非相关多元化与企业创新投入关系研究——-基于中国企业的实证分析

国内外一些研究认为多元化战略特别是非相关多元化战略的实施会损害企业的价值和核心竞争力。但是在技术迅速变化的年代,传统的以资源为基础的核心竞争优势理论受到了挑战。固守企业的核心竞争力也会给企业带来组织惰性。非相关多元化意味着企业将拓展新的产品领域并投资新的技术。非相关多元化有利于企业发展一种动态能力从而适应不断变化的外部环境。 本文通过文献梳理探索了企业非相关多元化战略影响企业创新投入的内在机理。非相关多元化战略的实施扩大了企业的规模从而改变了企业创新的力度;非相关多元化战略实施企业建立的多事业部组织机构中部门经理面临的短期财务业绩考核约束了企业创新投入的力度;企业实施非相关多元化战略使用企业内部资本市场替代外部不发达资本市场增加了研发项目获得资金支持的机会;实施非相关多元化战略的企业在高度不确定环境下通过投入不同于原有产品技术的创新增强了自身适应动态变化环境的能力。 本文利用世界银行对中国12400个企业的调查数据实证研究发现总体上中国企业的非相关多元化显著促进了企业研发投入的增加。根据中国企业非相关多元化程度分类回归发现,超过90%的企业的非相关多元化程度低于5%,在0到5%区间范围内,非相关多元化与企业的创新投入显著正相关。这意味着对于绝大多数中国企业而言,由于大举进入一个完全陌生的新产品会遭遇较高的风险,这些企业只是尝试进入一个新的产业。由于新的产业与原来的产业所需要技术完全不同,新旧技术之间不存在协同效应,因此进入新领域的初期这些企业加大了研发投入。非相关多元化程度超过5%之后,非相关多元化与企业创新投入力度的相关系数为负,但是并不显著。研究还发现企业历史、企业高学历员工比例及其代表的企业所处行业的技术机会等因素都显著促进了企业创新投入,总经理短期激励则显著减少了企业创新投入。 本文还根据中国企业的制度背景进行了分类分析。无论对于国有企业还是非国有企业,非相关多元化都促进了企业的创新投入。非国有企业非相关多元化战略对创新投入的促进效果略高于国有企业。国有企业相比非国有企业更偏好非相关多元化经营和研发创新。国有企业总经理短期经济激励对企业创新投入的负面影响力度要超过非国有企业。非国有企业的历史促进了创新投入。国有企业负债率、企业经营利润率以及获利的不确定性与研发力度呈现正的联系。无论是国有企业还是非国有企业,企业所在产业的外部技术机会对企业的研发投入起到促进作用。     

Sectoral patterns of small firm innovation, networking and proximity

Drawing upon a sample of 597 small and medium-sized manufacturing firms, this article investigates the extent to which cooperation for innovation is associated with firm-level product and process ‘innovativeness’ and, where collaborative relationships are reported, the factors which influence their spatial distribution. With respect to the former issue, the data suggests considerable variety of association across Pavitt’s [Research Policy 13 (1994) 343] sectoral taxonomy and innovation type. However, the data also indicates the need for caution when developing network strategies or policies: the evidence presented here is unequivocal in noting that innovation is neither a necessary nor less a sufficient condition for innovation. Moreover, internal resources often act as complements to, or indeed appears to negate the need for, external resources. With regards to the spatial distribution of firm linkages, it appears that increasing firms size and export propensity are positively associated with external linkages at a higher spatial level. Moreover, the spatial reach of innovation-related linkages is also likely to be greater for firms reporting the introduction of relatively novel innovations (i.e. products or processes which are new to the industry). In contrast, smaller firms and firms engaged in incremental product innovations appear more likely to be locally embedded.     

Characteristics of Brazilian innovative firms: An empirical analysis based on PINTEC—industrial research on technological innovation

The present paper reports on an effort to characterize Brazilian innovative firms. The characterization of the firms was based on the data from PINTEC-2000 (Industrial Research on Technological Innovation-2000). A non-parametric statistical procedure was employed which informed, in a decreasing order, that the four major predictors of innovation were exporting orientation, firm size, foreign capital origin, and inter-industry differences. The main determinants of whether firms introduced a new process in the market were foreign or mixed capital origin, sector effect, and export orientation. When the introduction of new products in the market was assessed, the major determinants were export orientation and foreign capital origin.     

市场驱动型学习对新产品绩效的影响——基于我国制造型出口企业的实证研究

考察了出口涉入程度和出口市场环境、出口企业市场驱动型组织学习以及新产品绩效之间的关系。基于对220家制造型出口企业的问卷调查,结果显示具有更高出口涉入程度、在竞争强度更大的出口市场上经营的企业倾向于更多从事市场驱动型学习活动;市场驱动型学习对出口市场上新产品绩效具有显著的正向影响;相比之下,顾客驱动型组织学习对新产品绩效的改善作用更为明显。研究为我国制造型出口企业基于市场导向的组织学习战略执行、改善产品创新绩效和出口绩效提出了管理上的启示意义。     

Pre- and post-launch emotions in new product development: Insights from twitter analytics of three products

The paper showcases the possible application of social media analytics in new product development (NPD). It compares users’ emotions before and after the launch of three new products in the market—a pizza, a car and a smart phone—for possible inputs for NPD. The user-generated content offers an alternative to conventional survey data and is cross-cultural in nature, relatively inexpensive and provides real-time information about user behaviour. A total of 302,632 tweets that mentioned the three new products before and after the launch were collected and analysed. Sentiment analysis of the tweets from two time periods was conducted and compared. The users’ responses to the pre- and post-launch of three products vary. The dissatisfaction with the new products represented by negative emotions aligns with the market performance. In the pre-launch period, trust and joy were more common for pizza, joy was more common for the car, and trust was more common for the phone. In the post-launch period, anger and disgust were more common for pizza, joy and trust were more common for the car, and joy was more common for only one aspect of the phone. Further analysis showed that for the car and the phone, firms need to focus on user attitudes towards product attributes, whereas for pizza, firms should concentrate on physiological changes, i.e., changes in product attributes, service and promotional sides. By using the proposed alternative approach, businesses can obtain real-time feedback about the expectations and experiences of the new products. The NPD process can be adjusted accordingly.     

国内市场竞争、全要素生产率与国际贸易

与其它经济体比较起来,中国制造业企业表现出更高的出口参与率。现有研究认为,贸易成本的下降是导致中国制造业企业呈现高出口倾向的主要原因。与这个视角不同,本文从国内市场竞争环境的变化出发,考察了国内市场竞争对中国制造业企业出口倾向的影响。在这个新的视角下,我们得到了以下结果：（1）国内市场的竞争程度与企业层面的出口倾向正相关,因而,激烈的国内市场竞争推动了企业出口;（2）在经济机制上,国内市场竞争推动了企业层面全要素生产率的增长,进而通过出口竞争力的提升推动了企业出口;（3）国内市场竞争不仅在扩展边际上推动了更多的企业出口,而且在集约边际上促进了企业出口强度的提高。这些结果表明,激烈的国内市场竞争增进了中国制造业企业在国外市场上的出口竞争力。因此,我们促进出口的政策应该更多地转向以培育竞争性市场为中心的微观经济政策。     

University spillovers and new firm location

This paper examines the impact of locational choice as a firm strategy to access knowledge spillovers from universities. Based on a large dataset of publicly listed, high-technology startup firms in Germany, we test the proposition that proximity to the university is shaped by different spillover mechanisms—research and human capital—and by different types of knowledge spillovers—natural sciences and social sciences. The results suggest that spillover mechanisms as well as spillover types are heterogeneous. In particular, the evidence suggests that new knowledge and technological-based firms have a high propensity to locate close to universities, presumably in order to access knowledge spillovers. However, the exact role that geographic proximity plays is shaped by the two factors examined in this paper—the particular knowledge context, and the specific type of spillover mechanism.     

Moving skills from hands to heads: does importing technology affect export performance in textiles?

This paper examines the link between imported technologies and a country’s export performance, as measured by product quality. The analysis is set in the background of the process of regional integration between the European Union (EU) and its neighbouring developing countries. The underlying question is whether trade integration fosters or dampens learning and technological upgrading. We find that unit values of exports from these countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe. If increases in unit values satisfactorily proxy increases in product quality, then trade integration has fostered product upgrading and technological learning in the sample countries. We find that imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have a strong bearing on this pattern. Technological inflows are captured by the degree of involvement of European companies in export flows from our sample countries (outward processing trade (OPT)) and by the skill content of the machines imported.Non-technical abstractTrade and greater economic integration affect the upgrading of technologies in less advanced areas. The open questions pertain to the direction of such change and to the channels through which technologies are transmitted. This paper explores the role of a few different channels for importing technologies and their impact on export performance. The study is set in the context of the process of economic integration between the EU and its neighbouring developing countries, in particular Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) and the Southern Mediterranean Countries (SMCs).New potential sources of technological inputs become available with declining trade barriers. Some of these technological inputs are deliberately purchased (new machines, foreign investments, skilled personnel) and others are acquired through spillovers, by trading with more technologically advanced partners, by gathering information in foreign markets, by learning from sophisticated imported goods.In the present paper export performance is defined in terms of the quality of exported products, on the presumption that higher quality products imply the use of more complex technologies and have a strong learning potential. We find that unit values of exports from the sample countries to the EU rose steadily between 1988 and 1996, relative to the unit values of world exports to Europe.We then investigate whether imported technologies and other sources of knowledge have some bearing on this pattern. Particular attention is devoted to the technologies embodied in the machines. We develop a measure of technological complexity of the machines imported related to the level of skills required to use them. We also jointly estimate the role of outward processing trade which indirectly captures foreign investments and other forms of involvement of European firms in our sample countries.These channels of technological imports appear to have a statistically discernible and positive role on product quality for all the countries analysed. Imported machines are the most important determinant of product upgrading in the SMCs, while foreign firms play a dominant role in the CEECs.This result is consistent with stylised facts. The pattern of trade liberalisation and specialisation was quite different for the two groups of countries. In the CEECs liberalisation was sudden and drastic. Trade patterns changed considerably, both in terms of products and market destination. Foreign companies are playing a crucial role in this pattern of transition. In the SMCs things have been smoother. Trade is being liberalised more gradually and many of these countries have a strong specialisation in textiles. Although based on imported technologies, upgrading and learning appears to be rooted in the local production structure rather than being channelled by foreign companies.     

Innovation by start-up firms: The role of the board of directors for knowledge spillovers

This paper investigates whether board directors interlocked with or employed by innovative firms affect start-up firms’ propensity to be innovators themselves. Drawing upon a sample of more than 50,000 Swedish start-up firms, we find that board connections to incumbent innovators have a causal impact on the new firms’ probability to apply for patents. The results are robust when controlling for industry, geography, firm age, as well as spillovers through worker and managerial mobility, external knowledge sourcing through patent disclosure, access to venture capital and board attributes.     

R&D投资与企业生产率——基于中国工业企业微观数据的PSM分析

将有研发和无研发企业分别作为处理组和控制组,利用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)考察了RD行为对企业生产率的影响,发现有研发企业的生产率水平比与之相匹配的无研发企业高出21.5%,说明RD活动能够显著提升全要素生产率。进而,以连续有研发投入的企业为样本检验了RD强度与生产率的关系,得到研发强度以0.488%为临界值与企业生产率呈正U型关系的结论,约99%的工业企业没有达到门槛值的现实说明,应进一步增加RD投入强度,改善研发投资效率,加大基础研究的比重,发挥RD投资的创新效应,以促进企业生产率的提升。     

Company related variables and their impact on the NPD outcome in the context of international markets in Finnish high-technology companies

While much research has been directed at the variables critical to successful R&D of new products on the one hand and high-technology products on the other, much less work has been directed at those factors crucial to the success of these products when the firm enters the international marketplace. This study surveys Finnish high-technology firms and variables related to the properties of the company and their association with successful versus unsuccessful attempts to enter the international marketplace. Relationship between firm characteristics – type of industry, size of the company, background of key personnel, export intensity and experience in product launches – and success/failure in the product launches is investigated. The generalizability of the findings is also discussed.     

中国出口企业技术创新异质性研究——来自上市公司的经验证据

技术创新是出口企业提高国际竞争力的重要战略,而技术创新的关键在于对其特性和形成原因的科学把握。本文在对企业技术创新的理论分析的基础上,运用多元统计和面板数据模型,以非出口企业、FDI企业为对照组,实证研究了中国上市出口企业技术创新异质性与影响因素。研究发现中国出口企业技术创新具有明显的异质性;研发资本投入、研发人力投入、企业冗余资源、技术装备程度、国有股权比例、股权集中度和企业规模对出口企业技术创新产出的作用具有类型异质性和大小差异性。研究结果可为中国出口企业技术创新决策提供参考。     

出口退税调整对中国稀土企业进入退出行为的影响

本文以稀土产业为例,研究了出口退税调整如何影响稀土企业的进入退出行为,考察出口退税政策变动是否达到政府设定的产业政策目标,即优化稀土行业的资源配置。结果表明：①出口退税的下调,从整体上抑制了稀土企业进入,迫使低效率、低附加值的稀土企业退出市场,有利于稀土行业的资源配置效率提高;②出口退税抑制企业进入效应和迫使企业退出效应更多体现在出口企业、非加工贸易企业和私营企业中;③相对于稀土深加工产品,稀土初级产品受到出口退税的作用更大,其进入退出行为也更为明显。本文的主要政策蕴含在于：出口退税政策对不同企业的影响具有很大异质性,出口退税政策仍有较大的改革和调整空间,应该继续深化出口退税政策改革,改善稀土行业的资源配置效率,进而改善稀土产品的出口结构。     

Developing capabilities in new ventures: a knowledge management approach

On the basis of a knowledge management perspective, this paper expands the literature on new ventures’ capabilities by considering how these firms fill knowledge gaps and develop the technological, marketing, management, and ICT capabilities they need to compete. In particular, this paper investigates the role of networks in these dynamics. Although new technology-based firms have great potential to introduce innovative products into the market, they might suffer from more critical knowledge gaps and capability weaknesses than established firms. The results of a quantitative investigation of an original data set of more than 400 Italian new ventures specializing in high-tech industries show that these firms acquire knowledge to support their capability growth mainly through the management of intense relations with multiple external sources of knowledge. In addition, capability development is supported by the variety of founders’ industry experience and the presence of young graduates among the founding team.     

新生代社会责任观：消费行为的代际差异研究

本文从消费行为的视角探讨以80后、90后为代表的新生代群体对企业社会责任实践的反应,具体进行了两个实验：实验1检验了企业社会责任实践是否促进新生代群体对公司产品的支持行为,实验2比较了新生代和非新生代群体对企业社会责任活动反应的差异,并从组织认同视角给予解释。实验结果显示,新生代群体对社会责任公司的产品（相比较普通公司的产品）表现出更多的支持。更重要的是,不同代际群体对社会责任公司的产品支持存在差异,新生代群体对社会责任公司的产品支持要显著高于非新生代群体。这一研究结果意味着,新生代群体并非社会责任缺失的一代,对于实施社会责任战略的公司有更高的市场价值。     

Searching high and low: what types of firms use universities as a source of innovation?

This paper examines the factors that influence why firms draw from universities in their innovative activities. The link between the universities and industrial innovation, and the role of different search strategies in influencing the propensity of firms to use universities is explored. The results suggest that firms who adopt “open” search strategies and invest in R&D are more likely than other firms to draw from universities, indicating that managerial choice matters in shaping the propensity of firms to draw from universities.     

What factors determine the mode of overseas R&D by multinationals? Empirical evidence

The large expansion of MNC's overseas R&D is noteworthy. This paper investigates the factors affecting the expansion of support-oriented R&D and knowledge sourcing R&D by using qualitative data which indicate the modes of R&D conducted at a plant site and a laboratory. The empirical results suggest that (1) the export propensity of affiliate firms, relative abundance of human resources for R&D, and accumulated technological knowledge have a positive effect on both the modes of R&D at a plant site and a laboratory, and (2) the stronger enforcement of intellectual property positively affects the expansion of knowledge sourcing R&D. These results show that not only firm-specific but also country-specific factors positively affect the overseas expansion of R&D.     

Another pathway to complementarity: How users and intermediaries identify and create new combinations in innovation ecosystems

The value that users might derive from products and services increasingly depends on their complementarity with other products and services. Whereas prior work has emphasized how firms and complementors design for complementarity, we shift attention to how complementarity arises in use. This study is situated in the smart home market where digital products offer an unbridled range of conceivable combinations, and users may combine products in their system of use that are not initially designed for complementarity. Through a multi-method multiple case study, we distinguish a user pathway besides a producer pathway to establishing complementarity. Complementarity presupposes both the identification of complementary combinations as well as creating technical compatibility between products. In the producer pathway, firms focus mostly on creating technical compatibility while in the user pathway, users identify complementary combinations that go beyond those foreseen by firms. Intermediary toolkits can assist users in creating combinations, and we find that, ultimately, the user pathway also facilitates the producer pathway. Our findings offer insights into the important role of users and intermediaries in innovation ecosystems and extend the scope of user innovation.     

企业异质性、研发投入与经营绩效

本文根据世界银行2012年对中国25个城市1529家企业的经营环境调查数据,克服前期研究普遍存在的样本选择偏误问题,采用倾向得分匹配估计方法从微观层面分析了中国不同性质企业的研发收益率。结果表明：研发投入会显著提升企业的收益率,但受企业异质性影响,具体表现为大规模、低竞争、有出口的企业的研发收益率要高于小规模、高竞争、无出口企业。通过进一步对研发收益率提升的微观机制进行考察发现,新设备引进和质量控制可以显著提升企业收益水平,管理方式创新、员工培训、引进新产品和新特性以及生产灵活性改进对企业收益率的影响因企业性质而已,成本控制对公司的收益影响不明显。     

不连续创新与创业绩效实证文献的元研究

 采用以元研究为主的方法对不确定环境下不连续创新和创业企业绩效相关的研究现状进行了文献综述。根据收集的35份实证研究样本的统计数据识别了环境因素、创新战略、企业能力等影响创新或创业绩效的关键因素,表明现有研究中创业绩效的环境因素应考察组织与资源不确定性,并加强对不连续创新的结构与测度的研究,对创业绩效应增加客观性变量以提高测量准确性。辨明了下一步研究的关键问题及其研究脉络,提出了在不确定性条件下科技创业企业面向不连续创新的成长路径与机理研究框架。