Ecological Validity in Understanding Sport Performance: Some Problems of Definition

One of the most significant aspects of current sport psychology research is the trend toward developing the relationship between theoretical concepts and practical applications. There have been many recent calls for the development of specific experimental paradigms closely linked to critical features of movement control and social interaction within specific frames of reference such as competitive sport (e.g., Lee & Young, 1985; Martens, 1979). The concept of ecological validity has been proposed as a crucial element of this current research thrust, and this paper attempts to identify and define some of the more important criteria underpinning ecologically valid research in sport psychology. Vision and sport performance is used as an exemplary area of investigation in which problematic and specific issues are examined. The basis of this critique has important implications for other areas of interest in the application of the behavioral sciences to sport. It is concluded that much greater debate must be stimulated concerning this important methodological principle, and a preliminary definition is provided for this purpose as well as to aid in the process of research evaluation in sport psychology.     

甘肃民族地区小城镇居民体育活动现状及发展模式研究

本研究采用文献、问卷调查等方法,较系统地分析了甘肃民族地区小城镇居民体育现状以及影响城镇居民体育发展的主要因素,提出了适合甘肃民族地区小城镇特色的"旅游型"、"企业型"、"园区型"、"家庭型"四种群众体育发展模式,为小城镇体育和谐发展提供理论依据.     

Convergence Challenges in Sport-Related Applied Disciplines: The Case of Sport Management

Responding to a series of articles in sport management literature calling for more diversity in terms of areas of interest or methods, this study warns against the danger of excessively fragmenting this field of research. The works of T. Kuhn (1962) and J. Pfeffer (1993) are taken as the basis of an argument connecting convergence with scientific strength. However, being aware of the large number of counterarguments directed at this line of reasoning, a new model of convergence, which focuses on clusters of research contributions with similar areas of interest, methods, and concepts, is proposed. The existence of these clusters is determined with the help of a bibliometric analysis of publications in three sport management journals. This analysis determines that there are justified reasons to be concerned about the level of convergence in the field, pointing to a reduced ability to create large clusters of contributions in similar areas of interest.     

Removing the Blinders: Toward an Intergrative Model of Organizational change in Sport and Physical Activity

Departments of physical educetion and sport organizations face turbulent environments today that make change neceesary. Accordingly, it is important to understand the nature of the change process. Given the notion that research in organzational science can benefit from adopting multiple frameworks (Van de Ven & Poole. 1995). a model is preseneted to incorporate in studies of radical organzational change. The integration of four theories—institutionalism, population ecology, srrategic choice. and resource dependence—provides the basis for the model. Implications for future research in sport end physical activity are advanced.     

贫困地区发展体育旅游产业的思考

在当今的旅游业中,体育旅游以其内容的丰富性、活动的欢乐性、效果的健身性尤为被人们喜爱,在我国的发达地区,体育旅游业的发展已取得相当的成功,而广大西部地区拥有丰富的旅游资源和体育旅游资源,有些省份未充分地把旅游业同体育旅游结合起来,没有实现资源的充分利用,从云南省的贫困地区昭通市来看,有着丰富的的体育旅游资源,但没有加以充分利用。应充分认识体育旅游的发展前景,利用现有资源,实现昭通旅游业的腾飞,为贫困地区经济发展做出贡献。     

Peak Moments in Sport: A Literature Review

Despite being inherently rewarding and a major stimulus for many athletes' continued involvement in sport, there is a dearth of research concerning peak moments in sport. Methodological and definitional problems are abundant, and confusion surrounds the categorization of such instances. This paper examines four models related to peak moments, with particular emphasis placed on the Privette and Bundrick model. Peak experience, peak performance, and flow, which form a central component in this model, are discussed in detail. Similar and distinctive characteristics of peak moments in sport are then discussed. Finally, personal factors influencing the ability to experience peak moments, as well as optimal conditions for facilitating such moments, are reviewed. Particular attention is devoted to how one can minimize interference with these experiences.     

黔南州体育事业“十二五”中期发展特征分析

文章通过设计相关的评价指标体系,对黔南州所辖县市区的竞技体育、群众体育、老年人体育、体育人才培养、体育产业、体育场馆建设、体育经费投入力度等方面进行了系统的调查研究,并提出了相关建议,旨在推动黔南州体育事业的快速发展.     

中央苏区体育精神文化研究

包括体育文艺和体育文学等在内的体育精神文化是中央苏区体育文化中的重要组成部分。它适应于苏区体育的群众性,因而具有强烈的大众性特征。苏区丰富的体育精神文化的出现,既有赖于中央苏区领导者和体育工作组织者们的高度重视,也得益于苏区广大群众的参与和创造,对推动苏区体育运动的发展发挥了巨大的能动作用。     

电子运动速度研究

用半经典物理学的方法讨论了电子运动的4种速度及4种速度对应的电子运动的4种不同的运动形态,并对电子运动4种形态的物理机制做了讨论,得到了4种运动对应不同的能态形态的结论;简单地讨论了能带理论在解决超导电性理论问题方面的缺陷。     

The Architectonics of Knowledge

This paper, and the study upon which it is based, focuses on the processes and dynamics that structure gender in organizations. More specifically, our purpose has been to understand and explain how organizational elites (males) work to recreate themselves in order to retain their power, and how women collude in this process. Our empirical data were drawn from in-depth interviews with over 70 women and men who hold professional and key volunteer positions in one of five Canadian national sport organizations. Our specific focus here, however, is a critical assessment of the plausible explanations for these observations. We draw upon the theoretical and empirical literature in four areas: voluntary participation and associations, organizational culture, critical organization theory, and most important, feminist perspectives on organization theory. This is an exploratory paper that attempts to explain the relations between women and men in a specific organizational context and how these relations can be changed so as to bring about a more equitable gender balance.     

“十一五”中文核心体育期刊刊载的基金项目足球论文分析

采用文献资料、统计、逻辑分析等方法,对“十一五”中文体育核心期刊刊载的基金项目足球论文进行分析．主要结论：基金项目足球论文研究内容紧密联系当前我国足球运动实际发展问题但存在不均衡性,研究对象较为全面和系统,研究方法运用明显进步但存在缺失现象;基金项目足球论文级别较高、地域分布不平衡,体育总局是主要资助机构,体育院校和普通高等院校是其主稿源,《武汉体育学院学报》等是其重要期刊群．     

Instructional Strategies to Promote Incremental Beliefs in Youth Sport

Implicit beliefs about the nature of human abilities have significant motivational, behavioral, and affective consequences. The purpose of this article was to review the application of implicit beliefs to the youth sport context and to provide theoretically derived and evidence-based instructional strategies to promote adaptive implicit beliefs about human abilities within this context. A narrative overview of theory and a review of research pertaining to implicit beliefs in education, sport, and physical activity are undertaken. Theoretically derived and evidence-based instructional strategies are outlined, and specific coaching behaviors are suggested. Six instructional strategies to promote adaptive implicit beliefs in these contexts are suggested: focusing on effort and persistence, facilitating challenge, promoting the value of failure, defining success as effort, the promotion of learning, and providing high expectations. It is concluded that instructional strategies may be used to facilitate positive motivational, behavioral, and affective outcomes for young people within a sport context.     

Past Endeavors and Future Perspectives for Sport Management Research

While the bulk of research in sport management would primarily stem from masters' and doctoral studies, quality research by sport management scholars is now published regularly in some of the best journals the profession can offer. This research is original and exclusive to the field, however, its findings are not systematically organized. There is a need to put in order what we know and what we don't know about managing sport. This paper presents two inductive analyses of sport management research topics, one for doctoral dissertations and the other for published conference abstracts and journal articles. In an attempt to stimulate discussion about the need to map out completed research in this field and systematically organize findings, the paper also proposes a conceptual model of relevant relationships that can be explored in sport management research.     

An Investigation of Factors Relating to Retention of Student–Athletes Participating in NCAA Division II Athletics

Most studies investigating retention of college students have broadly looked at the entire student population. Few attempts have been made to determine if there are specific issues related to the retention of student–athletes. Factors involved in retaining student–athletes were examined by surveying two groups of participants currently enrolled or previously enrolled at a college participating at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II level. Student–athletes active in their sport and students no longer actively playing their sport were recruited. The survey consisted of 37 questions using a Likert Scale format as well as two open-ended questions. Eight areas related to retention were examined. Findings indicated that relationships with the head coach, satisfaction with the athletic department, team success, personal reasons, academic concerns, and player development were factors leading to retention or withdrawal from athletic participation. The findings of this study should aid college faculty, administrators, and coaches in their attempts to retain their student–athletes and also be helpful in recruiting practices related to this specific portion of the student body.     

An Emerging Role for the Physical Educator

The application of theories to understand concepts and issues in sport and physical education is viewed as a useful research strategy. Two theories addressing subjective phenomena relevant to sport experiences are presented. Concepts proposed in Martin Buber's I-Thou philosophy of relationship and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's flow model exploring the psychology of enjoyment are delineated and compared. Sportrelated research using these constructs is then presented. It is concluded that careful application of theories is a viable and valuable approach for studying complex, elusive phenomena in sport. Further, knowledge derived from such research facilitates understanding and awareness of subjective meaning in sport, and therefore opens individuals to the potential of relationship and flow.     

Living Anatomy

Recently, the study of sport and sport-related behavior has become of particular interest to scientists. As the field of physical education expands, various subdisciplines have emerged which generally employ conventional research methods. The purpose of the present paper is to suggest that in addition to the traditional experimental method, sport researchers can find valuable use for non-experimental methodologies. These techniques, which are currently underused in sport research, can facilitate the study of questions that are applied in nature. Several designs and alternatives are presented and reviewed, including time series designs, multiple baseline case designs, and field experiments. Specific examples from sport situations are provided to demonstrate the potential usefulness of these designs in the applied setting. Recommendations for integrating basic and applied research orientations are also discussed. This dualistic approach is viewed as an essential function for a maturing field of study.     

HIGH ABILITY IN SPORT: A CASE STUDY

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the concept of giftedness and sport. Generally the area of sport does not fit into the framework of contemporary models of intelligence. The neglect of the psychological aspects of exceptional development in physical abilities is due to the historical cultural separation between body and psyche. A case study is given of a gifted girl in track and field. The present approach links up with Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Described and discussed is the influence of the variables family, exceptional drive and dedication, coaching, and schooling. It is proposed that research should concentrate more on the development and guidance of specific (sport)talents.     

我国海洋体育研究的现状分析

对历年来发表在中文期刊上的有关海洋体育方面的科研现状进行了统计分析,指出了目前海洋体育研究中存在的问题,并对我国海洋体育科学研究在形成系统的海洋体育研究理论体系、揭示影响海洋体育发展的基本因素、探索海洋体育产业化发展道路、为海洋体育发展政策的制定提供理论基础等方面进行了展望。