From Book Culture to Amazon Consumerism: Does the Digitization of the Book Industry Lead to Commercialization?

The book market is one of the last media markets affected by digitization, so the question is whether this market follows the same patterns as other media industries before. Our study analyses if these digitization processes lead to a stronger market orientation thus commercialization of a market that traditionally has been understood as a market of cultural goods. We conduct a market analysis and a survey among authors, publishers and booksellers in Germany and Switzerland to answer this question. Our findings support the notion of an increased market orientation among publishers and booksellers. However, the tendencies towards commercialization cannot be attributed to digitization alone but might happen even without it.     

Lead soaps in paintings: Friends or foes?

The origin(s) and role(s) of metal soaps in paints are a worldwide concern today. These hybrid compounds, containing both fatty acid chains and metals associated with a carboxylate function, are increasingly identified in paints. As reviewed in the first part of this work, the presence of metal soaps in paints is differently interpreted in scientific publications: metal soaps are sometimes considered to play a positive role as anchor points, during paint drying processes; they can also be considered as responsible for many degradation processes (protrusions, efflorescences, darkening, etc.). Their origins are also interpreted in various ways. In some paintings (in particular from the twentieth century), they have sometimes introduced on purpose, as additives, to modify the physical properties of the painting materials. In older paintings, metal soaps are usually thought to result from an uncontrolled reaction of oil with lead-based pigments, in particular lead white, red lead, and lead tin yellow. In the second part of this work, the review of historical recipes of lead-based paint shows an important number of recipes based on controlled mixing of oil with lead driers. In the third part, the experimental reproduction of such traditional recipes using walnut oil and litharge (PbO) shows that lead soaps can be formed, both in about one hour at ～100°C, or in about one month at room temperature. It shows as well that after a few years, litharge is no longer detected in the paint medium, while different lead carbonates are. Finally, the micro-infrared spectroscopy and micro-X-ray diffraction re-analysis of protrusions from a nine-year model painting shows together with lead soaps, the presence of Pb₅(CO₃)₃(OH)₂O (‘synthetic plumbonacrite’), an unusual phase recently observed in a protrusion from a painting by Vincent Van Gogh. This work highlights (i) the multiple origins and roles of metal soaps in paints and (ii) the importance of combining the analysis of fragments from historical paintings with the analysis and reproduction of historical recipes. In particular, we show that the components detected today in historical paintings may severely differ from those originally used or prepared by the painter, complicating the assessment of the painter's intentions. More than the presence of metal soaps, the key questions to be tackled should be about their origins and (re)mobilization.     

Information Behavior and Japanese Students: How Can an Understanding of the Research Process Lead to Better Information Literacy?

Academic librarians are striving to better serve international students as this emerging population grows on university campuses. Past studies of international students generally focus on linguistic and cultural differences in relation to information literacy skills development. However, it is necessary to go beyond these factors to better serve the population. By using a framework based in information behavior research, the present study investigates the factors that mediate students' behavior and information literacy skills. Practical recommendations based on the findings of an in-depth qualitative study of students' research process are provided.     

Does (No) Discovery Lead to (ILL) Delivery? Comparing Transaction Logs to ILL Requests to Determine the Persistence of Library Patrons

This study looks at known-item searches within a university catalog that come up with a “no results” response to see whether patrons will then place an ILL request for that material and how persistent a user might be in order to obtain something that they want. Catalog search transaction logs were compared against interlibrary loan (ILL) requests placed during the same time frame. Overall, the rate of persistence, or the frequency with which ILL requests were placed when no results were found in the catalog is very low.     

You Can Lead Students to Sources,but Can You Make Them Think?

ABSTRACT

In developing and teaching a new first-year psychology course that integrates information literacy skills, a librarian and a psychologist learned the importance of teaching critical thinking skills explicitly, rather than implicitly. Students learned how to use the library resources and learned concepts in psychology, but until critical thinking was taught explicitly, students did not understand the value of what they were learning. In this article, implicit versus explicit learning is defined, and psychological principles are applied to demonstrate how critical thinking can be used to teach library and information skills.     

Does Political Advertising Lead to Online Information Seeking? A Real-World Test Using Google Search Data

Though the political advertising literature has documented the effects of political advertising on political attitudes and voting behavior, less attention has been paid to the role of political advertising in stimulating information search. This study seeks to examine the impact of political advertising on real world information seeking using CMAG data from the Wisconsin Ad Project combined with Google Trends search data. Results suggest that increased advertising volume is associated with increased online information seeking. Additionally, this study tests the feasibility of using Google Trends search data as a proxy measure of political information seeking.     

The development of information-education materials for systems of distance learning: “Protection of Intellectual Property,” an example of a course of study

The existing open-source object-oriented systems that can be used as an environment to upload and to store information-educational resources for distance learning (open-source LMS\LCMS: ATutor, Claroline, Dokeos, Sakai, and Moodle), are analyzed. The use of Moodle (a Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment) as the environment for the learning portal of the Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia () is justified. The capabilities of Moodle with regard to the development of information-educational resources are explored and educational materials are elaborated for a course of study, viz., “Protection of Intellectual Property,” e.g., theoretical materials, seminar and colloquia exercises, tests for interim and final control of student’s knowledge level, as well as the elements of a learning process management system for a course of study.     

Comparison of Performances of the Governments＇ Websites of Chinese Provinces and Those of USA --Based on Transformed Cost-Benefit Analysis

通过一种改进的成本效益分析法来对比中关政府网站绩效：将成本简化为运营费用和全职人员数量两个指标,通过“申请政府信息公开”获取中国省级政府网站的数据,用美国州政府网站“联系我们”、“实时帮助”等栏目获取美国数据,而效益数据来源于全球通用的互联网统计工具的监测数据。利用统计软件分析两国政府网站在成本、效益上的差异,进而结合网民规模计算出绩效因子,以判别中美政府网站的绩效水平。最后给出结论并归纳出本研究存在的问题。     

Analysis of council management of China＇s sci-tech periodicals based on the practice of Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines

以《中国天然药物》理事会经营模式的实践为基础,分析科技期刊理事会经营过程中的效果、优势、劣势及相关措施。力图理论与实践相结合,为科技期刊的经营创新提供参考。     

The Study of Impact Factors＇ Measurement of the Quality of Digital Reference Service of Library Based on Factor Analysis

以黑龙江省为例,针对数字参考咨询服务质量问题,以问卷调查的形式进行调研,选取19个主要因素进行测评,采取描述分析、因子分析方法找出影响数字参考咨询服务的主要因素,并从图书馆定位、管理、合作等多角度提出有效的改进措施,以期为提升图书馆数字参考咨询服务工作质量提供参考。     

An experimental study of the effects of speech organization upon attitudes of college students∗

The social skill deficit theory of depression states that a lack of social skill is related to the development of depression. However, the findings on this relationship are mixed, possibly due to a variety of variables surrounding the conceptualization and assessment of social skill, as well as the type of subjects used in these investigations. A meta‐analysis was conducted to determine the magnitude of the relationship between depression and social skill as measured by self‐reports, observer‐ratings, and behavioral assessments. The results showed moderate, but not unequivocal, support for the social skill deficit theory. Depression was most strongly related to social skill deficits when they were measured via self‐reports. Observer‐ratings and behavioral analyses of social skill revealed weaker and more sporadic relationships with depression. Several moderator variables as well as a tendency toward negative self‐evaluation in depression appear to influence these relationships.     

Discursive Constructions of the Meaning of “Family” in Online Narratives of Foster Adoptive Parents

Framed by relational dialectics theory, discursive constructions of the meaning of “family” were examined in 100 online foster adoption narratives. Parental narratives manifested struggles between biogenetic and discursive constructions of “family,” identified here as the discourse of biological normativity (DBN) and discourse of constitutive kinning (DCK). The DBN reinscribes the dominant cultural and foster care system preference for biogenetically connected families. The DCK resists the DBN, maintaining that enacted behaviors and shared affections, rather than shared genetics, constitute legitimate families. Contrapuntal analysis revealed a high degree of polemic interplay; both discourses competed to be centered rather than marginalized through the discursive practices of negating, countering, and entertaining. Implications for theorizing definitions of family and studying families in context are discussed     

An exploratory study of word‐of‐mouth communication in a hierarchy of effects context

Word‐of‐mouth (WOM) communication is introduced within a hierarchy‐of‐effects context. The results of a laboratory experiment suggest that amount of WOM information about products is less important than valence of that information. Counter to previous research implying a disproportionate influence of negative information on product evaluation, negative WOM information in the experiment reported resulted in less familiarity with the mentioned brand. Further, a somewhat surprising finding indicated that brand‐specific negative WOM communication can have the effect of decreasing primary demand for an entire product category.     

Theoretical approaches to defining the concept of the “perception of the meaning of information”

This paper sets the problem of development of information culture and advances the hypothesis about understanding of the meaning of information as its basis. Five ideas related to the problems of the paper are distinguished in the theory of understanding. The paper describes the concept of adequate and inadequate understanding the meaning of information and develops the criteria of understanding the meaning of information. The concept of the “understanding of the meaning of information” is defined.     

The construction of the theoretical system of chinese reading history: After the publication of the reading history of china北大核心CSSCI

The Reading History of China, edited by Professor Wang Yuguang , was published by Anhui Educational Press at the end of 2017. This book is the first book on general history of reading in China and fills in the blank of the research field of reading history. The scientific research team headed by Professor Wang Yuguang has been working for many years to establish and improve the theoretical system of the study of Chinese reading history. Through translating and introducing the research achievements of foreign reading history compiling the compilation of reading historical materials and launching case studies they attempted to establish the theoretical system of Chinese reading history. This book is divided into ten volumes. The first volume is “Theory Volume". It discusses many theoretical issues in the study of reading history , including the research progress of reading history at home and abroad the research contents of Chinese reading history and reading culture the national era and regional characteristics of reading history and reading culture; the interaction between reading activities and text changes , social environment and education , social consciousness and religion , academic changes and other factors. China's long-standing reading culture and traditions were refined and summarized. Volume 10 is “the Record of Pictures", which compiles representative pictures related to reading activities in successive dynasties. Volumes 2 to 9 are divided into eleven relatively independent historical stages according to the development of reading history and the main characteristics of each period. On the basis of fully absorbing the theoretical research achievements of reading history at home and abroad and comprehensively grasping the research materials of reading history in China , the book puts forward the core view that reading is a universal social and cultural phenomenon. It holds that reading is not only an individual behavior , but also an important part of human civilized life. Therefore , the reader's reading behavior is inevitably affected by both internal and external factors and the study of reading history should be placed in the overall environment of social history. According to this idea , the book decomposes the internal and external factors affecting reading behavior one by one establishes a research system of Chinese reading history from the perspective of social culture and summarizes the research contents of Chinese reading history into three aspects and eight main topics 1 Discipline foundation and theoretical research , aiming at the construction of theoretical system and basic information; 2) External factors affecting reading , including the relationship between reading activities and text changes social environment and education social consciousness and religion academic and knowledge system , publishing and dissemination of environmental factors; 3) Internal factors affecting reading. It includes reader,s reading behavior , reading environment , reading content, reading concept , reading thought and theory and social reading tradition etc. which shape and influence the reading behavior. The writing of each sub-volume revolves around the above-mentioned framework , focusing on reflecting the characteristics of the times regions and nationalities in each stage of the history of reading. On this basis , the tradition and spirit of ancient Chinese reading are condensed into five aspects. Finally , combined with the compiling experience of The Reading History of China, some topics are put forward for further study such as the collection and publication of reading historical materials the methodology of reading history the contemporary value of research on reading history and reading culture the reading history of a region or ethnic group the study of reading population and the case study of representative readers. 12 refs. © 2019, Editorial Office of Journal of Library Science in China. All rights reserved.     

Grace in Disgrace——Analysis of salvation of David

库切的代表作《耻》一直得到了来自学术界的广泛关注。与以往的论文研究该作中《耻》的表现不同,本论文尝试揭示主人公通过救赎而表现出荣耀的一面。本文分为两方面：主人公对女儿的爱和自己对性的虚荣心的瓦解。     

Current Situation of Theoretical Research of Library Science in China

Since1980s,Chinahasmadegreatprogressinthetheoreticalresearchoflibraryscience.Themostim-portantcharacteristicsmaybedescribedasfollows:　　·Thelibraryscienceresearchhascometoevadebeinglimitedonlytodescribeexperimentallythecon-creteworkinthelibrary,andpaymoreandmoreattentiontotheconnotationandtheoreticalsystemofthediscipline;　　·Ithascomeoutofthemicro-worldofthelibrary,andbeenspeculatingabouttheactualmacro-prob-lemsbothundertheperipheralenvironmentandinthesociety;　　·Ithasintroducedmanyachi…     

A cross‐cultural comparison of implicit theories of requesting

The primary aim of this paper is to identify cross‐cultural similarities and differences in people's implicit theories of requesting. Implicit theories are conceptualized as containing information about five interactive constraints that influence choices about requests: (1) Clarity, (2) Perceived imposition, (3) Consideration for the other's feelings, (4) Risking disapproval for self, and (5) Effectiveness. The paper compares how these five constraints are perceived and rated across cultures and traces possible links between the constraints and perceptions of the likelihood of using various request strategies. Participants are a total of 595 undergraduates: 296 Koreans (native speakers of Korean) and 299 Americans (native American English speakers) studying in their respective countries. After reading a hypothetical request situation, participants evaluated request strategies along the five constraint dimensions as well as for likelihood of use. The rank‐ordering of the request strategies along the dimensions were similar across cultures except for effectiveness of strategies. Striking cross‐cultural differences were found in the rank and mean strategy ratings for effectiveness judgments: U.S. participants considered the direct statement strategy as the most effective way of making a request, while Korean participants rated it as the least effective strategy. Regarding the incompatibility among interactive constraints, U.S. participants saw clarity to be closely related to effectiveness of strategies; for Korean participants clarity of strategies was counterproductive to effectiveness. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.