焦循曲论之“谬悠”说

焦循曲论充分肯定了戏剧创作中的虚构手法,并以＂谬悠＂称之。＂谬悠＂之说,形成于长期以来大量的艺术创作实践中,具有鲜明的民族特色和悠久的历史传统。焦循将＂谬悠＂说运用于历史剧点评,认为历史剧和史实之间存在相互印证的关系,剧作家的合理虚构甚至比史官记录更符合历史真实。此外,＂谬悠＂手法在塑造戏剧人物方面也发挥着至关重要的作用。＂谬悠＂之说对于戏剧艺术尤其是历史剧的创作构思、剧情结构和人物塑造具有重大意义。     

在真实与虚构之间--试探历史剧如何对待历史真实

本文试图探讨历史剧在对待历史真实与艺术虚构上如何把握的问题。在这个问题上，西方亚里士多德、莱辛、黑格尔等都提出过自己的观点；中国历史上是从二十世纪六十年代才始有集中的论争，特别是吴晗和李希凡两种较具有影响的观点。本文通过分析八十年代末的历史剧《曹操与杨修》并结合史料，提出历史剧四分法：学者型、大众型、讽喻借鉴型、文人型。     

关于历史和历史剧的思考

历史剧是戏说历史,不是以传播历史知识为首要功能,不应以杜撰“历史正剧”的名称相标格。历史既不能还原又不能复制,史学家和剧作家在认知与重构历史时,表达方式和追求目标是大相径庭的。剧作家对历史认知的正确与否、深度广度,既是作品成败的关键,也是接受社会检验的主要内容。历史剧创作一定要注意情节虚构的主要内容。历史剧创作一定要注意情节虚构的“合度”和细节处理的真实。     

《桃花扇》中历史真实与艺术虚构的关系

《桃花扇》的故事情节以史为据,但作者孔尚任并不是单纯记录历史,而是把历史真实与艺术虚构完美结合：当年真如戏,今日戏如真,以史鉴今,使这部剧作成为历史剧的典范,明清传奇的杰作。     

《蔡文姬》浅论

一、《蔡文姬》中历史真实与艺术真实的关系文学艺术是社会生活的形象反映。属于艺术范畴的历史剧,则是历史生活的形象反映和历史人物的艺术再现。它要求以真实的史实为基础,把历史上实有的人物和事件作为剧中的主要人物和主要情节;然后在史实的基础上和历史剧许可的范围内,进行有限度的夸张、想象和虚构,构成完整的情节,塑造生动的人物形象。《蔡文姬》也正是这样。郭老说:“我写《蔡文姬》,一部份是根据历史上的材料,一部份是我编造的。有些人物是虚构的,有些事情的过程也是想当然的。”①在《蔡文姬》的创作过程中,作者运     

历史剧和清宫戏断想

历史剧是人们对于历史所进行的情感性认识，表达了民族对于历史的多元观点。在古今中外学艺术的历史上，历史剧大都是虚构的；对于历史剧的真实性的要求，实际上是一种泛现实主义艺术观的专制的余脉。时下清宫戏的流行的重要原因，首先在于它们是对于历史的反思，其次是因为它们的通俗艺性质。历史剧不必要求历史的真实性，但是要求艺术的真实性。艺术真实性和戏噱风格分别是历史纪实剧和历史传奇成功的关键。     

《精忠旗笺证》序

一九六○年到一九六四年前后,戏剧界展开了一场关于历史剧的争论,争论的焦点,是历史剧创作中关于史实与虚构的关系问题。当时众说纷纭,现在也无须一一详述,但其中有一种意见,认为历史剧描写历史人物,应该与历史人物一模一样。即以写历史人物岳飞为例,认为对岳飞的封建忠君思想与岳飞的爱国主义思想应该并重,甚至认为岳飞的爱国主义思想是通过封建忠君思想(忠于宋高宗赵构)表现出来的,因为赵构是代表当时整个国家民族的。所以描写了岳飞的封建忠君思想(忠于投降派赵构)也     

论模型与虚构

科学家通过建立模型发现科学知识并认识世界.模型与世界之间存在着相似性、同构性与虚构性等多种关系,不同的关系表示了科学家们不同的研究侧重点与研究立场.从同构与同态理论为出发点,创造一个模型在很大程度上取决于它的构成内容,但具有相同结构并不是决定模型结构的唯一因素,而且也不是最重要的一个因素.所以模型有个显明的虚构特点,尤其是引入小说的创作过程与建立模型作为比较之后,自然就将模型的哲学认识从"同构论"推向"虚构论".追溯虚构论的发展历程,重点分析三个主要问题:小说为什么要进行虚构?模型是虚构的吗?科学模型为什么要进行虚构?这是厘清模型与世界之间是否具有虚构关系的重要路径之一.     

儿童真实/虚构实体恐惧的研究现状与展望

学龄前儿童已经能区分真实与虚构实体且对真实/虚构实体的恐惧很普遍,能较好地理解他人恐惧反应的原因.应对真实与虚构实体恐惧的策略有现实肯定和积极假装.在应对恐惧策略的认识上家长和儿童的观点不完全一致.由于儿童自身具有虚构倾向,缺乏思维转换,常进行想象的强化,导致易出现对真实/虚构实体的恐惧.未来的研究应区分不同程度的威胁情境下,儿童和父母应对恐惧的策略;考察重要他人是否在场时,儿童恐惧的表现;从亲子沟通的角度开展父母如何有效地帮助孩子克服恐惧情绪的研究.     

论灵感——古代文论纵论之四

中国古代文论对艺术灵感的探讨兴于六朝,这时期影响最大的是陆机和刘勰。具有发端意义的《文赋》生动地描述了灵感与文思的关系,《文心雕龙》则进一步将感物与灵感联系起来考察灵感的产生,并深刻地触及到灵感过程的创作心理机制的本质。唐以来文论继承并发展了六朝灵感论,主要观点有:灵感是创作的最佳状态,在灵感推动下进行创作,可达自然浑成之境;灵感可由外物触动与研读诗书激发;灵感稍纵即逝,故作者须时时“身在意中”,对灵感保持高度警觉,“兴来即录”;灵感的来去受制于创作主体的心境;灵机成异趣,不可苦吟亦不必拘于有无“寓意”;灵感来自偶然;灵感来自必然。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.