Laboratory psychomotor skill development using physical and mental practice strategies

Some conclusions This study has demonstrated the feasibility of improving the laboratory performance of freshman chemistry students through planned skill practice activities. However, no differences were found among the specific practice strategies which were employed. Mental practice of laboratory techniques represents the most efficient strategy in terms of the necessary laboratory resources. Although mental practice alone was not expected to be as effective as physical practice, this study’s findings proved to be an exception to the implications of earlier reported literature. However, if one accepts the argument that prior experience with the appropriate apparatus during the pretest experiment and/or high school courses was significant, then this study is consistent with the implications of the proposed model. Thus mental practice, to be fully effective, should be associated with prior experience of the task. Evaluation of such findings should relate to the degree of improvement which was found relative to the investment of student time and laboratory resources in the practice activities. A more detailed discussion of the study is provided elsewhere (Beasley, 1978).     

休闲运动与大学生的全面发展探析

休闲运动对在大学生陶冶情操、增强体质、增进心理健康、提高社会实践能力以及促进积极生活方式的形成等方面有积极作用,现从思想观念、课程设置、教学内容、教学组织形式上进行思考,进一步促进大学生的全面发展.     

Physical Education Curriculum Reform in Finland

The Finnish education system has received worldwide attention due to the top academic performance of Finnish school students. Physical education, as an integral part of the Finnish education curriculum, potentially contributes to the overall success. The purpose of this article is to summarize Finnish physical education reform during the past decades and to review and critique recent literature that has examined the effectiveness of Finnish physical education programs. This review concludes that physical education has a solid foundation in Finnish schools and that it enjoys strong support in Finnish society. Although physical education contact time has diminished across four decades, the current basic education reform has begun to allocate more time and funding for elementary and middle school physical education. The literature review, however, revealed limited evidence on the effectiveness of physical education programs. In the future, robust studies are needed to provide evidence of the effectiveness of physical education. It is likely that with rigorous research evidence, the current efforts to allocate more time for physical education should be more easily justified and supported.     

Promoting Reflective Practitioners in Nursing: a review of theoretical models and research into the use of diaries and journals to facilitate reflection

Abstract

A review of the literature showed that the most popular techniques used for promoting reflection in nursing seem to be diaries and journals. However, the amount of research which actually evaluates the effectiveness of such techniques is minimal. The research which has been done tends to rely on self reports rather than investigating either the outcome of reflection or the techniques by which reflective practice may be facilitated. The research methods used do not usually use designs or outcome measures which allow us to evaluate the effectiveness of such techniques. Where there has been an attempt to investigate the processes and outcomes of techniques to promote learning through reflection, the research itself seems to be rather inconclusive or offers very partial explanations as to why an approach was either successful or unsuccessful. It is also contended that the use of diaries and journals is unlikely to take students beyond the first stage of the reflective learning cycle and that more research is needed into how learning in the later stages of the cycle can be promoted.     

Traditional Asian Martial Arts Training: A Review

Martial arts have become increasingly popular in the West, where they are practiced for self-defense, mental discipline, harmony of body and mind, physical fitness, and sport. It is estimated that 2–10 million Americans actively train. The literature pertaining to traditional martial arts training indicates that black belts do not conform to the violent, aggressive stereotypes portrayed in popular martial arts movies. Moreover, martial arts principles, philosophy, and techniques have been successfully applied in a clinical setting to improve the physical well-being of the physically challenged and to modify the attitudes, emotions, and behavior of troubled adults and teenagers. Mental imagery shows promise as a psychological intervention strategy to enhance Karate performance of beginning students. The techniques of Karate are well grounded in physics, and the velocities and tremendous forces and energies generated by skilled practitioners have been quantitated. Studies have also examined the health-related and skill-related fitness of martial artists.     

应用型本科院校体育课程改革与实践

应用型人才能力的培养是应用型本科院校体育课程改革与实践的中心目标。体育课程改革与实践应将主干工作定位在体育课程模式、课外体育锻炼和课余体育训练与竞赛上,不断深化体育师资、场地设施、教材建设、教学管理、绩效评价和教研教改等具体工作,同时,在各项工作中注重学生综合能力培养、体育文化环境养成。     

网络课程中教学实践活动的设计和建设——以《巴渝文化概论》为例

网络课程建设需充分考虑教学实践的设计,以提高在线学习的灵活性,实现资源建设的最大效能。围绕如何增强精品网络资源建设成效,构建网络环境下的教学实践活动设计模型。以具体课程为例,阐述开展在线学习实践活动的具体实施方案,并给出了实证性的效果分析。     

对湘鄂渝黔少数民族地区特殊体育教育现状的调查研究

本文采用文献资料法、调查研究法、数理统计法等对湘鄂渝黔少数民族地区特殊体育教育现状进行了调查研究,明确了它们存在和需要解决的问题,同时为特殊教育的发展和研究提供参考意见。本研究旨在推动特殊体育教育的发展、增进残疾学生的身心健康、唤起更多的人关注特殊教育事业。     

公众演讲焦虑研究综述

介绍了公众演讲焦虑的研究——公众演讲焦虑的流行病学和病理学特点,公众演讲焦虑者的身心反应、认知模式及公众演讲焦虑的干预。流行病学和病理学的研究表明,公众演讲焦虑可能是社交焦虑症的一个独特的亚型。公众演讲焦虑者在演讲前、中、后有其特有的身心反应。演讲时,个体对其负面社会表现的注意偏向以及因此产生的消极自我意象是导致公众演讲焦虑的原因,认知行为疗法(CBT)对公众演讲焦虑有积极的治疗作用。最后探讨了公共演讲焦虑的未来研究方向——扩大取样范围,提高研究对象的代表性,得出更具推广性的研究结论;继续探讨其他因素对公众演讲焦虑的影响并深入、细致地探讨相关深层次问题;探讨结合了虚拟现实环境暴露的认知行为疗法(VRCBT)等新型认知行为疗法等对我国公众演讲焦虑者的治疗效果。     

试论项目驱动教学法在高职思想政治理论课教学中的运用

高职思想政治理论课的实效性面临严峻挑战,在思想政治理论课中运用项目驱动教学法是应对这一挑战的有力武器。联系教学实践,探讨项目驱动教学法提高高职院校思想政治理论课实效性的作用,提出项目驱动教学法在高职院校思想政治理论课中的实施步骤以及应注意的问题。     

Chapter 4.

Abstract

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health concerns in the United States and they tend to be among the most frequently reported in college mental health. While efficacious research for the psychotherapy treatment of specific anxiety disorders (e.g., social phobia, panic disorder, etc.) exists, the picture is more complex in clinical practice especially with students who are treated as a whole person, usually involving multiple co-existing disorders as well as normal developmental challenges of adjusting to college. This chapter reviews the evidenced-based research for anxiety disorders in both the general population and the college student population, as well as evidence for therapist/relationship factors. It examines the numerous challenges for conducting effectiveness studies in college mental health, suggestions for working with chronically anxious college students, and future directions for research and practice in this area.     

纳米材料的制备及应用研究

纳米材料是指颗粒尺寸在 1～ 1 0 0nm的超细材料 ,由于其晶粒小 ,比表面积大 ,这就使其产生了块状材料所不具有的量子尺寸效应、表面效应、宏观量子隧道效应、介电限域效应。表现在纳米体系的光、热、电、磁等性质与常规材料不同 ,从而在工程材料、磁性材料、催化剂、计算机等方面有着广泛的应用。纳米材料的制备方法主要分为 3类 :物理法、化学法和综合法。相信随着科学研究的不断深入 ,会有更好更多的新制备方法出现 ,以满足人们的需要 ,纳米材料的应用会越来越广泛     

Performance Technologist Preparation: The Role of Leadership Theory Originally published in 1995, PIQ 8.4

This article explores the unique positioning of leadership theory and literature as a unifying and informing discipline for the preparation of performance technologists. Although the role of leadership could be emphasized in any of the settings in which performance technologists become skilled, university departments of educational leadership seem especially suited for programs with this emphasis. A sample course activity is shared and linked to the building of leadership skills. The purpose of this article is to describe the importance of leadership as an informing and unifying discipline for the preparation of performance technologists and to explore the impact of this orientation on performance technologist preparation.     

A Review of the Literature on Mathematics and Science Teacher Quality

A large body of literature exists that examines teacher quality characteristics and the relationship of indicators of those characteristics to teacher effectiveness. This existing research literature broadly views teacher quality research without illuminating specific areas of teacher quality, such as mathematics and science. In an effort to focus the literature base for researchers and policymakers more narrowly, this review specifically examines teacher quality as it relates to mathematics and science teaching and learning. The review highlights key policy and practitioner perspectives, provides a focused synthesis on current research findings on mathematics and science teacher quality, and suggests areas of research that are limited in the literature.     

MUSCLES, MORALS AND MIND: CRAFT APPRENTICESHIP AND THE FORMATION OF PERSON

ABSTRACT:  The paper considers apprenticeship as a model of education that both teaches technical skills and provides the grounding for personal formation. The research presented is based on long-term anthropological fieldwork with minaret builders in Yemen, mud masons in Mali and fine-woodwork trainees in London. These case studies of on-site learning and practice support an expanded notion of knowledge that exceeds propositional thinking and language and centrally includes the body and skilled performance. Crafts – like sport, dance and other skilled physical activities – are largely communicated, understood and negotiated between practitioners without words, and learning is achieved through observation, mimesis and repeated exercise. The need for an interdisciplinary study of communication and understanding from the body is therefore underlined, and the paper suggests a way forward drawing on linguistic theory and recent neurological findings. It is argued that the validation and promotion of skilled practice as 'intelligent' is necessary for raising the status and credibility of apprentice-style learning within our Western systems of education.     

MAXIMIZING LEARNING EFFICIENCY IN LATER ADULTHOOD: A COGNITIVE PROBLEM‐SOLVING APPROACH

An age‐related decline in performance is typically observed in research on tasks that rely on cognitive processing. However, such declines must not be accepted as indisputable evidence that the learning efficiency of older adults is necessarily impaired. Cognitive factors such as a production deficiency in long‐term memory and/or a retrieval deficiency do operate to depress the performance of older adults. However, a number of noncognitive factors such as functional and pathological sensory deficits, psychomotor slowing, poor physical and mental health, and insufficient or excessively high motivation also mitigate against optimal performance in the aged. The learning efficiency of the aged may be improved through the use of teaching and learning techniques designed to compensate for the negative effects of both detrimental cognitive and noncognitive factors.     

Adolescent exposure to violence and adult physical and mental health problems

Evidence on the relationship of adolescent exposure to violence (AEV) with adult physical and mental health problems is limited, with studies often focusing on earlier childhood rather than adolescence, and also on short term rather than long term outcomes. Information specifically on the relationship of AEV to seeking help for mental health problems in adulthood from either formal sources such as mental health professionals or informal sources such as friends and clergy is even more difficult to find. The present study investigates how adolescent exposure to violence (AEV), in the form of parental physical abuse, witnessing parental violence, and exposure to violence in the neighborhood, are related to self-reported adult physical problems and seeking formal or informal assistance with mental health, controlling for more general adolescent violent victimization and for self-reports and parent reports of mental health problems in adolescence. This study adds to the literature on AEV and adult physical problems, and provides a rare look at the relationship of AEV to adult help-seeking for mental health problems. The results suggest that AEV is associated with mental health problems in adolescence for both females and males, that for females AEV is related to physical problems and to seeking help for mental health problems in adulthood, but for males the only significant relationship involves inconsistent reports of witnessing parental violence and adult physical problems.     

Theory generation and practice improvement: a mental health service perspective

This article presents findings from four problem-based research sites that comprise a larger action research project within primary care mental health services. The projects explored in this article are ongoing and involve working with small networks within specific areas: a GP practice counseling service, a Community Mental Health Team, a GP attached social worker scheme and a rural health cross-disciplinary team. By taking a constructivist approach, and through use of grounded theory techniques, the findings share some common features with Action Research and demonstrate two key aims of problem-based methodology, mainly practice improvement and theory generation (Robinson, 1993). First, they illustrate that a particular understanding of mental health service users can be reached from exploring the way in which they are excluded. Four excluded identities are presented (absent, mediated, difficult and elusive). Secondly, within the understanding that the success of problem-based research can be determined by the effectiveness of actions taken in the local setting (Edwards & Talbot, 1994), the article explores how reflection of user perspectives can move the research forward. Actions taken to improve the service include incremental changes and new initiatives, as well as the development of new avenues of research, thus adding to other action research within healthcare services (Hart & Bond, 1997).     

A review of handwriting research: Progress and prospects from 1980 to 1994

Contemporary handwriting research has focused on skilled performance, the developing capabilities of children, atypical development, the effectiveness of various letter forms, instructional techniques, and the construction and evaluation of assessment instruments. This paper critically reviews and synthesizes research conducted between 1980 and 1994 in each of these areas, providing suggestions for future research. Considerable progress was made during this time period in understanding the processes involved in handwriting control and development as well as in teaching students with handwriting difficulties. In addition, advances in theory, experimental procedures, on-line recording devices, and computerized instructional programs resulted in an increased level of sophistication. Thus, the prospects for future research in this area are promising.