Skiing accidents in the past 15 years

For the last 15 years a statistical analysis of distances skied and of alpine skiing accidents has been performed in the Davos‐Klosters skiing area, a ‘closed’ skiing area, where every skier has to return from the top to the bottom station. Distance skied is measured by vertical drop in 10⁶ km determined by calculations from frequency surveys by lift‐operators. About 2.5 million km per season have been skied during the past years, a number remaining constant for the last 15 years. In the same time the requirement for rescue‐transports in this area has shown a decline of 46% to 288 transports per season due to a decrease of the number of injuries with initial immobilization. Therefore the so‐called transport‐quotient (one rescue‐transport per 10⁴ km of vertical drop skied) has decreased from its initial value of 4 to 1 per 10⁴ km. During the same time all winter sport injuries were analysed at the hospital of Davos. About 90% are injuries caused by alpine skiing resulting in a total of 17 246 alpine skiing injuries for the last 15 years. There is a great decline in the incidence of lower leg fractures with a contrary development of knee injuries. Today half of the lower leg injuries are knee injuries (280 knee injuries out of a total of 1250 alpine skiing accidents per season). There is a gradual increase of upper extremity injuries from 17% of all skiing injuries in 1972 to 35% in 1976. A Swiss multicentre study on skiing safety shows comparable injury patterns in other skiing areas. The average injury‐severity measured by several parameters is declining.

In a technical investigation of skiing equipment of 1072 persons who sustained an accident, only 32% had ski bindings with tolerable frontal release and 17% with tolerable torsional release. Parallel measurements of bindings of 600 non‐injured skiers gave the same alarming results. More research on the correlation between binding adjustment and knee injuries is needed.     

Technical possibilities for optimising the ski-binding-boot functional unit to reduce knee injuries in recreational alpine skiing

This review study focuses on knee injuries in recreational alpine skiing. The objectives of this study were (1) to provide selected knowledge derived from current and past knee injury epidemiology; (2) to outline the most important knee injury mechanisms; and (3) to review and discuss how modifications of the skiing equipment might alleviate the risk of knee injuries. This review represents the essence of a comprehensive research report and considers the content of more than 230 scientific papers, further “grey literature”, patents, international standards and other publications. Knee injuries are the most frequent injuries in alpine skiing and their incidence rate remained high despite a decline of the incidence of other skiing injuries in recent years. Women have a higher knee injury risk, but age and tiredness appear not to be significant factors. Apart from the commonly described injury mechanisms “phantom foot” and “boot-induced anterior drawer” other more sophisticated injury categorisations are given. The ski radius, the ski length and the standing height on the ski may be relevant ski parameters. For the binding, the release mechanisms in different mechanical degrees of freedom, the impact tolerance and the maintenance frequency are discussed. In the ski boot, the height of the upper, the boot liner, the shaft stiffness, and the position on the ski may play a role. The biggest challenge, but probably also the biggest opportunity for a reduction of knee injury rates seems to be the development of a mechatronic binding. The current strategies to develop these types of bindings are explained and illustrated by one example. Some of the possible parameters which may be essential for the necessary control algorithms are described. Finally, considerations regarding the strategic and operational implication of the analysed technical measures are given.     

我国高山滑雪运动员膝关节运动损伤的调查分析

文章对我国高山滑雪运动员膝关节运动损伤情况进行调查分析,结果表明：在高山滑雪运动中,膝关节损伤是最常见的损伤,其损伤部位主要是前交叉韧带、滑囊炎、髌骨劳损、半月板损伤和侧副韧带损伤。旨在引起在高山滑雪教学、训练、比赛时减少膝关节损伤及其预防的重视,使运动员尽量减少和避免膝关节运动损伤的发生,进而延长运动寿命,提高训练效果,维护及稳定运动成绩。     

高山滑雪运动损伤特征、影响因素及预防策略研究进展

通过系统梳理有关高山滑雪运动损伤的英文文献,对高山滑雪项目的运动损伤特征、影响因素及主要预防策略进行综合分析论证。发现：（1）高山滑雪的损伤发生率高;膝关节是最常见的损伤部位,手指、下背部、头面部等部位次之;损伤类型主要包括韧带损伤、应力性骨折、神经系统损伤/脑震荡等,在前交叉韧带（Anterior Cruciate Ligament,ACL）损伤方面无性别差异;损伤程度一般为中、重度,最严重者可致使运动员停训或中断参赛超过28天;运动员在训练与比赛中所面临的损伤风险相近。（2）影响高山滑雪运动损伤的基本因素包括两个方面,一是运动员本身的竞技水平、技术动作、性别年龄、先天遗传等相关的内部因素,它是减少和预防高山滑雪运动损伤最根本和最重要的因素;二是与竞训场地、器材、装备、气候等客观条件相关的外部因素,它们也对高山滑雪运动损伤特征产生一定影响。（3）对高山滑雪运动损伤的预防策略,可主要侧重于提高力量素质、优化技术动作、创新器材设备,并逐步加强多措并举、相互配合以产生综合效应的方向发展。本研究为加强与高山滑雪项目特征相匹配的运动损伤评价体系的构建,加大高山滑雪运动损伤的机制探究,探索新的预防手段和策略等后续研究奠定了科学基础。     

中国高山滑雪男子运动员创伤特点与预防对策

在高水平运动员竞争激烈的今天,对参赛高山滑雪运动员动作的难度、准确性等都提出了更高、更细的要求,所有这些的前提是保证高山滑雪运动员健康的身体基础,进一步避免专项运动的各种损伤,这是重中之重。为了研究中国优秀男子高山滑雪运动员的创伤特征与规律,研究对策,尽量预防和减少伤病或避免伤病的发生,深入国家一线对高山滑雪运动员30名运动员的运动创伤情况逐一的进行了身体损伤的专题医学检查,用软件对数据进行了统计学分析(Spss13.0)。总结出高山滑雪运动员的运动损伤的部位主要集中在踝关节、膝关节、腰背部及肘关节;损伤类型主要是肌肉损伤等6种类型,并针对于发病诱因分析总结出了相应对策。对运动损伤的发病原因与防治提出了建议,特别提倡支持带在运动损伤的预防中的普及。     

高山滑雪运动损伤特征、影响因素及预防策略研究进展

通过系统梳理有关高山滑雪运动损伤的英文文献，对高山滑雪项目的运动损伤特征、影响因素及主要预防策略进行综合分析论证。发现：（1）高山滑雪的损伤发生率高；膝关节是最常见的损伤部位，手指、下背部、头面部等部位次之；损伤类型主要包括韧带损伤、应力性骨折、神经系统损伤/脑震荡等，在前交叉韧带（Anterior Cruciate Ligament，ACL）损伤方面无性别差异；损伤程度一般为中、重度，最严重者可致使运动员停训或中断参赛超过28天；运动员在训练与比赛中所面临的损伤风险相近。（2）影响高山滑雪运动损伤的基本因素包括两个方面，一是运动员本身的竞技水平、技术动作、性别年龄、先天遗传等相关的内部因素，它是减少和预防高山滑雪运动损伤最根本和最重要的因素；二是与竞训场地、器材、装备、气候等客观条件相关的外部因素，它们也对高山滑雪运动损伤特征产生一定影响。（3）对高山滑雪运动损伤的预防策略，可主要侧重于提高力量素质、优化技术动作、创新器材设备，并逐步加强多措并举、相互配合以产生综合效应的方向发展。本研究为加强与高山滑雪项目特征相匹配的运动损伤评价体系的构建，加大高山滑雪运动损伤的机制探究，探索新的预防手段和策略等后续研究奠定了科学基础。     

大众滑雪损伤特征与评价--“三亿人参与冰雪运动”安全助力

为助力“三亿人参与冰雪运动”的目标实现,研究对大众滑雪损伤发生、损伤特征、损伤程度进行考察,旨在提高对滑雪安全的科学认知。研究发现,大众滑雪损伤发生率有三种常用评价方法,与竞技滑雪损伤评价率略有差异;损伤特征显示高山滑雪以下肢损伤居多,单板滑雪以上肢肩、肘、腕部损伤居多;骨折一直是较严重的损伤类型,且多年来骨折发生率没有明显下降;AIS和ISS是评价大众滑雪损伤程度常用方法,双板滑雪损伤严重程度高于单板。建议未来参照国际通用评价标准对大众滑雪损伤进行研究,并从安全预警、监管、教育、法规、救援、保险等层面促进我国大众滑雪安全管理和行业健康发展。     

我国高山滑雪运动员膝关节运动损伤的预防与康复治疗

膝关节运动损伤是高山滑雪运动员最常见的伤病,在高山滑雪运动项目中,膝关节运动损伤的发生率较高,膝关节损伤后,直接影响运动员的运动能力及运动成绩,缩短运动寿命,甚至危害身体及健康。调查发现我国高山滑雪运动员最常见的膝关节伤病为：前交叉韧带损伤,内、外侧副韧带损伤,滑囊炎,内、外侧半月板损伤和髌骨劳损等,提出对我国高山滑雪运动员膝关节常见运动损伤的预防方法及运动损伤后的综合康复治疗方法,为今后的高山滑雪运动员膝关节运动损伤的预防、康复治疗提供理论依据和新治疗途径。     

The role of path length- and speed-related factors for the enhancement of section performance in alpine giant slalom

Knowing how to enhance alpine skiing performance is essential for effective coaching. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of path length- and speed-related factors for performance enhancement, while skiing on a homogeneously set/constantly inclined giant slalom course section (average gate distance: 27?m; offset: 8?m; slope inclination: 26°). During a video-based three-dimensional kinematic field-experiment, the data of six athletes who skied a two-gate section on four different types of skis were collected. The performance parameter analysed was section time. The performance predictors analysed were centre of mass (CoM), path length and the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed along the analysed section. Furthermore, since the current study examined alpine skiing performance within short sections, the skier’s entrance speed was also considered. Classified as a high-performance and a low-performance group based on section time, slow and fast trials significantly differed in CoM path length, the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed and entrance speed. The entrance speed of all trials analysed ranged between 15.25 and 17.66?m/s. In trials with both high and low entrance speed, the change in specific mechanical energy per entrance speed was found to be more relevant for the prediction of section time than CoM path length. However, further studies should investigate whether such a prioritization can be unrestrictedly generalized to other situations, such as entrance speeds, course sets, slope inclinations and competition disciplines different to those assessed in the current study.     

高山滑雪教学质量提高的途径

在北方高校普及高山滑雪是适应新一轮的学校教育课程改革的需要。针对如何提高高山滑雪课的教学质量进行研究,认为大学生的恐惧与自卑心理、对以往受伤事故的再现、身体素质与运动能力差,教师缺乏对高山滑雪运动的相关理论知识的系统讲解、运用教材与传授技能的方法不当,以及选择教学场地与器材不当是制约高山滑雪教学质量的主要因素。提出制定合理的教学计划,加强课堂纪律性和教学组织;选择合理的教学内容,提高运动素质;明确学习的目标,消除恐惧心理;合理运用教材和正确的示范与讲解等途径提高高山滑雪教学的质量。     

高山滑雪初学者运动损伤原因调查分析

运用文献资料法、实地观察法和数理统计法等,对沈阳白清寨高山滑雪的初学者运动损伤情况进行调查,分析其损伤的原因,以期为大众初学者安全地进行滑雪提供参考。     

黑龙江省雪上项目运动员发展现状研究

本文采用文献资料、数理统计、调查等研究方法,以黑龙江省雪上项目注册运动员为研究对象,对雪上项目不同年度注册运动员发展状况进行研究.研究结果发现,越野滑雪、高山滑雪继续保持运动员数量上的优势;单板滑雪成为黑龙江省雪上项目的新亮点.年龄结构分析得知,雪上项目运动员的最佳训练阶段为15～18岁之间;黑龙江省雪上项目队伍梯队建设还不合理,高山滑雪运动员梯队比例形成“U”字形现象;单板滑雪和自由式滑雪项目二线运动员不足,形成了人才梯队培养体系的断裂.     

2015年日本滑雪场滑雪者受伤情况调查分析

随着滑雪成为冬季人们喜爱的运动项目之一,近年来参与这项运动的人数增多,损伤人数也呈上升趋势,滑雪者受伤或者出现安全事故的几率也增大,制约着滑雪产业的发展。运用文献资料法、调查访问法、问卷调查法、逻辑分析法和数理统计法等研究方法对2015年日本18家滑雪场滑雪者受伤情况进行调查,分析滑雪者受伤原因并且提出滑雪者应该养成良好的滑雪习惯,佩戴安全的滑雪头盔、护腕、护肘,身着色泽鲜艳、保暖、防水的滑雪着装,掌握正确的滑行技术动作和正确安全的摔倒方法,提高安全意识和自我防护意识,滑雪场提高其工作能力和素质,完善各项救护设施,以确保有事故发生时能使受伤者得到及时有效的救治等预防措施及建议,旨在提高和加强滑雪爱好者的自我防护意识,减少滑雪事故的发生。     

Biomechanical pole and leg characteristics during uphill diagonal roller skiing

Diagonal skiing as a major classical technique has hardly been investigated over the last two decades, although technique and racing velocities have developed substantially. The aims of the present study were to 1) analyse pole and leg kinetics and kinematics during submaximal uphill diagonal roller skiing and 2) identify biomechanical factors related to performance. Twelve elite skiers performed a time to exhaustion (performance) test on a treadmill. Joint kinematics and pole/plantar forces were recorded separately during diagonal roller skiing (9°; 11 km/h). Performance was correlated to cycle length (r = 0.77; P < 0.05), relative leg swing (r = 0.71), and gliding time (r = 0.74), hip flexion range of motion (ROM) during swing (r = 0.73) and knee extension ROM during gliding (r = 0.71). Push-off demonstrated performance correlations for impulse of leg force (r = 0.84), relative duration (r = ? 0.76) and knee flexion (r = 0.73) and extension ROM (r = 0.74). Relative time to peak pole force was associated with performance (r = 0.73). In summary, diagonal roller skiing performance was linked to 1) longer cycle length, 2) greater impulse of force during a shorter push-off with larger flexion/extension ROMs in leg joints, 3) longer leg swing, and 4) later peak pole force, demonstrating the major key characteristics to be emphasised in training.     

Grade and speed have greater influence on HR and RPE than ability,sex, and age in alpine skiing

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of ski slope grade, skiing speed, skiing ability, sex, and age on HR, RPE, and energy expenditure responses during recreational alpine skiing. Thirty-eight participants were divided by age, sex, and skiing ability. Instructor- and self-paced skiing conditions were conducted on 10° and 19.8° slopes. Skiing HR was recorded, RPE collected at the end of each run, and energy expenditure calculated. The pertinent results of this study demonstrate that the interactions of grade × speed, speed × age, and grade × age and the main effects of speed and grade significantly influenced %HRmax, mean HR, RPE, and energy expenditure during skiing. When %HRmax is taken into account, the older skiers skied at a greater relative intensity than the young skiers. The sex, age, and skiing ability main effects did not have a significant influence on mean HR, RPE, and energy expenditure. These data demonstrates that increased speed and grade results in increased physiological stress. Using mean, HR data may not be the best option for assessing physiological stress during exercise in the older athlete as it does not account for the influence of the ageing process.     

国外高山滑雪场建设模式的研究

为了促进我国高山滑雪场建设的科学化、规范化,有效保护自然环境,提高经济效益,转变建设理念,本文通过文献资料、专家访谈、调查、数理统计等研究方法对国外高山滑雪场的建设模式进行研究。研究发现,国外高山滑雪场的建设模式大体包括四种：超级滑雪度假区模式、竞技模式、四季滑雪场模式和家庭滑雪场模式。不同模式的滑雪场无论是在初期规划、软硬件建设,还是后期经营等方面都有其自己的特点与优势。通过对国外高山滑雪场建设模式的研究将为我国高山滑雪场的建设及运营拓宽思路,提供可参考的借鉴案例。     

竞技高山滑雪运动交换区及回转动作技术原理

技术因素是制约我国竞技高山滑雪运动水平提高的一个主要因素。为加快我国竞技高山滑雪运动技术水平的发展,通过理论研究和运动实践等方法,从运动生物力学的角度出发,对竞技高山滑雪回转中轨迹交换区进行设定,并对回转技术的基本坐标系及滑雪板的受力情况进行分析,进一步探讨了交换区的滑行技术动作,提出了交换区和滑行姿态应是等腰三角形或椎体型运动姿态等理论,以期为提高高山滑雪运动员的技术水平和训练效果提供一定的参考。     

第24届大冬会的成功举办对我国高山滑雪运动的促进作用

通过对我国高山滑雪运动现状的分析,指出目前我国高山滑雪运动存在政府和有关部门对雪上项目的投入有待提高、宣传力度不够使人们对高山滑雪运动认识不足、经费短缺与开展高山滑雪运动需较高投入存在矛盾以及缺乏完善高山滑雪后备人才培养体制等问题,并总结出大冬会改善了地方经济、扩大了高山滑雪运动的社会影响、增加了政府对高山滑雪运动项目的经济投入、改善了我国高山滑雪运动硬件设施、有助于完善高山滑雪运动人才培养体制、有利于推广普及高山滑雪运动、有利于教练员提高执教水平等促进项目发展的途径,为高山滑雪项目的快速发展提供理论依据。     

Net efficiency of roller skiing with a diagonal stride

The aims of this study were: (a) to determine net efficiency during roller skiing with a diagonal stride at various speeds; (b) to assess the development of net efficiency across speeds; and (c) to examine the characteristics of efficiency in diagonal roller skiing. Two-dimensional kinematics and oxygen uptake were determined in eight male collegiate cross-country ski athletes who roller skied with the diagonal stride at various speeds on a level track. Net efficiency was calculated from rates of internal and external work and net energy expenditure. Individual net efficiency ranged from 17.7% to 52.1%. Net efficiency in the entire group of athletes increased with increasing speed, reached a maximum value of 37.3% at 3.68?m?·?s(-1), before slowly decreasing. These findings indicate that roller skiing with the diagonal stride at high speed is a highly efficient movement and that an optimal speed exists at which net efficiency can be maximally enhanced in diagonal roller skiing.     

Knee angular displacement and extensor muscle activity in telemark skiing and in ski-specific strength exercises

Much of the training of competitive telemark skiers is performed as dry-land exercises. The specificity of these exercises is important for optimizing the training effect. Our aim here was to study the activation of the knee extensor musculature and knee angular displacement during competitive telemark skiing and during dry-land strength training exercises to determine the specificity of the latter. Specificity was analysed with respect to angular amplitude, angular velocity, muscle action and electromyographic (EMG) activity. Five male telemark skiers of national and international standard volunteered to participate in the study, which consisted of two parts: (1) skiing a telemark ski course and (2) specific dry-land strength training exercises for telemark skiing (telemark jumps and barbell squats). The angular displacement of the right knee joint was recorded with an electrogoniometer. A tape pressure sensor was used to measure pressure between the sole of the foot and the bottom of the right ski boot. Electromyographic activity in the right vastus lateralis was recorded with surface electrodes. The EMG activity recorded during maximum countermovement jumps was used to normalize the EMG activity during telemark skiing, telemark jumps and barbell squats. The results showed that knee angular displacement during telemark skiing and dry-land telemark jumps had four distinct phases: a flexion (F1) and extension (E1) phase during the thrust phase of the outside ski/leg in the turn/jump and a flexion (F2) and extension (E2) phase when the leg was on the inside of the turn/jump. The vastus lateralis muscle was activated during F1 and E1 in the thrust phase during telemark skiing and telemark jumps. The overall net knee angular amplitude was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for telemark jumps than for telemark skiing. Barbell squats showed a knee angular amplitude significantly greater than that in telemark skiing (P < 0.05). The mean knee angular velocity of the F1 and E1 phases during telemark skiing was about 0.47 rad x s(-1); during barbell squats, it was about 1.22 rad x s(-1). The angular velocity during telemark jumps was 2.34 and 1.59 rad x s(-1) in the F1 and E1 phase, respectively. The normalized activation level of the EMG bursts during telemark skiing, telemark jumps and barbell squats was 70-80%. In conclusion, the muscle action and level of activation in the vastus lateralis during the F1 and E1 phases were similar during telemark skiing and dry-land exercises. However, the dry-land exercises showed a larger knee extension and flexion amplitude and angular velocity compared with telemark skiing. It appears that an adjustment of knee angular velocity during barbell squats and an adjustment of knee angle amplitude during both telemark jumps and barbell squats will improve specificity during training.