in educational policy in recent years in many countries around the world. In terms of teacher education, it is now widely accepted that initial teacher education is insufficient for the lifelong professional needs of teachers. From September 2012, initial teacher education in Ireland will be offered as a radically different four-year BEd degree programme. This reform of initial teacher education offers immense potential for teacher educators to re-imagine their programmes in light of a range of guiding paradigms and theoretical frameworks, including lifelong learning. This paper provides a rationale for developing programmes in initial teacher education in the context of lifelong learning. A number of recommendations for lifelong primary teacher education are offered in light of current reforms that are taking place in Ireland.     

欧盟数字素养框架研究

在信息技术迅速发展的数字时代,数字素养目前已经成为世界各国普遍重视的国家战略竞争力。数字素养是指在工作、就业、学习、休闲以及社会参与中,自信、批判和创新性使用信息技术的能力。欧盟十分重视公民的数字素养,将之确定为欧盟8项核心素养之一。为促进公民数字素养发展,欧盟于2011年实施“数字素养项目”,这一项目建立了数字素养框架,框架包括信息域、交流域、内容创建域、安全意识域和问题解决域五个“素养领域”,呈现一种多维立体结构,具有多元适用性。欧盟数字素养框架研究基于证据的教育政策研制与科学决策方法论,高质量完成这一系统工程;欧盟数字素养框架在内容上体现了将素养理解为知识、技能和态度的跨学科领域复合体素养观;欧盟坚持数字素养的理论研究与实证研究并进,既保持持续跟踪研究的连贯性,又体现研究的宏观系统性。欧盟数字素养及框架研究的方法和经验值得我国借鉴。     

Policy learning and governance of education policy in the EU

Open methods for coordinating (OMC) education policies in the EU rely on a number of techniques, one of which is policy learning. This article examines how policy learning and governance transform each other. More specifically, policy‐learning in the education OMC becomes differentiated into four distinct learning styles: mutual, competitive, surface and imperialistic learning. While they overlap with some forms of policy learning discussed in the literature, they are also different by focusing upon interactions and political dynamics between the European Commission and the member states. In seeking to understand how governing through learning occurs, we argue that any ‘impact’ of EU‐level policy‐learning is co‐constructed by both the European Commission and the member states. The analysis of this article is grounded in a discourse analytical and institutionalist perspective. It draws on qualitative data derived from semi‐structured interviews with officials from the Directorate General for Education and Culture in the European Commission and on EU documents generated during policy‐learning activities.     

Equity and social exclusion measures in EU lifelong learning policies

ABSTRACT

The aim of this article is to examine how EU lifelong learning policies are trying to reach the vulnerable by looking at what measures against social exclusion they offer and how equitable these measures are. It is a qualitative study that focuses on policy documents that form the European Union’s legal and political frameworks of reference in the lifelong learning area since 1992. The document analysis has been complemented by semi-structured interviews with EU lifelong learning experts. The findings show that early school leavers and migrants are the main target groups in the policies, leaving many other groups at risk of being excluded from learning opportunities. There is not enough attention to measures addressing wider social phenomena. There is also an overemphasis on basic skills which are understood in a very narrow way as literacy and numeracy when referring to the vulnerable. We argue that a greater variety of measures as well as better targeted measures are needed to address the multiple and complex needs of the vulnerable. Such measures would allow a broader understanding of lifelong learning where those that are hardest to reach are offered learning opportunities independent of their personal and social circumstances     

欧盟区域政策的启示

以市场条件下区域经济论为指导，从欧盟区域政策的提出，改革，完善，配套的新进过程，分析了欧盟制定区域政策的政治经济社会背景，研究了其内容和机制，得出发人深思的若干启示。