The Role of Fitness Professionals in Public Health: A Review of the Literature

Kinesiology researchers have long had an interest in physical activity, fitness, and health issues and in the professional education and work practices of teachers and coaches. The professional development needs and practices of “fitness professionals,” however, have not been a major concern for researchers in the field. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the evidence on fitness professionals, their role in physical activity for health agendas, and the professional education and training that is available to support them. The analysis indicates that there is a mismatch between the expectations placed upon fitness professionals and the training and professional education that is available to them. It is argued that pedagogy researchers in kinesiology could usefully turn their attentions to this occupational group.     

The Preparation of Physical Educators: A Public Health Perspective

Sedentary living is a serious global public health problem that is associated with numerous preventable diseases. Schools are in a position to be the most costeffective public resource to combat inactivity. In schools physical educators are positioned to be the strongest advocates of a healthy, active lifestyle. To effectively promote physical activity on school campuses and to encourage it in communities beyond the school day, physical educators will need to develop skills that are not typically stressed in undergraduate physical education teacher education (PETE) programs. As a result, both undergraduate PETE and in-service staff-development programs will need to be revised if schools are to play a major role in physical activity promotion.     

At the Crossroads: How Physical Education Can Succeed in a Public Health Paradigm

Physical education (PE) can make meaningful contributions to public health by directly providing moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA) opportunities for school-aged youth. Quality PE aims to contribute indirectly to PA beyond the school day. Unfortunately, insufficient evidence exists regarding the impact of PE on lifelong PA. This has led PE to a crossroads. Moving straight through the crossroads adds comprehensive school physical activity program responsibilities to the PE teacher’s load. Turning left results in PE teachers being replaced by PA leaders. The right turn reaffirms that the aim of PE is to teach youth the skills, knowledge, and dispositions to become physically literate and active for life. The right turn is the most difficult because it requires systemically changing school PE that has remained stagnant for decades. Recommendations are presented that include embracing the comprehensive school physical activity program model, conducting research clearly defining the role of PE and directing the contributions of PE to broader public health aims.     

对大学新生高中阶段生活方式的调查与分析

为了解青少年的健康状况,2011年9月,对齐鲁师范学院部分新生高中阶段的生活方式进行了问卷调查。结果表明：高中生在日常生活学习中存在诸多生活方式问题,如饮食结构不合理,营养不均衡,生活作息不规律,缺乏运动等。应该采取相关措施帮助学生建立良好的生活方式,保证青少年和大学生的健康成长。     

Adherence to Physical Activity From Childhood to Adulthood: A Perspective From Tracking Studies

This paper considers the tracking of physical activity during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood in the context of issues relaled to adherence. Based upon two comprehensive literature reviewers and allowing ihr differences in measures of physical activity, the available data are generally consistent in showing moderate tracking of physical activity during childhood and adolescence and more variable but lower levels of tracking across longer intervals within adolescence and horn adolescence into young adulthood. Data relating childhood and adolescent activity to activity at older apes in adulthood are not extensive but suggest a relatively weak association. Factors that influence physical activity are many, and studies of tracking do not include these correlates or covariates. Adherence to a program of physical activity on a regular basis is viewed as important for the health of individuals and the population. Adherence research tends to focus on the adoption of physical activity, the maintenance of regular activity, and barriers to activity or an active lifestyle. This research is based almost exclusively on adults given the association between physical in activity, i.e., a sedentary lifestyle. on the risk of morbidity and mortality from several diseases, and the beneficial effects of a lifestyle of regular physical activity on the efficient function of various bodily systenls. weiaht maintenance, reduced risk of several degenerative diseases. reduced risk of mortality, and overall improvement of quality of life (Bouchard, Shephard & Stephens. 1994).     

Physical Activity and School Engagement in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Physical activity is associated with numerous health benefits in youth; however, these benefits could extend further than health, into education. Our aim was to systematically review and combine in meta-analyses evidence concerning the association between physical activity and the dimensions of school engagement, including behavior (e.g., time-on-task), emotions (e.g., lesson enjoyment), and cognition (e.g., self-regulated learning). We conducted meta-analyses using structural equation modeling on results from 38 studies. Overall, physical activity had a small, positive association with school engagement (d = .28, I² = .86), 95% confidence interval [.12, .46]. This association was moderated by study design, with significant associations shown in randomized controlled trials but not in studies employing other designs. Risk of bias was also a significant effect moderator, as studies with a low risk of bias showed significant associations but not high risk of bias studies. Altogether, these results suggest that physical activity could improve school engagement.     

高中体育教师理论教学难点之一——体育锻炼与身心健康

健康教育是普通高中《体育与健康》必修内容之一,是体育课程课改的主要创新部分。本文采用文献综述的方法,就体育锻炼与身心健康之间的关系进行探讨,主要涉及体育锻炼与心理调适、体育锻炼与健身、体育锻炼与智力、科学的体育锻炼等方面,为高中教师理解课程标准的内涵和实施健康教育教学提供思路。     

Students' Experiences in Sport-Based Physical Education: More Than] Apologies are Necessary

Those of us who have been participants in sport for much of our lives often find it a time-consuming and irrelevant task to defend the joys and rewards of physical activity to the uninformed or the uninitiated. Some physical education teachers are amazed at the energy they must spend motivating students to dress and participate in physical activity at the lowest intensity levels (Ennis, 1995). Even physiologists are modifying the “criteria” for health-enhancing exercise to make it more palatable for the majority of Americans who enjoy a sedentary lifestyle and are unconcerned with target heart rate zones. While many Americans watch sport, far fewer participate in sport as aphysical activity. Corlett, in his efforts to focus on the benefits of sport, glazes over the problems insidious in some sporting contexts. I will focus on problems plaguing sport-based, public school physical education that lead to discriminatory and abusive practices. I am most concerned with the policies used to perpetuate discriminatory sporting practices in schools, and believe disenfranchised individuals deserve an apology.     

Physical Education Curriculum Reform in Finland

The Finnish education system has received worldwide attention due to the top academic performance of Finnish school students. Physical education, as an integral part of the Finnish education curriculum, potentially contributes to the overall success. The purpose of this article is to summarize Finnish physical education reform during the past decades and to review and critique recent literature that has examined the effectiveness of Finnish physical education programs. This review concludes that physical education has a solid foundation in Finnish schools and that it enjoys strong support in Finnish society. Although physical education contact time has diminished across four decades, the current basic education reform has begun to allocate more time and funding for elementary and middle school physical education. The literature review, however, revealed limited evidence on the effectiveness of physical education programs. In the future, robust studies are needed to provide evidence of the effectiveness of physical education. It is likely that with rigorous research evidence, the current efforts to allocate more time for physical education should be more easily justified and supported.     

21世纪我国学校体育的目标取向

培养具有独立性人格的个人主体和“世界历史性个人”的类主体是21世纪我国学校体育所担负的历史使命,学校体育由只关心运动技术向关人的转变,表明了学校体育的发展趋势是逐渐向本质回归的,促进人的身心全面发展既是学校体育的本质,也是学校体育的终极目标,在现实和历史的维度上,学校体育目标应该是增强学生的体质和培养学生的独立人格。     

大学生体育与健康教育的文化困惑

在教学过程中看到大学生体育与健康教育经常不被学生所重视,笔者从传统文化入手来考察影响大学生体育与健康教育的文化障碍。笔者认为在高等院校的体育与健康课程教学过程中讲授传统儒文化的健身思想时,难以运用实证论的方法讲出令学生信服的内容,在介绍中国传统道家养生文化时又缺少具有说服力的理论支持。而传统意识和文化在很大程度上还控制着大学生的体育与健康行为。这种由现代文化和传统文化的碰撞而产生的尴尬必然影响学校体育与健康教育的效果。     

A comparison between children's physical activity levels at school and learning in an outdoor environment

Physical activity levels were measured with an accelerometer in a case study including 19 children, from nine to ten years of age, in a Danish primary school. The teachers conducted their teaching in a forest every Thursday from 2000 to 2003. The purpose of this study was to measure the students' activity levels during outdoor learning days in the forest and compare them with a traditional school day on the one hand, and a traditional school day including two physical education lessons, on the other. The mean activity levels were more than twice as high on the forest days measured on two occasions. Expressed in percentages, winter (2000) measurements were 106% (range 14–194%), and summer (2001) measurements were 113% (range 41–224%) higher compared to traditional school days. Furthermore, in 2002 the mean activity level measured on a day including two physical education lessons was equal to a day in an outdoor environment. In conclusion, this case study demonstrates a significantly higher level of physical activity when indoor and outdoor learning contexts are combined. From a physical health perspective outdoor learning is recommended in the folkeskole.     

竞技运动对学校体育的作用

“健康第一”是学校体育教育必须遵循的内容，健康教育理所当然是学校体育的重心和核心。但理论和实践告诉我们，除了健康教育外，合理开发竞技运动对丰富和活跃学校体育的内涵，保障学校体育的地位，帮助和促进学校体育目标的实现都有着积极意义。     

A comparison between children's physical activity levels at school and learning in an outdoor environment

Physical activity levels were measured with an accelerometer in a case study including 19 children, from nine to ten years of age, in a Danish primary school. The teachers conducted their teaching in a forest every Thursday from 2000 to 2003. The purpose of this study was to measure the students' activity levels during outdoor learning days in the forest and compare them with a traditional school day on the one hand, and a traditional school day including two physical education lessons, on the other. The mean activity levels were more than twice as high on the forest days measured on two occasions. Expressed in percentages, winter (2000) measurements were 106% (range 14-194%), and summer (2001) measurements were 113% (range 41-224%) higher compared to traditional school days. Furthermore, in 2002 the mean activity level measured on a day including two physical education lessons was equal to a day in an outdoor environment. In conclusion, this case study demonstrates a significantly higher level of physical activity when indoor and outdoor learning contexts are combined. From a physical health perspective outdoor learning is recommended in the folkeskole.     

Integrative Public Health-Aligned Physical Education and Implications for the Professional Preparation of Future Teachers and Teacher Educators/Researchers in the Field

ABSTRACT

This article has two purposes: (a) to consider existing platforms and future possibilities in the United States for what the authors refer to as Integrative Public Health-Aligned Physical Education (IPHPE), which integrates standards-based K–12 physical education with a public health agenda focusing on promoting increased physical activity and fitness, and (b) to consider the implications of IPHPE for the preparation of future physical education teachers and teacher educators/researchers. First, the historical context that has nurtured the development of ideologies that inform IPHPE is summarized. Second, examples of these ideologies in terms of their current and prospective contributions to IPHPE perspectives are discussed. Third, building from existing public health-aligned recommendations for pre-service physical education teacher education (PETE) programs, IPHPE-based professional preparation requirements for future physical education teachers are considered. Finally, the focus shifts to doctoral PETE (D-PETE) programming and professional preparation requirements for future physical education teacher educators/researchers from an IPHPE perspective. The overall intention of this article is to propose a way forward for physical education which bridges educational priorities of the profession to contemporary and relevant public health needs.     

美国青少年休闲性身体活动教育研究及其启示

美国大学生健康行为风险调查指出,随着信息化时代的飞速发展,网络成瘾、迷恋电视等不良的久坐行为正严重地威胁着青少年的身心健康。美国青少年参与休闲性身体活动的程度正急剧下降,这一问题已经引起美国社会和相关人员的高度重视。目前,美国依据"自我决定理论"和"跨理论模型"理论,深入开展了关于青少年休闲性身体活动影响因素的研究,并提出了旨在促进青少年休闲性身体活动的措施。我国因升学压力学生课业负担普遍过重,学生身心健康状况和运动状况更令人担忧。基于此,应对我国青少年健康教育开展有价值的研究。     

高中生应对方式的调查研究

由于高中生正处于生理和心理发展的关键时期,又面临着"高考"的重大压力,是心理冲突和行为问题的高发阶段,而有效的应对方式是预防心理疾病的关键。故为预防高中生的心理疾病,有必要就其应对方式展开研究。本文采用"特质应对方式问卷"对湖北省咸宁地区300名高中生进行了调查,以了解高中生应对方式的特征,为开展心理健康教育提供依据。     

Taking the Helm: Physical Educators Managing Change through Professional Learning Communities

ABSTRACT

Change in education is inevitable. Physical educators are being positioned to effectively manage change and control their own destiny. In order to manage and facilitate positive change, physical educators should clearly embrace and accept physical education as a public health tool, understand the educational change process in schools, and know how to manage change through the strategic utilization of Professional Learning Communities. Physical educators can shape the culture of schools by increasing physical activity levels for students in physical education while facilitating physical activity opportunities for students and faculty across the school day. Given that physical education is a subsystem of the larger school system, each physical educator must understand the nature of change in schools and how to successfully influence it. Professional Learning Communities provide a structure for physical educators to take the helm by influencing positive and systemic change, shaping culture, and advocating for increased physical activity in schools.     

跆拳道运动在小学体育教学中的应用价值

小学阶段是义务教育的起始阶段,体育教学作为学校教育的内容之一。在学生体质持续下降的今天被高度关注。跆拳道运动以其特有的文化内涵,可以为小学体育教学注入全新的活力,是实现小学生身体健康、人格健全、心智完善的极佳途径。     

大学公共体育课程俱乐部制教学改革与实践--以贵州某高校为例

大学公共体育俱乐部教学模式作为高校体育课程体系改革的重要举措,具有培养学生身体健康、心理健康、社会适应良好和道德健康等重要功能。因此实施这项改革与实践对该校公共体育课程俱乐部制教学改革与实践具有十分重要的现实意义和长远意义。