资源依赖与模块化交叉调节下的产学研用协同创新研究

本文关注的核心问题是：如何以用户需求为导向,构建有效的产学研用协同创新的模式和机制？围绕这一问题,桥接了资源依赖、模块化理论和协同创新理论,分析了在资源依赖和模块化的交叉调节下对于产学研用协同创新的影响关系。在此基础上,研究设计基于模块化的产学研用协同创新网络组织模型和模块化协调机制。结合案例验证发现：（1）在以模块为交互载体的产学研用协同创新网络组织中,资源依赖能够促进产学研各方的合作创新,而模块化既能改善资源过度依赖问题,还能担当创新需求方与供给侧的整合者;（2）模块化可以有效促进需求分析?模块创新?资源配置?组织协同的过渡,且利于确立产学研用协同创新重点和策略;（3）基于模块化的协调机制（规范性约束机制、延续性交互机制和架构调节机制）,有利于促进企业、大学、科研院所等创新主体之间知识交互和知识创新,有利于推动产学研用协同创新网络组织的持续运转。     

Examining the influence of modularity and knowledge management (KM) on dynamic capabilities: Insights from a call center

Modularity in organizations can facilitate the creation and development of dynamic capabilities. Paradoxically, however, modular management can also stifle the strategic potential of such capabilities by conflicting with the horizontal integration of units. We address these issues through an examination of how modular management of information technology (IT), project teams and front-line personnel in concert with knowledge management (KM) interventions influence the creation and development of dynamic capabilities at a large Asia-based call center. Our findings suggest that a full capitalization of the efficiencies created by modularity may be closely linked to the strategic sense making abilities of senior managers to assess the long-term business value of the dominant designs available in the market. Drawing on our analysis we build a modular management-KM-dynamic capabilities model, which highlights the evolution of three different levels of dynamic capabilities and also suggests an inherent complementarity between modular and integrated approaches.     

模块化嵌入的一流企业产学研用协同创新演化：理论建构与案例探索

首先分析了模块化对于一流企业技术创新的影响，构建了基于平台模块化的产学研用协同创新系统模型。在此基础上，结合典型案例探讨了其在模块化嵌入下的产学研用协同创新实践和演化轨迹；其次，围绕“用户协同-资源协同-组织协同”三个维度，归纳对比了产品模块化、组织模块化和平台模块化下案例企业的产学研用协同创新效应。研究发现：产品模块化、组织模块化可以被赋予调节产学研用协同创新的功能，而平台模块化既有利于推动企业与大学、科研机构从“面对面”转向“背靠背”的合作创新，也能通过开放企业平台资源来激发合作伙伴的创新潜能。     

模块化创新的知识链模型及其集成管理架构

模块化具有分解复杂系统的功能,模块化创新实现了创新资源在集群企业内的分享与合作．知识链由知识获取、知识选择、知识形成、知识内化及知识外化五个基本活动和领导、协调、控制、测评四个辅助活动构成．对知识链各环节的集成式动态管理是模块化创新知识链管理架构的核心．在此,将单个企业的知识链扩展到模块化创新下企业群的知识链,分析了模块化创新知识链的结构,提出模块化创新知识链的概念模型及其集成管理战略架构,并通过CMI应用案例分析对模块化创新知识链集成管理模式予以阐释．     

组织模块化设计价值与设计主导权

组织模块化设计过程伴随着三种价值操作,即模块化设计的价值扩散、价值引导和价值整合,同时也创造了成本价值、选择价值和协同价值等三种设计价值。在设计价值追逐中,模块化组织内部展开了设计主导权争夺战,群体的进化博弈催生了两种模块化组织模式:一种是单头领导式的模块化组织模式,另一种是模块集群化的模块化组织模式。     

Three-dimensional fit-to-flow microfluidic assembly

Three-dimensional microfluidics holds great promise for large-scale integration of versatile, digitalized, and multitasking fluidic manipulations for biological and clinical applications. Successful translation of microfluidic toolsets to these purposes faces persistent technical challenges, such as reliable system-level packaging, device assembly and alignment, and world-to-chip interface. In this paper, we extended our previously established fit-to-flow (F2F) world-to-chip interconnection scheme to a complete system-level assembly strategy that addresses the three-dimensional microfluidic integration on demand. The modular F2F assembly consists of an interfacial chip, pluggable alignment modules, and multiple monolithic layers of microfluidic channels, through which convoluted three-dimensional microfluidic networks can be easily assembled and readily sealed with the capability of reconfigurable fluid flow. The monolithic laser-micromachining process simplifies and standardizes the fabrication of single-layer pluggable polymeric modules, which can be mass-produced as the renowned Lego^® building blocks. In addition, interlocking features are implemented between the plug-and-play microfluidic chips and the complementary alignment modules through the F2F assembly, resulting in facile and secure alignment with average misalignment of 45 μm. Importantly, the 3D multilayer microfluidic assembly has a comparable sealing performance as the conventional single-layer devices, providing an average leakage pressure of 38.47 kPa. The modular reconfigurability of the system-level reversible packaging concept has been demonstrated by re-routing microfluidic flows through interchangeable modular microchannel layers.     

基于遗传算法和过渡矩阵的旅游者特征预测研究

要使旅游地的旅游管理目标与旅游供给和需求结构相适应,不仅需要预测出未来旅游者的总数量,而且还应该预测出旅游者群体在具体特征方面表现出的不同需求构成,遗传算法与过渡矩阵相结合的方法可以有效地实现这一预测目标。最后以实例证明了这种预测方法的有效性。     

模块化下企业创新生态系统结构与演化机制——海尔集团2005-2019年的纵向案例研究

制造企业生态化创新战略转型中,枢纽企业为获得长期竞争优势,如何伴随创新生态系统的演化而做出技术、商业决策？依据“情境-结构-机制”的研究框架对海尔集团进行纵向案例研究,从模块化视角探索企业创新生态系统结构、演化机制与路径特征。研究表明：（1）情境主导了技术创新的可实现性,技术标准、用户需求和政策支持3个情境因素驱动企业创新生态系统的交互演进。（2）发现企业创新生态系统结构的3个重要特征,即创新架构模块化、交互界面开放性、网络治理嵌入性。海尔模块化生态圈战略转型历经的开拓布网期、扩展织网期和颠覆融网期3个发展阶段,以 “产品、生产模块化-组织模块化-超模块化”的架构创新驱动了海尔集团创新生态系统 “以内部研发为中心的创新体系-以产业链协同为中心的创新体系-以用户为中心的创新生态系统”的演化路径。（3）企业创新生态系统的创新实现机制突出表现在杠杆、协同和互利机制上,通过揭示系统的结构特征与实现机制的作用逻辑,提出杠杆机制呈现出重用“模块资源-平台资源-场景资源”的演化路径,协同机制使枢纽企业在系统中的角色沿着 “分解者-平台领导者-创新集成商”演化,互利机制呈现出“企业主导-开放市场机制”的演化路径。研究结论丰富和发展了创新生态系统理论,为传统制造企业的创新生态系统战略转型提供方案设计启示。     

模块化创新的网络化知识集成模式

模块化创新通过各功能主体的知识分工与分层协调体系实现了创新模式的升级.基于模块操作的功能整合是模块化创新实现顾客价值创新优势的基本途径,而知识集成是模块化创新功能整合的核心支撑.由于模块化创新的知识具有分布式结构特征,其知识集成呈现网络化特征.模块化创新的网络化知识集成模式通过知识的配置和整合,为顾客创造选择价值并及时发现协调体系内的冲突,推动协调规则的演化并释放更多的技术潜力,最终实现以顾客价值创造为核心的产品创新静态效率和动态效率的良好结合.     

产品模块化对技术创新的影响机理研究:基于制造柔性的中介效应

为探究产品模块化(模块化设计、模块化生产)与技术创新的影响机理,首先通过理论分析做出制造柔性(新产品开发柔性、生产柔性)在两者间起中介作用的假设;接着根据关于珠三角制造业的调查问卷的数据,运用LISREL构建出变量间的结构方程,验证得到,制造柔性在产品模块化和技术创新之间起显著的部分中介作用,新产品开发柔性在模块化设计和技术创新之间起部分中介作用,生产柔性在模块化生产和技术创新之间起完全中介作用。该研究可为制造企业如何进行技术创新提供指导。     

数字化转型何以影响枢纽企业创新绩效？——基于模块化视角的实证研究

如何揭开数字化转型提升枢纽企业创新绩效的面纱,既是创新战略研究的前沿课题,也是管理实践的难题。基于模块化理论,提出数字化转型影响创新生态系统枢纽企业创新绩效的杠杆机制（模块化产品架构）和协同机制（模块化组织架构）,以“战略—结构—绩效”的研究范式,构建数字化转型作用于企业创新绩效的链式中介模型,通过跨层次的模块化架构演进动态分析,提出模块化架构与治理机制协同的双重演化路径。研究表明：（1）数字化转型对枢纽企业创新绩效有显著促进作用;（2）模块化产品架构与模块化组织架构分别在数字化转型与企业创新绩效的正向影响中起部分中介作用,且在上述影响中起链式中介作用。（3）模块化产品架构及其镜像的模块化组织架构的演进,是现阶段枢纽企业应对数字化转型的重要结构支撑。微观上揭示数字化转型的黑箱机制是对以往研究的丰富与补充,并启示企业的数字化管理实践。     

基于创新视角的模块化发展研究

模块化的发展越来越受到广泛关注,模块化能带来独特的竞争优势,但也面临一些局限不足,那么如何合理运用模块化,最大限度发挥模块化价值是迫切需要解决的问题。对此,尝试从产品模块化和组织模块化两个层面来审视模块化,把模块化置于创新的视野之中,剖析产品模块化、组织模块化与创新三者间的关系,权衡模块化成本和收益的关系,提出模块化发展所依赖的条件,从而建立起一个模块化的决策分析框架,为模块化实践提供理论指导。     

模块化如何推动企业创新——基于文献回顾与理论构建研究

通过系统性地梳理模块化创新的相关研究,发现主流文献对模块化如何推动创新的探讨始终停留在内生性机制层面.对于模块化创新的效能及其技术发展的可持续性还存在争议.在此基础上,总结了模块化企业创新机制的三大转变:组织学习的开放化与知识整合的标准化、架构创新与模块创新的主体分离、模块化成员企业之间的创新淘汰赛.以吸收能力为中介变量,引入外生关系网络与制度环境的影响,建立了模块化创新的理论模型.     

The role of organisational interdependencies and asset orchestration in business integration: A case study of M.com

Business integration is an important determinant of business value and firm performance which enables a firm to respond to pressing competitive forces. Given its significant role, business integration in general has been an enduring research topic over the years. However, due to its complex nature, the ways to achieve this important organisational capability in firms are still not clearly understood. Hence, the present study is an attempt to ‘open this black box’ and examine the relevant issues through a case study of M.com, one of the largest e-commerce firms in China. The findings of this case study emphasise that the ability to coordinate organisational interdependencies and asset orchestration according to the needs of business processes is challenging but necessary in order to achieve business integration in e-commerce firms. It is found that asset orchestration in a firm is contingent on the organisational interdependencies such that different interdependence types demand different coordination methods at the very least. It also shows the significant role of IT in asset orchestration and the coordination of organisational interdependencies during business integration. With these capabilities, firms can experience growth and improve the quality of conformance to customer needs.     

Bridging analog and digital expertise: Cross-domain collaboration and boundary-spanning tools in the creation of digital innovation

Expertise in digital technologies is necessary, but rarely sufficient to generate digital innovation. The purpose of this paper is to explore how specialists rooted in digital and analog knowledge domains engage in cross-domain collaboration to jointly create digital innovation. Our analysis cross-examines the literature on knowledge integration and coordination by examining the role of boundary-spanning tools in fusing divergent types of knowledge. The empirical setting for our study is the development of digital serious games, a novel breed of digital learning products whose creation involves a wide range of gaming/digital and learning/analog expertise. Drawing on an in-depth qualitative study, we find that boundary-spanning tools such as prototypes, mockups, and whiteboards serve as important knowledge bridges buttressing the overall innovation process, enabling diverse experts to increasingly align and integrate their divergent thought worlds and knowledge domains. Furthermore, we find that the alternative interplay among digital and non-digital tools supports the gradual transformation of digital and analog expertise into a novel digital format. Taken together, our results explicate how boundary-spanning tools facilitate collaborative work among specialists rooted in diverse digital and non-digital knowledge domains. Our findings contribute to the literature on knowledge integration and coordination in cross-domain collaboration and digital innovation.     

模块化系统间逻辑关系及其对新产品绩效影响机制研究

从企业模块化战略对新产品绩效的影响出发,探索技术模块化、产品模块化与流程模块化三者间逻辑关系,发掘产品创新性的中介效应。以中西部多家制造企业为样本,运用结构方程模型进行实证检验,力图揭示模块化策略对新产品绩效的影响机理。研究发现：产品层面的模块化系统中,产品技术模块化推动产品模块化发展,且产品模块化提升制造流程的模块化水平;产品模块化及技术模块化通过显著提升产品创新性来促进新产品绩效。     

End-user oriented strategies to facilitate multi-organizational adoption of emergency management information systems

Response to large-scale emergencies is a cooperative process that requires the active and coordinated participation of a variety of functionally independent agencies operating in adjacent regions. In practice, this essential cooperation is sometimes not attained or is reduced due to poor information sharing, non-fluent communication flows, and lack of coordination. We report an empirical study of IT-mediated cooperation among Spanish response agencies and we describe the challenges of adoption, information sharing, communication flows, and coordination among agencies that do not share a unity of command. We analyze three strategies aimed at supporting acceptance and surmounting political, organizational and personal distrust or skepticism: participatory design, advanced collaborative tools inducing cognitive absorption, and end-user communities of practice.     

基于模体的科学家合作网络基元特征分析

基于复杂网络构建科学家合作网络并分析其全局结构特征,是理解科学家间合作机制的重要手段和研究热点。实际上,辨识其局部结构可以进一步增进对合作机制的理解。基于复杂网络局部结构研究的前沿理念和方法——模体,构建并辨析若干大型科学家合作网络的基元特征:模体特性、子图浓度以及子图自下而上的组合机制。研究表明不同领域科学家合作网络的模体与反模体形式具有共性特征,网络的子图相对浓度则因不同领域科学家之间合作强度及网络发展程度差异而具有不同的分布特征。此外,科学家合作网络具有相似的自下而上构建机制。研究提供了基于模体的科学家合作网络结构辨识方法。     

Freelancers and the absorption of external knowledge: practical implications and theoretical contributions

The term absorptive capacity (AC) describes the process of utilising external knowledge. Although firms are becoming increasingly reliant on highly skilled freelancers as a source of external knowledge, the literature on AC has not incorporated this collaboration for freelancers. In this paper, we address this research deficit in two ways: First, we argue that the ability to collaborate effectively and efficiently with freelancers plays a crucial role in the process of absorbing external knowledge. Second, we argue that the example of freelancers challenges researchers to rethink the conceptualisation of organisational boundaries within the concept of AC. Our paper is based upon previous theoretical insights and exploratory empirical data from a research project on German IT freelancers. For the practice of knowledge management, our paper elaborates upon how organisations can enhance their AC by investing in practices and routines that contribute to successful collaboration with freelancers.     

电子商务环境下基于退货策略的大规模定制及协调分析

鉴于众多学者从产品模块化和生产策略两个单独角度研究了对实施大规模定制化的影响。本文针对电子商务背景下,将退货策略引入到大规模定制化供应链系统中,根据上游的模块化生产企业（大规模生产）和下游的组装企业（定制化生产）生产的差异,建立了集中式和分散式决策模型,分别讨论了在电子商务环境下模块化生产企业和定制化组装企业的最优退货率和最优模块化程度,以及对提前期和销售价格的影响。研究表明：在电子商务环境下,大规模定制化的最优退货策略不仅于依赖于模块化程度,还与市场需求量和供应链的决策方式有关。此外,在电子商务环境下分散式决策存在“双边效应”问题,于是通过纳什讨价还价契约实现了供应链的完美协调。最后通过数值分析进一步验证了相应的结论,并给出了一些建议和启示。