A national survey of burnout among school psychologists

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlates of burnout in a national sample of school psychologists. A stress questionnaire, demographic information sheet, and Maslach Burnout Inventory were mailed to 600 randomly selected members of the National Association of School Psychologists. A total of 234 practitioners comprised the final sample. The results indicated that burnout was related to demographic (e.g., age), environmental (e.g., role definitions), and professional activity (e.g., role diversity) variables. Implications for the field of school psychology and future research are discussed.     

Role stress and perceived intensity of burnout among school psychologists

This study investigated the relationship between role stress and perceived intensity of burnout for 209 school psychologists. It also investigated differences in role stress and burnout for school psychologists and four other educator groups (i.e., classroom teachers, school social workers, guidance counselors, and reading specialists). Concerning the three measures of burnout, school psychologists reported midrange perceptions of burnout along the Emotional Exhaustion and Personal Accomplishment dimensions and the second lowest level of burnout for Depersonalization, the second aspect of burnout. School psychologists also reported the second highest level of Role Conflict and the highest level of Role Ambiguity compared to other teacher groups. Findings also indicated that the components of role stress are significant predictors of the three aspects of burnout. Implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are offered.     

Professionals under stress: A review of burnout among the helping professions with implications for school psychologists

Based upon a review of the literature regarding burnout among the helping professions, this article discusses organizational, interpersonal, and intrapersonal conditions that may create or exacerbate problems of burnout among school psychologists. Suggestions for coping with burnout in school settings are presented. The need for a research agenda related to burnout among school psychologists is underscored.     

The Likelihood of Use of Social Power Strategies by School Psychologists When Consulting With Teachers

The Interpersonal Power Inventory (IPI) has been applied previously to investigate school psychologists engaged in problem-solving consultation with teachers concerning students having various learning and adjustment problems. Relevant prior findings include (a) consultants and teachers both perceive soft power strategies as more effective than harsh power strategies when consultants are attempting to influence teachers who are described as initially reluctant to comply with requests, and (b) compared with male consultants, female consultants view soft power strategies as more effective. Moving away from judgments of perceived effectiveness, this study investigated the likelihood of use of specific power strategies by school psychologists when consulting with teachers. It was hypothesized that (a) psychologists overall would report a greater likelihood of using soft versus harsh power strategies, (b) female psychologists would report a greater likelihood of using soft power strategies than male psychologists, and (c) psychologists overall would report a greater likelihood of using direct informational, positive expert, and positive referent power versus the remaining eight power strategies measured by the IPI. A U.S. sample of 352 school psychologists (71% female) completed a version of the IPI modified to examine likelihood of use. The first hypothesis received strong support; the second, no support; and the third, moderate support.     

The measure of classroom stress and burnout among gifted and talented students

The development of the Student Stress Inventory (SSI) and the cross-validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) are presented. First, gifted student data (n = 311) were subjected to factor analyses for both the SSI and the MBI to assess factorial validity; five stress and three burnout factors were evident. Second, the construct validity of both the stress and burnout constructs was examined in relationship to classroom tedium and the quality of school life. Also, 14 child stress experts assisted in analyzing content validity; the majority of these rated SSI items as being relevant to very relevant to student stress. With respect to SSI reliability, alphas ranged from .63 to .85; similarly, MBI alphas ranged from .63 to .86. Additionally, most of SSI and MBI scales and subscales were moderately to strongly interrelated. Finally, an inspection of the concurrent validity of the stress and burnout constructs revealed significant relationships between stress, burnout, tedium and, to a degree, quality of school life variables.     

ADMINISTRATIVE PRESSURE TO PRACTICE UNETHICALLY AND BURNOUT WITHIN THE PROFESSION OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY

This investigation involved the surveying of school psychology practitioners (N = 291) to determine the possible existence of a relationship between administrative pressure to practice unethically and impaired occupational health, as manifested in elevated levels of burnout, job dissatisfaction, and intent to exit the workforce. Almost one‐third of participants claimed to have been pressured to behave unethically, with directives most commonly consisting of instructions to withhold recommendations for support services and to agree with inappropriate special education placement decisions. Practitioners who experienced administrative pressure reported higher levels of burnout, less satisfaction with their current position and the profession, and a greater desire to leave their job and the field of school psychology. The findings are presented within the context of current and projected shortages of practicing school psychologists. Implications for preventing burnout and promoting school psychologists’ occupational well‐being are discussed.     

高校教师职业倦怠的调查结果分析

目的：了解高校教师职业倦怠的状况及特点。方法：采用玛勒诗编著的教师职业倦怠量表（MBI）对120名高校教师进行调查。结果：高校教师职业倦怠的三个纬度是递进关系：情感衰竭一人格解体一成就感;不同因素如性别、教龄等对职业倦怠的各个纬度均有影响。结论：高校职业倦怠情况已经比较严重,应引起学校管理者和有关部门的关注与重视,应加强教师保健工作。     

中学生学业自我效能感对学习拖延的影响：学习倦怠的中介效应

以贵州省391名中学生为有效被试,采用学习拖延问卷、学习倦怠量表和学业自我效能感问卷对其进行调查,探讨中学生学业自我效能感、学习拖延与学习倦怠之间的关系。结果表明：中学生的学业自我效能感与其学习拖延、学习倦怠存在显著负相关;学业自我效能感能显著负向预测中学生的学习拖延和学习倦怠;身心耗竭、学业疏离和学习倦怠总分在中学生学业自我效能感与学习拖延之间均起着部分中介作用。     

Burnout,Job Satisfaction and Instructional Assignment‐related Sources of Stress in Greek Special Education Teachers

In the literature concerning Greek special education teachers, there is little evidence regarding the perceived levels of burnout, job satisfaction, and job‐related stress factors. The present study focused on the above issues. A sample of 127 Greek special education teachers at the primary school level was tested with the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Employee Satisfaction Inventory, and the Inventory of Job‐related Stress Factors (an instrument created for this study). Results indicated that Greek special education teachers reported average to low levels of burnout. They reported moderately high levels of satisfaction with their job, the principal, and the school organisation as a whole; they also reported average satisfaction with work conditions and low satisfaction with prospects of promotion and pay. Four factors were identified on the job‐related stress factors: teaching in a multi‐category classroom, programme organisation and implementation, assessment of students, and collaborations with other special education experts and parents. The special education teachers perceived none of these issues as particularly overwhelming. Moreover, few significant effects of age, gender, and family status were identified. The above results are consistent with other studies that have focused on Greek regular education teachers, which have indicated that, in general, this group do not experience high levels of occupational stress.     

高校教师工作家庭冲突与职业倦怠的关系研究——以河南大学为例

考察高校教师工作家庭冲突与职业倦怠两者间的关系,为预防和减少高校教师职业倦怠提供依据。采用工作家庭冲突问卷和职业倦怠量表对525名高校教师进行问卷调查,结果显示不同性别的高校教师在职业倦怠和工作家庭冲突上存在显著差异,职业倦怠总分与工作家庭冲突各维度存在显著的正相关,进一步回归分析显示,工作家庭冲突对职业倦怠具有一定的预测作用,工作家庭冲突是影响高校教师职业倦怠的一个重要因素。     

Predicting academic achievement of Greek secondary school Students from family background and California Psychological Inventory scores

Family background data and California Psychological Inventory (CPI) protocols were obtained from 1643 Greek students (825 males, 818 females), from 19 schools in upper, above average, below average, and lower socioeconomic districts of the City of Athens. Students were enrolled in Grades 8 and 9 (gymnasio) or 10 through 12 (likio). Background variables, individual CPI scales, and a combination of six CPI scales developed earlier to forecast high school academic achievement in the United States were related to the scholastic performance of the Greek students. For all 1643 students, the optimum linear combination of three family background variables correlated .29 with grades, whereas the previously defined CPI equation had a correlation of .38. Similar results were observed in subsamples defined by sex and school level. It was concluded that the CPI measures showed sufficient validity in this cross-cultural application to warrant further research at higher educational levels, and in special subgroups such as the intellectually gifted or mathematically precocious.     

Feelings of existential fulfilment and burnout among secondary school teachers

Teacher burnout is recognized as a serious problem. In research it has been related to many person-specific variables; one of these, the variable of existential fulfilment, has received very little attention thus far. The present study focuses on the relationship between existential fulfilment and burnout among secondary school teachers in the Netherlands (N = 504). Existential fulfilment was made operational by means of the Existential Fulfilment Scale, which distinguishes between three dimensions: self-acceptance, self-actualization, and self-transcendence. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed a three-dimensional construct with interdependent dimensions. Burnout was measured by the Dutch version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for teachers. Negative relationships between the existential fulfilment dimensions on the one hand and the burnout dimensions exhaustion and cynicism on the other were hypothesized, as well as positive relationships between the existential fulfilment dimensions and the burnout dimension professional efficacy. The hypotheses were confirmed, except for the relationships between self-transcendence and exhaustion and self-transcendence and cynicism, which appeared not to be significant. The inquiry demonstrated the importance of existential fulfilment for the prevalence and prevention of burnout among teachers. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications for future research.     

幽默感在民办教师核心自我评价与工作倦怠间的中介作用

使用核心自我评价量表、幽默感问卷、工作倦怠量表对4所初中和5所小学413名民办学校教师进行施测,以探讨民办初中和小学教师核心自我评价状况对工作倦怠的影响以及幽默感在其中所起的中介作用。结果表明:(一)男性民办教师的核心自我评价水平显著高于女性教师,已婚和未婚民办教师的核心自我评价水平显著高于离婚个体的核心自我评价水平。(二)民办教师的核心自我评价、幽默感与工作倦怠3个维度彼此之间都相关显著;核心自我评价和幽默感能显著预测民办教师的工作倦怠水平;幽默感在核心自我评价与成就感降低之间起着部分中介作用。     

教师的人格特征与工作倦怠:社会支持的中介作用

目的:为了解教师工作倦怠水平的现状,考察社会支持在教师人格特征与工作倦怠中的中介作用。方法:采用中式工作倦怠量表、简式艾森克人格问卷和社会支持问卷对350名教师进行测试。结果(1)教师轻度工作倦怠的检出率为38.6%,中度工作倦怠的检出率为19.7%,高度工作倦怠的检出率为4.3%;(2)内外向对于耗竭、人格解体和成就感降低具有显著的预测作用,神经质对于耗竭具有显著的预测作用,精神质对于人格解体具有显著的预测作用;(3)客观支持能够部分中介内外向、精神质和人格解体的关系,主观支持能够部分中介内外向和成就感降低的关系。结论:教师的工作倦怠问题比较严重,人格特征是影响教师工作倦怠的重要因素,社会支持可以部分中介人格特征对于工作倦怠的影响。     

Mediating stress: Survival of the hardy

The present study explored variation in individual personality characteristics, termed “hardiness,” among female elementary teachers who had differing levels of burnout despite high levels of occupational stress. One hundred thirty-four female elementary teachers completed the Teaching Events Stress Inventory, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, The Allienation Test, and the Internal-External Control Scale. Data also were collected on demographic variables, incidence of stress-related physical and mental illness, and coping activities. Teachers with high stress and low burnout were less alienated than were teachers with high stress and high burnout. The low burnout teachers chose more active types of coping activities than did the high burnout teachers. Incidence of stress-related physical illness was significantly correlated with level of stress, emotional exhaustion (burnout), and alienation. Implications for future research and school district interventions are discussed.     

“大五”模型与亲密关系中的伴侣人格结构探微

Horney,Sullivan和Rogers等临床心理学家很早发现亲密关系对心理健康有重要作用。20世纪70年代末,社会心理学家开始了亲密关系的研究。大量研究表明伴侣的人格特质是亲密关系的众多影响因素之一,父母教养方式、依恋类型和归因风格对伴侣间的亲密关系起调节作用。作为人格分类理论的“大五”模型能够较好描述和解释伴侣的人格结构,并通过NEO-PI五因素调查表对伴侣的人际行为作出预测。     

The relation of personal and environmental variables to teacher burnout

The study investigates the relative contribution of personal and environmental variables to teacher burnout. On the basis of balance theories it was hypothesized that congruence between school climate — open/closed — and personal rigidity would explain the variance in burnout. Several measures (Rigidity Scale, Organizational climate Scale, School Perception by Teachers, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, were administered to 124 teachers. While the interaction between rigidity and closed school climate explained some of the variance in burnout, the other interactions did not. Rigidity, considered as an independent variable, not in interaction, did not explain burnout. A number of environmental variables were found to significantly predict burnout. Implications for the prevention of burnout are suggested.     

试析高职教师职业倦怠的成因

职业倦怠（Job burnout）最早是由精神病学家费鲁顿伯格（Freudenberger）于1974年提出的。在以后30多年的教育实践中,教育学家和心理学家对其进行了充分的研究,取得了一定的发展。目前造成高职教师职业倦怠的原因有很多,有主观原因,也有客观原因。分析教师倦怠的原因,可以帮助教师尽早走出倦怠的困境,全身心地投入到教学工作中。     

Stress, Burnout and Workload in Teachers of Children with Special Educational Needs

Whilst stress in teaching has received much attention in recent years, for teachers of children with special educational needs (SEN) specific stress-related research is relatively rare. This study sought to address this issue by investigating stress, burnout and workload in teachers of children with special educational needs. A postal questionnaire was sent to 56 ordinary schools and eight schools for children with moderate learning difficulties (MLD), eight for children with severe learning difficulties (SLD) and eight for children with emotional and behavioural difficulties (EBD). The schools were situated in inner city, urban and rural areas in the south-east of England. A total of 221 teachers responded. Results indicated that, whilst generalised claims for burnout may not be justified, within all three special school settings there was evidence of a high level of emotional exhaustion as measured by the education version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). In addition, all groups were subject to long hours of work, and work overload was high for ordinary school SEN teachers and teachers working in MLD and SLD settings. Reference to sources of intense stress indicated some differences according to setting but generally implicated workload and challenging behaviour. The conclusions are that further research into stress and burnout of SEN teachers is required if effective coping and preventative strategies are to be designed.     

Burnout in Teachers of Young Children

The purpose of thi\s study was to identify variables or combinations of variables that are related to burnout in teachers of young children. The 353 participants were teachers who worked with young children more than 20 hours a week. The Maslach Burnout Inventory, a 22-item semantic differential measuring burnout, and a questionnaire about personal and job characteristics were administered to the subjects. A factor analysis, one-way analyses of variance, and maximum regression were used to analyze data. The factor analysis showed that the Maslach Burnout Inventory measures burnout and competence of teachers. The variables which account for burnout and competence are discussed.