The Future of Graduate Education in Sport and Exercise Science: A Sport Psychology Perspective

The direction of graduate education in sport psychology has changed considerably since its emergence as a recognizable subdiscipline within exercise and sport science in the late 1960s. This paper describes (a) the structure of current sport psychology specializations within graduate programs based on a survey of 33 programs with sport psychology specializations in the United States, (b) trends in sport psychology graduate education, and (c) concerns regarding the future of graduate education in sport psychology in terms of coursework, research, and applied service provision.     

从语言系统内部看旧词新义的变化

新词的产生是社会发展的需要,利用原有词形创制新词既符合语言自身的规律也符合人们的心理习惯。但是客观的社会因素与主观的心理因素只是促使旧词产生新义的外部条件,语言系统本身的变化才是其产生的内部因素。     

国内大学生网络成瘾影响因素的元分析

本文运用元分析技术对国内近7年间20篇相关实证研究文献进行分析.结果显 示,(1)理工科男生是网络成瘾的易发群体,但人口因素对网络成瘾影响效应量非常小 (| r |＜0.184);(2)外在因素中的生活事件和社会支持,内在因素中的应对方式、口EPQ人格 特质、心理健康、抑郁、孤独和自尊均会影响大学生网络成瘾,但影响效应量均为小效应量 (| r | ＜0.278);(3)大多数有关网络成瘾影响因素的已有研究结果存有显著的异质性 (P＜0.05).在一定条件下,每位大学生均可能网络成瘾,网络成瘾现象是人类生物本性使 然;大学生网络成瘾并非由某一因素单独作用所致,而是由多种因素共同作用的结果;导致 该领域以往研究结果异质性的原因是研究工具、测试方式和研究对象相异.     

A National Survey of Community College Baccalaureate Institutions

This study utilized original survey data and a national sample of community college baccalaureate (CCB) institutions to examine how offering baccalaureate programs impacts these colleges and the students they serve. An increasing number of these colleges plan to offer their baccalaureate programs online, and programs in technology are projected to experience the greatest growth. The data suggest that student needs, and not institutional revenue or prestige, are the primary motivation for offering bachelor's degrees. The challenges experienced when establishing the CCB programs were more likely to come from external than internal factors. Collectively, thousands of students have already graduated from these programs. Results from this study can be used by policymakers and college administrators to make data-driven decisions regarding baccalaureate programming at the community college.     

Privatisation,Domestic Marketisation and International Commercialisation of Higher Education: vulnerabilities and opportunities for Chile and Romania within the framework of WTO/GATS

This chapter explores the processes of privatisation of higher education in Chile (after 1981) and Romania (after 1989), focusing on the emergence of private institutions, the expansion in enrolments in these institutions, and the relative increase in private sources of funding for the post‐secondary sub‐sector. Attention is also given to related trends in higher education in these two countries: domestic marketisation (a strengthening of an orientation toward selling programmes/commodities to students/consumers within the country) and international commercialisation (an expansion of initiatives by domestic and foreign institutions to provide distance education, study abroad/exchange, and foreign site‐based degree programmes). Of importance to an understanding of globalisation, these two societies, which at the time exhibited similar economic systems but had different political systems and were situated in different regional contexts, experienced remarkably similar processes of and outcomes from privatisation, marketisation, and commercialisation. In both cases these processes were promoted by ‘internal’ political actors but also shaped by ‘external’ forces, notably the World Bank's higher education policy recommendations and the conditionalities included in the stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes ‘negotiated’, respectively, with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in order to obtain loans. As a result of these processes—occurring prior to and during the emergence of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) as a component of the World Trade Organization (WTO)—higher education institutions in both Chile and Romania are much more vulnerable to foreign influence/domination, although they also have somewhat greater opportunities to broaden their role in the global ‘business’ of higher education.     

论腐败的成因与反腐败的对策

腐败产生的原因有内因和外因,内因是个体主观因素,外因是社会因素,遏制腐败,必须坚持教育、制度、监督并重。     

Doctoral Programs in Physical Education: A Census with Particular Reference to the Status of Specializations

This study examined the nature and extent of specialized study offered in doctoral programs in U.S. universities during 1985. On the basis of information supplied from representatives of 61 programs, curricula were positioned on a continuum from highly specialized to generalist. Most doctoral programs were classified either as highly or moderately specialized (42% and 43%, respectively), while 15% were classified as generalist programs. Overall, 26 areas of doctoral study were identified and collapsed into five “generic” categories. One of the categories, exercise science, accounted for more than half of the doctoral programs offered during the reporting year, education-related specializations accounted for approximately 30%, and sociocultural studies approximately 12%. Among highly specialized programs, the majority of students graduated with specializations in exercise physiology (35%). The implications of these data for the future of the field are discussed.     

从认知心理学视角看FFI理念

关注形式教学(Form-focusedinstruction,简称FFI)是教学环境下二语习得的重要手段,但对外语学习者来说,它毕竟是外因。从认知心理学角度对FFI进行分析,FFI能否取得令人满意的成效,关键要看学习者的内因是否发挥作用。注意的分配、对目的结构的意识、记忆以及重构都是发生在学习者内部的认知心理因素。教学只有在充分考虑到这些内因的情况下,通过外部刺激来使学习者的认知心理因素发挥作用,FFI才能对教学环境下的二语习得(ISLA)产生久远的效果。     

Social Histories of Educational Change

This article sets out new directions for thinking about educational change theory. In particular, a number of different segments in educational change processes are examined – the internal, the external and the personal.In analyzing the importance of these different segments of educational change, a socio-historical approach is adopted. It is noted that in the expansionist period of the 1960s and 1970s internal change agentry was dominant and, as a result, modernist change theory located in that period stressed the importance of the internal processes which had become central in orchestrating the change process. In the 1980s and 1990s external change mandates have become dominant, with a number of downsides related to internal and personal missions.In the new millennium it is argued that, as well as internal and external segments, increasing attention will need to be paid to the personal missions and purposes which underpin commitment to change processes. Without a fully conceptualized notion of how the internal, external and personal will interlink, existing change theory remains underdeveloped and of progressively less use.In the final sections, a tentative model of change processes is defined. In this model, the internal, external and personal are integrated in ways that seek to provide new momentum for change processes and their study.     

Biological constraints on instrumental and classical conditioning: Retrospect and prospect

The adequacy of traditional approaches to the study of animal learning to account fully for learning phenomena has been seriously questioned during the past decade. Critics of traditional analyses advocated a biological orientation to the interpretation of associative processes and introduced a variety of concepts intended to provide a new framework for the study of animal learning. This promise of a reorientation of the field has not been realized. The concepts of biological constraints, adaptive specializations, and situation specificity of learning have had a less profound influence on the general process approach to instrumental and classical conditioning than anticipated. The present paper makes explicit the conceptual bases of the original biological approaches to learning, identifies reasons why they failed to change fundamentally the study of instrumental and classical conditioning, and proposes an alternative approach to the use of ecological and evolutionary principles in studies of conditioning. We suggest a renewed comparative approach to the study of learning phenomena that avoids many of the difficulties inherent in earlier formulations by providing (1) a strategy for the discovery of adaptive specializations in learning, (2) an ecological framework for the discussion of these adaptive specializations, and (3) a renewed emphasis on the study of species differences in learning.     

Erziehungswissenschaft im Spiegel ihrer Studieng?nge

What happens to study programs for a major in education science in the wake of the Bologna reform? What are the consequences of the transition to Bachelor and Master degree programs for the institutional organization of the discipline in the form of its study programs and thus for the position of the discipline in the university system? This contribution investigates both the structural characteristics and the subject-related orientation of these new training models on the basis of a survey of the current study programs offered in education science major programs. The technical terms used and the module manuals are compared with the ??Core Curriculum Education Science?? proposed by the German Society for Education Studies (DGfE). Despite the limited validity of this investigation, it is clear that the clash of political reorganization of higher education processes with an identity-seeking discipline has drastic consequences for the institutional organization of education science. This is reflected in an increased differentiation of the major study programs within education science, which can affect both the position of the discipline in the academic system as well as the disciplinary self-reproduction.     

Comparing Forms of New Higher Education Organisations at Start-up

In this article, we investigate three recently established entrepreneurial organisations created to deliver education and training to new audiences of learners at a distance. Each of the organisations -- the University of Michigan's Academic Outreach Program, the University Center at Northwestern Michigan College, and the Michigan Virtual Automotive College -- is involved in multiple complex partnerships with internal and external entities, including government, industry, and education. Paying particular attention to the structures, strategies, and processes of these organisations, we argue that their emergence signals the evolution of a postsecondary knowledge industry in which permeable boundaries, new competitors, and market sensibilities are converging to challenge the fundamental nature of postsecondary education.     

文学鉴赏与共鸣的产生

文学作品的共鸣是鉴赏者在鉴赏作品时产生的一种精神现象 ,鉴赏主体的认识方法、审美水平、生活实践等与作品的审美内容适应与否 ,是主客体共鸣能否产生的重要因素。作品新颖别致的艺术形式是引起共鸣的先决条件     

论大学生综合素质教育的制约因素

制约大学生综合素质教育的因素很多,概括起来有两种：一种是外部因素,一种是内部因素,外部因素主要指宏观社会教育的各方面,内部因素主要指学校教育的诸环节,只有内部因素与外部因素相互协调、相互渗透和补充,才能培养出既有健全人格,高尚情操,又有专业功底,能够创新的一代新人。     

A State Perspective on Multiple Measures in School Accountability

Several meanings of the term multiple measures exist. One of these is the use of assessments from different sources, such as an external test, along with a state-developed test. The use of multiple sources is increasing, especially due to increased federal Title I requirements for state accountability programs and associated increases in the amount and costs of mandated testing. Several issues seem pertinent for states considering combining assessments from internal sources (usually criterion-referenced tests) and external sources (usually norm-referenced tests) into their accountability programs. These are explored from the standpoint of the impact of federally required decision making for schools based on test data. Other possible uses are mentioned briefly.     

Why new mathematics teachers do or don’t use practices emphasized in their credential program

A major research concern for teacher education is the impact of university credentialing programs on K-12 teaching and the disjuncture between university-promoted practices and what teachers actually do in their classrooms. In particular, mathematics-credential programs typically promote reform-oriented methods, while mathematics teaching in the US remains largely traditional. Proposed explanations for the limited uptake of university-promoted mathematics-teaching methods have included new teachers’ struggle to bridge the “two worlds” of the university and school, the relative difficulty of reform-oriented teaching, and the failure of the standard teacher-preparation model that teaches general pedagogical concepts prior to specific teaching tools and practices. In this study, interviews of 19 first- through 4th-year secondary-level mathematics teachers—graduates of a single credential program—investigated the factors, internal and external to the credential program, that these teachers perceived to support or impede their implementation of certain university-taught practices. The findings are used to examine previously proposed explanations for limited uptake, and recommendations are made for credential programs and employing schools.     

政府还是市场：国外高校多样化策略的争论与启示

伴随系统规模的扩张,如何驱动高校迈向预定和有利的多样化成为各国面临的普遍议题。国外一般从高等教育系统或院校外部层面理解高校多样化,并从政府与市场两个维度解析其驱动因素。从院校分化的观念、分化进程中院校假设和环境因素的作用范畴等层面来看,两种观点存在一定共性和冲突,这反映出相关研究的片面和院校分化现象的动态化、持续性和多维性。借鉴国外研究经验,当前高等教育普及化进程要求高等教育部门尽早启动院校结构布局规划,应树立正确的分类发展观,平衡院校分化中政府与市场的作用力,处理好系统分化与规模扩张的关系,增进高校外部环境和内部办学要素的多样性。     

Comparing forms of new higher education organisations at start‐up

Abstract

In this article, we investigate three recently established entrepreneurial organisations created to deliver education and training to new audiences of learners at a distance. Each of the organisations ‐ the University of Michigan's Academic Outreach Program, the University Center at Northwestern Michigan College, and the Michigan Virtual Automotive College — is involved in multiple complex partnerships with internal and external entities, including government, industry, and education. Paying particular attention to the structures, strategies, and processes of these organisations, we argue that their emergence signals the evolution of a postsecondary knowledge industry in which permeable boundaries, new competitors, and market sensibilities are converging to challenge the fundamental nature of postsecondary education.     

The attribution of success and failure: The subject/object contrast

160 secondary school teachers were administered questionnaires on attributions for success and failure in students familiar to them. Student profiles were obtained by a 2 (success or failure) x 2 (extreme or moderate grades) design. The list of attributions employs classic dimensions (internal/external), stable/unstable, controlable/non controlable) plus a new dimension (academic/non academic) shown to be relevant in two preliminary surveys. The results indicate an interaction between the two independent varables as a function of the internal/external dimension. Responses characterizing for success and failure reveal a specific dimension termed subject/object, that parallels the a-priori academic/non academic dimension.     

Asian students in Australia: sources of the academic self

Students’ motivation is known to be influenced by both internally referenced and externally referenced factors. Internally referenced factors include self-processes (sense of competence and affect), whereas externally referenced factors include significant others (parents, peers and teachers). Using the Facilitating Conditions Questionnaire, the relations of the internal and external factors were examined. By comparing Anglo and Asian origin students in Australia, the study aims to reveal the most prominent external factors that contribute to shaping the self-processes of Asian students (88 male and 110 female) and Anglo students (384 male; 345 female). Confirmatory factor analysis identified seven factors (competence, affect, parent, peer positive, peer negative, teacher and motivation for high marks). The relations between internal and external factors were found to be similar between ethnic and gender subsamples. Parents and teachers were identified as having the strongest impact on self-processes and motivation for high marks. For this sample of students in an Australian education system, their sources of school-related self-processes are similar to those of their Anglo peers’, but their higher affect to learning may be an important cause for academic success.