Re‐engaging disaffected youth through physical activity programmes

It is a cherished belief within physical education and sport communities that participation in sport/physical activity has the potential to offer young people a range of physical, psychological and social benefits. More recently in the UK, this belief has become prominent in government policies that, among other things, are seeking to re‐engage disaffected young people in order to increase their life chances and minimise the impact of anti‐social behaviours upon others. Yet, the link between physical activity interventions and developing pro‐social behaviours is not straightforward, and there is a lack of credible research evidence to support many of the claims made for physical activity to or to inform decisions about effective intervention design. This paper reviews key literature, focusing particularly on disaffected young people and physical activity interventions in the school context, and identifies six key issues that, we would argue, warrant consideration when planning physical activity programmes to re‐engage disaffected young people. In particular, it is argued that the unprecedented levels of public and private funding available for physical activity related programmes in the UK, and the high expectations placed upon them to deliver specific measurable outcomes, mean that the need for credible monitoring and evaluation is pressing.     

Student discourse on physical activity and sport among Irish young people

This article explores accounts of student discourse related to the role of physical activity and sport in the lives of Irish children and youth. The data source is a purposeful sample of student narratives based upon age of student, type of school and gender, and sought representation from both rural and urban settings. Data were derived from an original, random sample of approximately 4,100 texts written by Irish young people (ages 10–12 and 14–17). Data suggest sport plays a pervasive role in the lives of Irish primary children as they enjoy and participate in a variety of sports and physical activities. Gendered and age-related patterns emerged in their preferences of activities and in the way in which they represented their sporting selves. These findings have implications for the value of student voice in the delivery and design of models of participation that expand opportunities for physical activity within schools and beyond.     

亚洲国家不同人群身体活动现状分析

为了了解亚洲国家人群身体活动的现状及特点;通过google学术、Springer Link全文数据库、中国学术期刊网,以"physical activity,Asian,adult,older,leisure time,adolescents"为关键词单独或组合进行检索相关的文献,并对文献进行整合和数据分析,对亚洲国家不同年龄阶段人群的身体活动状况进行分析,结果显示亚洲国家人群总体呈现身体活动不能达到WHO建议的保持健康的最低标准;在身体活动的不同组成部分中,工作和家务劳动是构成亚洲人身体活动的主要部分,而休闲时间的身体活动呈现明显不足;世界范围内随着年龄的增长身体活动呈下降趋势,而亚洲人群年龄在50~65岁之间老年人的身体活动明显高于这一年龄段的欧美国家的人群;而中青年人的身体活动明显低于世界同等水平.     

PERCEPTIONS OF ACTIVITY AND PARTICIPATION IN THE COLLEGE STUDENT ROLE BY OLDER PEOPLE

A group of senior auditors was compared with a sample of older people to determine if there was an association between perceived levels of activity and participation in higher education. Significant relationships were observed for perceived levels of physical and mental activity but not social activity. Senior auditors thought their levels of mental and physical activity were higher than their nonstudent counterparts.     

Examining the Impact of School Type on Physical Activity Participation in High School Students

Changing education philosophies and technological advancement have altered the way educational content can be delivered to students. One format growing in popularity is virtual institutions which allow students to complete their secondary education completely online. While the format has been in existence for two decades, little information has been presented regarding how the shift from a traditional brick and mortar environment to a virtual one impacts the physical activity of the students. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of school type on physical activity participation. One hundred fifteen high school age students attending brick and mortar and virtual institutions completed a survey regarding their physical activity participation. Results indicate students who attend virtual institutions are more likely to be physically active than their brick and mortar counterparts.     

A Developmental Comparison of the Out‐of‐school Recreation and Leisure Activity Participation of Boys and Girls With and Without Physical Disabilities

Similarities and differences were examined in the out‐of‐school recreation and leisure activity participation of 422 children with physical disabilities and 354 children without disabilities. The roles of age (six to eight years, nine to 11 years, and 12–14 years), gender, and disability status were examined with respect to the diversity, intensity, location, companionship, and enjoyment of participation in five types of activities, controlling for family income. The findings indicate that dimensions and types of activity participation are differentially influenced by age, gender, and disability. Age cohort comparisons indicated that children without disabilities experienced a widening social world characterised by more intense social participation, greater participation with non‐family members, and stable levels of enjoyment across the age groups. In contrast, children with disabilities in the various age groups were similar in their intensity of social participation and the nature of their companionship, with 12–14 year olds reporting less enjoyment of social activities than those aged six to eight years or nine to 11 years. The findings support the utility of a developmental and contextual perspective in understanding children’s patterns of participation. The information can be used by service providers and managers interested in creating centre‐based or community‐based recreational opportunities, and in providing information to parents about how to encourage children’s recreation and leisure participation.     

Physical Activity in Former Competitive Athletes: The Physical and Psychological Impact of Musculoskeletal Injury

Although competitive athletes exceed recommendations for physical activity while they are competing in sport, this does not necessarily translate into regular physical activity after retirement from sport. Research suggested the nature of competitive sport participation may not be conducive to lifelong physical activity. We propose one element of competitive sport participation that may impede physical activity post-retirement is injury. We propose that Vela and Denegar’s model of transient disablement in the physically active with musculoskeletal injuries (DPA) may be appropriate to examine the long-term consequences of sport-related injury—particularly with respect to physical activity disablement. Based on our review of literature, we propose the physical and psychological effects of injuries in sports present unique long-term barriers to physical activity in former competitive athletes. Future research could use the DPA as a foundation for assessing the long-term implications of sport-related injuries—particularly with respect to physical activity.     

中产阶层的社区参与:意识与渠道研究

中产阶层是那些在职业声望和收入都相对较高,有稳定职业和收入的人群,以往研究认为他们很少参与社区事务,其实他们通过业主委员会也在积极参与社区活动,而且他们在环保方面具有很强的参与意识和能力。因此,要为中产阶层参与社区活动创造物理沟通平台。同时加速居民利益社区化的进程,使中产阶层居民在利益关系的基础上产生参与社区事务的动力。     

Promotion of autonomy for participation in physical activity: a study based on the trans-contextual model of motivation

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of a school-based intervention to promote physical activity, utilising the postulates of the trans-contextual model of motivation. The study examined two separate classes of elementary school students (mean age 11.28?years), one of which served as the control group (n?=?26) and the other as the experimental group (n?=?21). The intervention in the experimental group consisted of showing videos related to physical activity participation, conducting discussions and doing tasks related to the content presented in the videos and conducting family discussions. Autonomy support from teachers, peers and parents; motivation in physical education and leisure time physical activity; the different variables of theory of planned behaviour; and physical activity, were measured before and after the intervention. Results showed an increase in teacher autonomy support, identified regulation in physical education, autonomy support from parents and peers, integrated and identified regulation in leisure time physical activity, control, subjective norm, intention and physical activity in the experimental group. Furthermore, this increase resulted in post-intervention differences across groups in such variables. Results are discussed in relation to the important role of families in the promotion of physical activity participation.     

影响我国残疾人群众性体育活动的因素调查分析

采用文献资料、问卷调查、数理统计等研究方法,对来自11个城市和地区适宜参加体育锻炼的946名残疾人进行了调查分析。结果表明:在被调查的残疾人中,半数以上的人不参加体育活动,符合体育人口标准的残疾人比例很小,远远低于全国体育人口占总人口的比例。文章讨论了制约残疾人群众性体育活动开展的主要因素并提出了对策和建议。     

Predicting SNAP Participation in Older Adults: Do Age Categorizations Matter?

Prior, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) research reveals limited age cohort analyses that may not accurately reflect nuanced age differences in SNAP participation. The purpose of this study was to add depth to older age analysis and SNAP participation via four models of age categorizations. This secondary data analysis used a sample of 10,116 older adults from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and physical factors, logistic regression tested four age categorization models: Third-Age and Fourth-Age groupings; young-old, middle-old, and oldest old groupings; generic decade cohorts; and continuous age. Hypotheses for each model predicted older age as negative to SNAP participation. Significant predictors of SNAP participation included female gender; non-White, non-Hispanic, and Hispanic ethnicities; lower household income; inadequate food budget; and difficulty in self-dressing. Odds ratios confirmed age as a negative factor to SNAP participation. Addition of age categorizations into each model yielded nominal effect size change. Yet, addition of age into the models changed the relationship between control variables and SNAP receipt: gender and Hispanic ethnicity. While age categorizations offered marginal effect predicting SNAP participation, difficulty dressing most strongly predicted increased participation across all models. This finding is relevant, as standard SNAP participation models for younger individuals rely heavily on socioeconomic indicators. Results suggest future research modeling SNAP participation in older individuals that emphasizes physical/medical issues.     

Exploring opportunities available and perceived barriers to physical activity engagement in children and young people with Down syndrome

Primary objective: The aim of this study was to explore physical activity (PA) amongst children and young people with Down syndrome (DS). Method and procedures: The youth physical activity promotion model (YPAP) was used to inform semi-structured interviews to explore PA of children and young people with DS. Participants were three males and five females, aged between 6 and 21?years (16.38?+?5.04?years (mean?+?SD)) who had been diagnosed with the condition DS. Dyadic interviews were conducted with the participant and their parent(s). The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and inductive and deductive analyses of the data were completed. Main outcomes and results: The results were structured around the YPAP Model’s key themes included: enabling factors (seasonal variation, transport, type of activity and independence); predisposing factors (enjoyment, social interaction, dislikes of PA, following instructions, and understanding of PA); reinforcing factors (support and opportunities, parents, and care providers); and barriers to PA engagement (ear problems). Conclusion: The children and young people with DS in the study typically only engaged in fun, unstructured activities. Key facilitators for PA participation were social interactions and parental support. Increasing the level of independence for people with DS within adolescence may have beneficial effects for PA participation in later life.     

湖北省老年群体健身服务体系构建的研究

本文采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法和数理统计法对湖北省老年群体的健身状况进行了调查和研究,探讨了构建湖北省老年人体育健身服务体系的对策和措施,旨在为缓解老龄化的压力、促进健康老龄化提供帮助,为多元化全民健身服务体系的构建提供思路.     

Barriers to dance training for young people with disabilities

Dance is a viable and enjoyable activity – and potential career – for young people with disabilities, yet they face several barriers to participation and training. The aim of this article, by Imogen J. Aujla of the University of Bedfordshire and Emma Redding of Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance, is to review the literature on barriers to dance training for young disabled people and to put forward practical recommendations for overcoming these challenges. The main barriers identified were aesthetic, attitudinal, training‐related and logistical in nature, with further barriers related to physical access and a lack of knowledge or available information about opportunities. One of the key recommendations for overcoming these barriers is to build an effective network between special and mainstream schools, dance studios, youth dance groups and professional integrated dance companies in order to encourage dance participation at a range of levels and support young disabled people throughout their dance journeys.     

HIGHER EDUCATION AND OLDER PEOPLE: SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS,PART II

In this paper disengagement, activity, lifespan, subcultural and continuity theories of social gerontology are described and criticized. Each perspective is then used to interpret participation in higher education by older students. An argument is made that continuity theory holds the most promise in accounting for older students. A suggestion is made that we need to reconsider the ways we think of older people and stress the positive roles of old age in and of themselves.     

Psychosocial Determinants of Parental Support Behaviours Enabling Sport Participation among Children with a Physical Impairment: A literature review and research agenda

Children with physical impairments have low rates of physical activity when compared to children without impairments. Given the benefits that result from sport, improving participation rates among children with physical impairments is essential. Parents have a critical role in supporting their child’s involvement in sport. The purpose of this article was to review research regarding psychosocial factors that determine parental support of sport participation for their child with a physical impairment, and present recommendations for future research. This will be done in two parts: first, a critical investigation of current literature using the Health Action Process Approach as a framework; and second, the presentation of a research agenda. By meeting our recommendations and developing knowledge on the determinants of parents’ decision to promote sport for their child with a physical impairment, researchers could fill gaps in the literature and may aid in improving sport participation for children with physical impairments.     

周口师范学院教师体育健身现状的调查研究

采用文献资料、问卷调查和数理统计等方法，对周口师范学院教师体育健身现状进行了调查研究.调查结果显示，周口师范学院教师的体育健身状况不容乐观；在体育健身动机、项目选择和活动形式上具有明显的年龄倾向；没时间是影响教师参与体育健身活动的主要因素.并针对上述现状提出了相应的对策.     

Fitness,fatness and healthism discourse: girls constructing ‘healthy’ identities in school

Drawing on longitudinal, qualitative research into girls’ participation in physical activity and sport in the UK, this article will explore girls’ embodied constructions of ‘healthy’ identities. My research with girls (aged 10–13) found that over the transition to secondary school, classed and gendered healthism discourses had come to powerfully frame girls’ sports participation by condoning the achievement of slender embodied femininities through physical activity. The findings suggest that while neoliberal indictments of self-care through physical activity can usefully frame girls’ individual ‘body projects’, these discourses also contribute to a hierarchisation of bodies within physical activity settings and to increasingly narrow standards of acceptable bodies able to take part in physical activity. Within the article, I consider how healthism discourses both regulate and are resisted by the girls as they work to construct physical identities within their school settings.     

Physical education for deaf students

An ideal physical education program would be one that focuses on aspects leading to lifelong participation in and enjoyment of physical activity accompanied by appropriate fitness levels. Often, physical education classes are the only physical activity that many children receive throughout the day, and without them, an even greater number of children, including those who are deaf, would be prone to aspects associated with sedentary lifestyles. Schools need to involve their students in daily physical education classes. The emphasis of such a program should be placed on promoting physical fitness and developing skills that lead to a lifelong enjoyment of physical activity and healthy lifestyles. This paper reviews the literature on the state of physical fitness among deaf students and describes an exemplary physical education program that was implemented at a school for deaf children.