Career patterns and competences of PhDs in science and engineering in the knowledge economy: The case of graduates from a UK research-based university

Based on data collected through a complex survey of science and engineering PhD graduates from a UK research-based university, this paper examines the different types of careers and to what extent different types of competences acquired from doctoral education are regarded as valuable in the different career types. The results show that employment outside the conventional technical occupations is the main destination for the survey respondents. This career type is not only successful at retaining its members, but is also the destination of the other career types. Moreover, different types of competences from doctoral education are regarded as relatively more valuable in different career types: knowledge directly tied to subject areas is regarded as more valuable in academia/public research; both knowledge directly tied to subject areas (but more general type of knowledge rather than specialist knowledge in PhD topics) and the more general and transferable skills are regarded as valuable in technical positions in manufacturing; and the general and transferable skills are regarded as more valuable in employment outside the conventional technical occupations. In absolute terms, general analytical skills and problem solving capability acquired from doctoral education are perceived as valuable in all three career types.     

HIGH TECHNOLOGY,EMPLOYMENT AND THE CHALLENGES TO EDUCATION

The contribution of employment in high technology industry to future employment growth in the US economy is estimated to be small. Much high technology employment is not professional work at all, but routine labour, and much of that performed by minority groups with few career opportunities. Most new jobs will occur in occupations requiring no more than secondary education. High technology may generate employment in other areas, but often low grade work performed in the “homework economy”. Appropriate education for employment in high technology industry and in computer-related fields is not necessarily specialised and technical; high-quality general education is probably more important. Instrumental education, ignorant of the demands of high technology, and of the demands a modern economy makes upon high technology, is likely to be counter-productive. Commercial and technical success requires a combination of cultural learning and technical skill.     

试论加强校企一体化合作提升高职教育质量

随着知识经济时代的来临,社会经济发展对于知识和信息的依赖性越来越大,对于各方面专业人才的需求也不断增加,高职教育也因此得到了巨大的发展机遇。就我国目前高职教育的发展现状而言,全面提升高职教育质量,是高职院校刻不容缓的任务。为了保证教育的质量,保证毕业生的顺利就业,可以加强校企一体化合作,提升高职教育质量。     

从就业到创业——中职学校应引导学生升级择业理念

文章通过对中职生自主创业环境、意识、技能等方面进行可行性分析,指出中职学校要以就业以＂活＂、创业以＂新＂的宗旨来办学,并从培养学生创业意识、加强创业教育活动系统化持续化、指导学生学习和掌握与创业领域相关的知识和技能等方面打造学校创业＂孵化器＂,引导学生从就业向创业转变。     

以提升职业素养为核心的高职生创业教育模式探析

为了促进大学生的就业,既要以创业拉动就业,促进职业技能教育的效率,又要提高劳动者的就业竞争力,使就业趋于稳定。这也就给高职院校的创业教育提出了更高的要求。高职院校在进行创业教育的时候,应该充分考虑到人才素质这个因素,并将其作为教育的出发点和归宿点。文章主要分析了高职生职业素养的内涵,基于职业素养培养的创业教育课程理念,并针对性的提出了以提升职业素养为核心的高职生创业教育模式。     

The workforce of pioneer plants: The role of worker mobility in the diffusion of industries

Does technology require labour mobility to diffuse? To explore this, we use German social-security data and ask how plants that pioneer an industry in a location – and for which the local labour market offers no experienced workers – assemble their workforces. These pioneers use different recruiting strategies than plants elsewhere: they hire more workers from outside their industry and from outside their region, especially when workers come from closely related industries or are highly skilled. The importance of access to experienced workers is highlighted in the diffusion of industries from western Germany to the post-reunification economy of eastern German. While manufacturing employment declined in most advanced economies, eastern German regions managed to reindustrialise. The pioneers involved in this process relied heavily on expertise from western Germany: while establishing new manufacturing industries in the East, they sourced half of their experienced workers from the West.     

如何将职业道德养成和职业心理培养渗透于演讲口才课程中

高等职业教育的目的就是要培养出面向生产、建设、服务和管理第一线需要的高素质技能型专门人才。作为职业教育人,我们希望培养出的学生能够“零距离”就业。这个“零距离”不光是指职业技能方面,更主要的是指职业道德、职业规范和职业心理方面。这就要求我们在学校教育过程中要多关注对学生职业道德养成和职业心理的培养,严格要求学生,通过课程的导向作用,提高学生的道德修养和职业心理,以期达到为建设第一线培养高级技术应用型人才和管理人才的目标。我们主要通过改进课堂教学模式、将企业核心价值观和企业精神渗透在课程中、采取灵活多样、喜闻乐见、行之有效的职业心理培养的方式、加强学生自我教育。以期更好的提升学生适应社会的能力。     

A review of literature and hypotheses on new technology-based firms

This paper examines the existing literature on new technology-based firms in an attempt to understand how such companies contribute to the vitality of an economy and to see which variables are critical in enabling them to do so. From recent research efforts, we have drawn together a set of hypotheses and organized them around four central questions: (1) What do new firms contribute to the economy? (2) What factors contribute to the success of such enterprises? (3) In what cultural contexts do new businesses succeed? and (4) Which government policies are effective in stimulating and supporting new companies? We found that existing studies suggest (1) that new technology-based firms contribute significantly to an economy in terms of exports, employment, taxes paid, research and development, and innovations; (2) that the founders of these new businesses tend to have a strong entrepreneurial heritage, a development- rather research-oriented background, and a high need to achieve and are young and highly educated; (3) that sector differences may be a more important influence on company location than are regional policies; and (4) that no one government program has proven itself to be more than marginally successful in stimulating industrial innovation.     

高等教育入学考试中残疾学生的评量调整

随着经济的高速发展,而今许多职业需要有大学学历,因此残疾人士要想获得工作、走向自立的前提条件就是有机会进入大学接受高等教育,而残疾学生由于其身心等方面的障碍使其在参加国家统一的标准入学考试中受到限制。文章通过对美国高等教育入学考试（以SAT为例）中残疾学生考试调整的法律依据、类型、申请流程的介绍,以期对我国残疾学生高等教育入学考试中的评量调整提供借鉴。     

在高职高专院校中开展二外越南语教学的理论探索--以广西交通职业技术学院为例

随着越来越多的高职高专院校相继开设了越南语专业,就业市场竞争越来越激烈,通用型越南语专业人才需求已经趋于饱和;而同时社会经济的发展使得用人单位对各种人才的专业技能水平要求越来越高,越来越“多样全面”;加上广西在与东盟国家,特别是与越南的经济合作方面,取得了突出成绩,越南已经连续九年成为广西最大的贸易伙伴。文章阐述了在这样的背景下,高职高专院校培养“专业＋越南语”复合型人才的必要性、具体设想和培养的重要保障。     

Regional diversification and green employment in US metropolitan areas

Adapting or supplanting production and distribution systems to accommodate new criteria of environmental sustainability entails the search for and the recombination of know-how from a variety of domains. How this process plays out in different areas depends crucially on the specific composition of local economic activities. This paper contributes this debate by analysing whether and to what extent regional industrial and occupational diversification affects the change in green employment across 363 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States between 2006 and 2014. Our findings suggest that industrial unrelated variety within MSAs is a positive and significant predictor of green employment growth whereas related variety has very little impact. Conversely, both related and unrelated diversification across occupations are positively associated with green employment growth. The analysis also uncovers heterogeneity across existing, new and evolving green jobs.     

教育现代化背景下大学生创新创业能力的培养研究

随着我国经济体制改革的深化和产业结构的调整,我国对创新创业人才的需求越来越多。教育现代化背景下,高等院校作为人才培养的重要教育基地,不仅仅要注重对学生的基本理论、知识技能的培养,同时需要注重学生创新创业能力的培养。这就需要高校就业指导部门与教育教学工作部门形成互助关系,采用相应的改进策略不断提升学生的创新创业能力。本文针对教育现代化背景下学生创新创业能力的现状,进一步探讨了相应的培养策略。     

产教融合背景下学前教育专业大学生职业生涯规划调查研究

随着我国经济的快速发展,人才供求趋向多元化。同时,随着招生规模的不断扩大,大学生就业危机和矛盾日益凸显。本文在产教融合背景下,通过对学前教育专业学生职业规划的调研,剖析应用型高校就业指导目前存在的问题,寻求就业指导工作的新方向,为学前教育毕业生提供更有效的就业指导,提升毕业生的就业竞争力,培养更多高素质应用型人才。     

Does education help “old dogs” learn “new tricks”? The lasting impact of early-life education on technology use among older adults

Technological progress is often at the heart of improvements in quality of life. The development of personal computers (PCs) and the Internet are among the most important technological advances of the last century. PCs and the Internet have profoundly changed the way we access information, shop, view media, communicate, socialize, and spend our time. Despite the many benefits of computer and Internet use, certain population groups – especially low-educated and older consumers – have not yet fully adopted computer technology and the Internet in their daily lives. This paper estimates the effects of early-life education on computer and Internet use among older Italians. Using data on early-life educational attainment and computer and Internet use of older adults from the 2013 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we exploit a historical increase in compulsory schooling in Italy as an instrumental variable for education to estimate the effects of early-life education on the adoption of PCs and on current use of the Internet. We find large and statistically significant effects of early-life education on later-life technology use among older persons who obtained additional education due to increased schooling requirements. In our benchmark estimations, one additional year of schooling resulted in an eight percentage point increase in the probability of having ever used a computer and in a 12 percentage point increase in the probability of reporting to have at least good computer skills. Individuals affected by the reform were also six percentage points more likely to have used the Internet in the last week. These findings are robust across different sample selection and model specification strategies. Our analysis also suggests that occupational choice and computer use at work are important channels through which education affects the adoption and use of computers and the Internet. Our findings thus highlight the likely importance of early-life education for later-life computer and the Internet use and perhaps technology adoption more broadly.     

Unintended consequences on gender diversity of high-tech growth and labor market polarization

There has been considerable media coverage highlighting the lack of gender diversity in Silicon Valley, stressing the relatively low participation of women in the high-tech economy. Austin offers a unique case for testing whether similar gender issues characterized other high-tech regions because the city has historically benefited from the expansion of Silicon Valley’s large high-tech firms since the 1980s. The gender-biased business practices identified in Silicon Valley firms may have been transferred to their branch plants in Austin. Our analysis shows women’s losses in middle-skill occupation employment shares were concentrated in the low-tech industry and were partially offset by job share gains in high-skill occupations in the same sector between 1980 and 2015. Men’s losses in middle-skill occupation job share were also mainly concentrated in the low-tech sector but were partially offset by employment share gains in high-skill occupations only in the high-tech industry during this period. Women made large gains in relative real median wages only in high-skill occupations in the high-tech industry while their relative real median wages in other skill occupations and in the low-tech industry stagnated around zero during this period. Men’s gains in relative median wages were also concentrated only in the high-tech industry but were less than half of women’s and were negative (between ?10 and ?21 percent) in other occupations in the high-tech industry and across all occupations in the low-tech industry. As noted in previous studies, the impact of job polarization is not well understood across sectors and gender. This study finds the high-tech industry in Austin has had unintended consequences in terms of job polarization across gender, providing relatively fewer job opportunities in high-skill occupations to women than men but offering much higher gains in relative real median wages to women than men. Males also found relatively more job opportunities in high-skill occupations in the high-tech industry than women but experienced only half of women’s gains in relative median wages in this industry between 1980 and 2015.     

高校毕业生就业道德教育的实效性研究

随着改革开放的深入和社会主义市场经济的发展,大学生面临着更多职业选择的机会,但同时自身的就业道德也受到考验,本文立足于对就业道德的分析,指出当前毕业生就业道德面临的问题及其原因,探究加强毕业生就业教育实效性的途径。     

"解耦"——中国循环经济深入发展的目标和标准

针对中国循环经济发展过程中出现的目标不明晰,概念泛化、炒作等问题,本文从经济与环境双赢的角度深刻揭示了我国发展循环经济的本质是实现减物质化,提出实现经济与环境的"解耦"是我国循环经济深入发展的根本目标。将"解耦"指标体系在实践层面进行进一步深化和应用,对我国经济环境之间的"解耦"情况进行衡量,提出用"解耦"指标体系评估我国循环经济发展水平,从而,促进我国循环经济的深入发展。     

A Multidimensional Analysis of the Disability Digital Divide: Some Evidence for Internet Use

Over the last few years, information and communication technologies have become an essential part of daily life, affecting education, employment, and leisure, among other activities. Nonetheless, many individuals still reap few or no benefits from these technologies, and there are resilient gaps in their use. Within this larger context, the authors examine the Internet digital divide between people with and without disabilities from a multidimensional approach. Rather than analyzing the gap in terms of “haves” and “have-nots,” a range of Internet-related dimensions—affordability, motivation and attitudes, skills, usage, and others—is taken into account.     

大学生职业价值观与父母教养方式关系调查研究

大学生就业关乎社会和谐稳定和个人尊严,随着经济社会的发展,大学生就业正面临越来越多的挑战,树立正确的职业价值观尤为重要。本文通过调查研究,进一步探析大学生职业价值观建立过程中父母教养方式的影响和制约,以期推动大学生职业生涯教育和家庭教育的有机融合,不断深化高校就业指导工作内涵,促进大学生实现顺利择业。     

论高师公共教育学课程的价值取向

公共教育学作为教育科学的基础课程,高师生从中所形成的教育意识和教育能力,对其一生的教育活动都将产生重要影响,因此有必要对教育学课程的价值取向进行一定的思考和审视：要注重培养高师生师范技能素质,以使他们毕业后尽快适应教学岗位的要求,同时还应重点培养高师生的教育理论素养和教育理念,它能够为高师生未来的教育教学行为提供发展的方向,具有宏观的指导作用,而这一切将是为了振兴基础教育,是公共教育学课程的核心价值。