浅议高中数学“问题探究”教学的设置方式

"提出问题,猜想和假设,引导讨论,分析与论证,交流与合作"构成了当今中学数学课堂教学的重要环节.课堂教学过程应根据不同课的类型、不同的教学内容、不同的教学环节而灵活设置.本文通过不同课例的分析,从情境性、过程性、方法性、变式性、引申性等方面对"问题探究"教学提出了一些粗浅的认识.     

凸性与广义凸性综述(1)

对庞大的凸性家族给予轮廓性描述,以期引起同仁对各种非常规凸性研究的关注.本文第一节简述通常凸性概念及其在不等式理论方面的几个简单应用,第二节简介几何凸性、对数凸性、指数凸性及其与通常凸性之间的相互关系;第三节介绍集合与函数的理想凸性;第四节简介由笔者首创的积分凸性及其进展.     

关于极限的保号性与保不等式性的注记

首先阐明了数列极限的保号性与保不等式性的等价性,然后进一步探讨了数列极限的保号性、保不等式性与函数极限的局部保号性、局部保不等式性之间的关系.这些结果是现有高等数学或数学分析教材的有益补充.     

过程性评价与终结性评价相结合的探索

在政治课教学中要把过程性评价与终结性评价结合起来,既注重考查学生学习的过程,又看学生学习的结果.对学生学习过程的评价,要综观学生预习、课堂学习、课后复习、练习、课外运用及考试等整个过程.终结性评价主要是学期末的评价.把过程性评价与终结性评价结合起来,才能形成一个关于学生的相对完整、全面的评价.     

函数性态在不等式证明中的应用

不等式的证明具有很强的技巧性,方法灵活多变,是对知识的综合性运用.目前有多种形式的方法可用来证明不等式,其中运用函数的性态证明不等式显得尤为重要.本文从函数的单调性、极值性、有界性、凸性、微分中值定理及导函数等方面来讨论了函数性态在不等式证明中的应用问题,找出了一些证明不等式的新的方法和规律.     

刍议音乐审美活动中的非语义性特征

非语义性是音乐审美活动的特征之一;音乐的非语义性特征在审美实践中表现为抒情、意会、传神,且更具艺术纯粹性;探讨与研究如何理解音乐的非语义性特征有着积极而重要的意义.     

关于收缩性逆极限的注记

在假设逆极限空间X=lim←{Xα,παβ,Λ}是λ-仿紧、投射πα为伪开映射的条件下,正规性、收缩性及次收缩性均可为其极限空间保持.为此,对逆极限保持定理的证明作了适当简化,为其他拓扑性质逆极限的简化证明提供了参考.     

浅析句法象似性

语言符号既有任意性,也有象似性.象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题,是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系.象似性存在于语言的各个方面,语言象似性特别是句法象似性是客观存在的.     

生成性教育理念与实践策略

传统课堂教学由于过于追求确定性、预设性,而变成一种线性的僵化的流程.学生学习主体性的发挥受到限制,教师的创造性空间也被封闭,其原因是教学观受现成性思维方式支配.应将现成性思维方式转变为生成性思维方式.生成性教学改变了传统课堂过于追求计划性、确定性的现状.注重过程的复杂性,关注师生互动,重视利用互动中生成的新的资源,为师生自主性、创造性的发挥提供了新的空间.其实践策略为:充分预设,有效互动,教育机智.     

变革高职英语教学的评价方式——终结性评价与形成性评价结合的可行性分析

教学评估是高职英语教学的重要组成部分.教学评估不仅包括终结性评价,也包括形成性评价.客观、全面、准确、科学的评价体系是实现课程目标的重要保证.作者分析了终结性评价的欠缺及新形势下将两种评价方式有机结合的可行性,以期对学生学习效果评价的客观公正.     

Changing Spatial and Synchronous Structures in the History and Culture of Learning

This paper argues that the conceptions of ‘space’ (and increasingly ‘time’) in the discussion of ‘the university’ (in its most transcendent sense) have gone through four distinct phases in the UK. Using a Heideggerian conception of ‘space’ where usefulness is more important than proximity, the ‘ancient’ universities were ‘useful’ to the gentry and thus were ‘closer’ to them than to the excluded ‘local’ poor in the institutions’ vicinities. The ‘civic’ universities on the other hand stressed ‘localism’ as part of their mandate – to educate the people of their locality (but only those of the new industrial middle class). The ‘Robbins’ universities were a partial return to the ‘ancient’ notion of learning as a ‘lived’ activity, providing scenic landscapes on green-belt campuses where students could ‘retreat’ from the ‘real world’ for the duration of their studies. The ‘spatial’ quality of these places was thus part of a conception of higher education as ‘lifestyle choice’ where young people moved away from their locality to study. As such ‘proximity’ was an issue only insofar as the greater the distance from one’s point of origin the better for successful immersion in the growing student ‘culture’. The ‘new/post-1992’ universities partially retained their polytechnic mandate to educate local people, but embraced a colonialist impulse regarding local space usage. ‘ ‘The discussion can be further refined to argue that these four stages are merely two phases which have repeated themselves: from ancient ‘exclusivity’ to civic ‘localism’ and back to Robbins era ‘exclusivity’ and thence to post-1992 ‘localism’ once more’. The opening up of higher education via the Internet in the late 20th and early 21st centuries provides for the possibility of the growth of entirely non-spatial and asynchronous learning experiences, and as such we may well be on the verge of the fifth stage of university development.     

Two-parameter characterization of low cycle, hysteretic fatigue data

The aim of this research is to characterize the development of fatigue damage by means of stress-strain hysteresis. Experiments were conducted on 14 specimens made of cold-finished unannealed AISI 1018 steel. Results demonstrate that the mechanical hysteresis loop areas, when plotted as a function of the number of loading cycles, show significant variations and demonstrate the three principal stages concerning the progress of the fatigue failure--initial accommodation, accretion of damage and terminal failure. These three stages of fatigue are marked by the transitions at cycles N2 and N3. Experimental results show that although fatigue life Nf ranges from 2644 cycles to 108 992 cycles, the ratios of N2/Nf and N3/Nf tend to be stable： N2/Nf=I 0.7%, N3/Nf=91.3%.     

Precise asymptotics in the law of the logarithm for random fields in Hilbert space

Consider the positive d-dimensional lattice d (d≥2) with partial ordering ≤, let {XK; K ∈ d } be i.i.d. random vari- ables taking values in a real separable Hilbert space (H, ||·||) with mean zero and covariance operator ∑, and set partial sums SN =∑K≤NXK, K , N ∈ d . Under some moment conditions, we obtain the precise asymptotics of a kind of weighted infinite series for partial sums SN as ε 0 by using the truncation and approximation methods. The results are related to the convergence rates of the law of the logarithm in Hilbert space, and they also extend the results of (Gut and Spǎtaru, 2003).     

Education and European integration

The main purpose of this article is to discuss the implications for education and training of the movement towards integration in Europe in the historic context of the creation of a single market within the European Community (EC) and the end of the Communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe. The experience of the EC is used to illustrate trends and problems in the development of international cooperation in education and training. Common concerns and priorities throughout the new Europe are then identified and discussed. These include the pursuit of quality in schooling, efforts to serve the interests of disadvantaged learners, and the treatment of European Studies in the curriculum, including the improvement of the teaching of foreign languages.

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Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel stellt die Auswirkungen auf Bildung und Weiterbildung von Bemühungen um die Schaffung eines Gesamteuropas im historischen Kontext eines gesamteuropäischen Marktes und des Endes der kommunistischen Regimes in Ost- und Mitteleuropa dar. Die Erfahrungen der europäischen Gemeinschaft dienen zur Illustration von Trends und Problemen in der Entwicklung internationaler Kooperation in Bildung und Ausbildung. Im weiteren werden gemeinsame Interessen und Prioritäten im neuen Europa identifiziert und diskutiert. Dazu gehöen die Verbesserung der Qualität im Schulwesen, Bemühungen, Belange benachteiligter Schüler zu erfüllen, sowie die Aufnahme europäischer Studien in das Curriculum unter Berücksichtigung einer Verbesserung des Fremdsprachenunterrichts.

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Résumé L'intention de cet article est d'analyser les conséquences pour l'éducation et la formation du mouvement vers l'intégration européenne dans le contexte historique de la création du marché unique dans la Communauté européenne (CE) et de la chute des régimes communistes en Europe orientale. Les expériences de la CE permettent d'illustrer les tendances et les problèmes liés au développement de la coopération internationale en matière de l'éducation et de la formation. L'article identifie et examine ensuite les préoccupations et les priorités communes retrouvées partout dans la nouvelle Europe, parmi lesquelles la recherche de la qualité dans l'enseignement, les initiatives prises à l'intention des élèves défavorisés, la place réservée aux études européennes dans le curriculum, et notamment l'amélioration de l'enseignement des langues étrangères.

     

Constitutional problems concerning admission to institutions of higher education—questions relevant to a German-American comparison

The growing relevance of constitutional law for problems of access to higher education became particularly clear through the Numerus-Clausus decisions of the German Federal Constitutional Court (restricted admission due to lack of capacity) and litigation before the US-Supreme Court (preferential treatment for applicants from minority groups). The constitutions of both countries—the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany of May 23, 1949 and the Constitution of the United States of September 17, 1789, as amended—are based upon the same essential decisions regarding the fundamental characteristics and objectives of the State. The Federal Republic and the USA are democratic federations of states, committed to the pursuit of the common good, and defined in their form of government by the principle of the rule of law (secured above all by a catalog of basic human rights) as expressed through the doctrine of separation of powers. This article gives an overview of the university (especially its admission system) in both countries and analyses how the constitutions are applied to key problems of access to higher education. It leads to starting points for promising investigations into comparative (constitutional) law.

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Zusammenfassung Der immer grössere Zusammenhang zwischen den Staatsverfassungen und den Zulassungsproblemen zeigte sich sehr deutlich im numerus clausus — Entscheidung des bundesdeutschen Verfassungsgerichtes (beschränkte Zulassung wegen Mangel an Studienplätzen) — und im Rechtsstreit des Obersten Gerichtshofes der Vereinigten Staaten (Vorzugsbehandlung für Bewerber von Minderheitsgruppen). Die Verfassungen beider Länder — das Grundgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland vom 23. Mai 1949 und die Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten vom 17. September 1798 in ihrer heute gültigen Abänderung — beruhen hinsichtlich der Grundzüge und Ziele des Staates auf den gleichen Entscheidungen. Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und die USA sind beide demokratische Föderativstaaten, die den sozialen Wohlstand verwirklichen wollen und deren Regierungsform vom Grundsatz des Rechtsstaates bestimmt ist. Dieser findet seinen Ausdruck in der Doktrin der Machtteilung und ist vor allem durch eine Reihe von Menschengrundrechten gesichert. Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über die Universitäts- und vor allem die Zulassungssysteme beider Länder und analysiert, wie die Verfassungen angewandt werden, um die Probleme der Zulassung zur Hochschulbildung zu lösen. Er bietet Ausgangspunkte für vielversprechende vergleichende (konstitutionelle) Rechtsstudien.

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Résumé Le rapport croissant des constitutions avec les problèmes d'accès à l'enseignement supérieur devint très évident à travers le numerus-clausus — décision du tribunal constitutionnel de la République Fédérale d'Allemagne (admission restreinte dûe au manque de places d'études) — et le litige de la Cour Suprême des Etats-Unis (traitement préférentiel accordé aux candidats de groupes minoritaires). Les constitutions des deux pays — la loi fondamentale de la République Fédérale d'Allemagne du 23 mai 1949 et la constitution des Etats-Unis du 17 septembre 1789, telle qu'elle a été amendée — reposent sur les mêmes décisions essentielles concernant les caractéristiques et objectifs essentiels de l'Etat. La République Fédérale d'Allemagne et les Etats-Unis sont des fédérations démocratiques d'états, qui se sont engagées pour la réalisation du bien-être social et dont la forme de gouvernement est définie par le principe de l'autorité de la loi, tel qu'il est exprimé par la doctrine de la séparation des pouvoirs et assuré avant tout par une série de droits fondamentaux de l'homme. Cet article donne une vue d'ensemble des sytèmes universitaires (et surtout des systèmes d'admission à ces universités) des deux pays et analyse comment les constitutions sont appliquées pour résoudre les problèmes d'accès à l'enseignement supérieur. Il mène à des points de départ pour des études juridiques comparées prometteuses (du point de vue constitutionnel).

     

The tenth year of English: Review of a project concerning second language learning at university level

During a three-year period of co-operation between the English Department and the Institute of Educational Research at the University of Gothenburg, studies have been made with a view to clarifying a definition of the objectives of English language courses and improving methods of teaching and testing English language proficiency at university level. Considerable success was achieved in the construction of a test battery by means of which a reliable and comprehensive measure could be arrived at of students' written and oral proficiency. By the aid of these tests one could also define with a reasonable degree of accuracy the requirements for a normal course of study.Since the level of proficiency at entrance emerges as the principal determinant of the level exhibited a year later, the author argues that the specification of objectives (for language proficiency) should take account not only of the terminal level but also of the initial level.

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Résumé Au travers d'une coopération de trois ans entre le Département d'anglais et l'Institut de recherche sur l'éducation à l'Université de Gothenburg, ont été réalisées un certain nombre d'études dans le but de clarifier les objectifs des cours de langue anglaise, d'améliorer les méthodes d'enseignement et d'éprouver la compétence dans cette langue au niveau universitaire. On a réussi à mettre au point une série de tests, grâce auxquels on pourrait procéder à une mesure adéquate et sûre de la compétence écrite et orale des étudiants. A l'aide de ces tests on pourrait aussi déterminer avec assez de précision les besoins auxquels devrait répondre un cours normal.Puisque le niveau de compétence existant au départ parait constituer le déterminant principal du niveau atteint un an plus tard, l'auteur soutient que la spécification des objectifs (pour la compétence dans la langue) devrait prendre en compte non seulement le viveau final mais aussi le niveau initial.

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The autor wishes to thank Professor Alvar Ellegård, Dr. Sigvard Gårdmark, and Dr. David Wright for their most valuable comments.     

The problem of now: Bernard Stiegler and the student as consumer

Abstract

The student as consumer has emerged as a common motif and point of contestation in educational philosophy over the past two decades, as part of the critique of the neoliberal educational reform agenda that followed Lyotard’s (1984 Lyotard, F. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge. Manchester: MUP.[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]) mapping of the postmodern condition. In addition, the consumer-orientated student has assumed a problematic presence in secondary-school classrooms and higher education institutions, a fact that has led to the general lament for the dehumanisation of education under a market logic. Expanding upon these narratives of ‘loss’, Bernard Stiegler’s account of the student as consumer builds upon the Lyotardian view to reveal the neurological, generational and psychical implications of what he terms the ‘battle for intelligence’, which is a result of the proletarianisation of knowledge via the imposition of marketing technologies on the psyche of the youth. This leads not only to a consumer mind-set co-opting education, but a process of ‘short-circuiting’ disrupting the educative process itself. This article will consider Stiegler’s apocalyptic vision of youth malaise in comparison to the previous notion of students as consumers in the classical and Marxist narratives he revises. It will then outline the new challenges this poses to contemporary educators, as well as the possibility of translating his utopian call to action to pedagogical practice, both of which constitute the 'problem of now'.     

The contribution of epistemology to curriculum construction in the sciences

Summary The paper focuses upon curriculum planning in the scientific disciplines at university level, although it is claimed the argument may be of wider applicability. Drawing upon the writings of philosophers of education from several decades ago (notably Schwab and Scheffler) whose work is too often overlooked in contemporary debates about the curriculum, and using illustrative examples from the author’s own experience, it is argued that too often the focus of science curriculum planning is the “rhetoric of conclusions” or the “substantive structure” — the current state of knowledge at the forefront of the respective disciplines — to the neglect of what Schwab called the “syntactical structure” of the sciences (which roughly approximates their epistemology). This aspect of these disciplines is essential for the general student trying to become familiar with the nature of science as a broad field of knowledge, for prospective teachers, and — contra Scheffler’s view — for students who aim at careers as researchers.

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Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag der Epistemologie zur Curriuculumkonstruktion in den Naturwissenschaften Der Aufsatz fokussiert auf die Curriculumplanung für den naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht in der universit?ren Lehrerausbildung, wenngleich behauptet wird, dass dieses Argument weitreichendere Anwendbarkeit besitzt. Der Text knüpft an erziehungswissenschaftlichen Schriften (insbesondere von Schwab und Scheffler) an, deren Ver?ffentlichung zwar einige Dekaden zurückliegt, deren Beitrag in den aktuellen Debatten aber oft übersehen wird. Darüber hinaus werden einige illustrative Beispiele aus dem Erfahrungsschatz des Autors genutzt, um zu zeigen, dass der Fokus der Curriculumplanung für die Naturwissenschaften — dem augenblicklichen Wissensstand der zu berücksichtigenden Disziplinen zufolge — zu oft in einer „Rhetorik der Schlussfolgerung“ oder „substantivischen Struktur“ besteht, was dazu führt, dass das, was Schwab die „syntaktische Struktur“ der Naturwissenschaften nennt (und ihrer Epistemologie ziemlich nahe kommt), vernachl?ssigt wird. Dieser Aspekt jener Disziplinen ist besonders wichtig für Studierende, die allgemeinbildend vertraut werden m?chten mit den Naturwissenschaften, für angehende Lehrer und — entgegen Schefflers Ansicht — für Studenten, die eine Karriere als Forscher anstreben.

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“When walking in quicksand country, carry a stout pole — it will help you get out should you need to. As soon as you start to sink, lay the pole on the surface of the quicksand. Flop onto your back on top of the pole. Work the pole to a new position: under your hips and at right angles to your spine. Take the shortest route to firmer ground, moving slowly.” Piven/Borgenicht 1999, p. 18

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This paper was presented at the conference Silence Between the Disciplines, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, Berlin, October 2002.     

Table of Contents

• The Responsible Plagiarist—Understanding Students Who Misuse Sources
  • By Abigail Lipson and Sheila M. Reindl
  • Even students who are taking care not to plagiarize can misuse sources. The problem, argue the authors, isn't dishonesty or even carelessness, but students' understanding of what it means to participate in a community of scholars.
• Our Incoming Students—What Are They Like?
  • By Linda J. Sax
  • For thirty‐seven years the Cooperative Institutional Research Program has, among other things, conducted an annual survey of the students entering our colleges and universities. What do recent surveys tell us about the newest students?
• Studying How College Affects Students—A Personal History of the CIRP
  • By Alexander W. Astin
  • “Why in the world would anyone ever undertake such a project?” asks the author. He answers this and more in his autobiographical account of th origins and development of one of higher education's longest‐running research efforts.

• DEPARTMENTS
• Letters—How Many Latinos and Non‐Latino Whites Are There in the United States?
  • Gary Malaney clarifies; we respond.
• Word for Word—The Age of White Guilt and the Disappearance of the Black Individual
  • By Shelby Steele
  • In a recent article in Harper's magazine, the author of the book The Content of Our Character continues his examination of being black in today's world. Here is some of what he has to say.
• Campus Commons—Class Ring
  • By Scott C. Brown
  • All traditions had to get their start somewhere. But why this one? Why now?
• What They're Reading—Another Look at “Making the Most of College”
  • By Deborah J. Taub
  • For people who work with students, Richard J. Light's book may not be full of surprises, but, says our reviewer, there are many other good reasons to read it.

     

Performance of the S[... formula ...]2 Statistic for the Multidimensional Graded Response Model

S−χ2 is a popular item fit index that is available in commercial software packages such as flexMIRT. However, no research has systematically examined the performance of S−χ2 for detecting item misfit within the context of the multidimensional graded response model (MGRM). The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of S−χ2 under two practical misfit scenarios: first, all items are misfitting due to model misspecification, and second, a small subset of items violate the underlying assumptions of the MGRM. Simulation studies showed that caution should be exercised when reporting item fit results of polytomous items using S−χ2 within the context of the MGRM, because of its inflated false positive rates (FPRs), especially with a small sample size and a long test. S−χ2 performed well when detecting overall model misfit as well as item misfit for a small subset of items when the ordinality assumption was violated. However, under a number of conditions of model misspecification or items violating the homogeneous discrimination assumption, even though true positive rates (TPRs) of S−χ2 were high when a small sample size was coupled with a long test, the inflated FPRs were generally directly related to increasing TPRs. There was also a suggestion that performance of S−χ2 was affected by the magnitude of misfit within an item. There was no evidence that FPRs for fitting items were exacerbated by the presence of a small percentage of misfitting items among them.