Remodeling a model: An elaborated hierarchy of types of learning 1

A revision of Merrill's revision of Gagné's hierarchy is proposed, based upon experience in training, teachers and instructional designers to use the taxonomy as an analytical tool to develop relevant instruction and precise evaluation. The three‐dimensional model emphasizes the interaction of Affective, Psychomotor, and Cognitive domains. The category Verbal Repertoire is added to emphasize the role of memory in high‐level attainment and to integrate recent developments in mathemagenic research and the measurement of comprehension. The crucial distinctions between Memory and Complex Cognitive types of learning are maintained.     

An adaption of Gagné’s instructional model to increase the teaching effectiveness in the classroom: the impact in Romanian Universities

Gagné’s instructional events are more focused on the human internal learning process than on the learning context. This study fills this gap because it presents certain instructional events that are focused on the construction of a positive learning context through the teacher–student relationship. Therefore, it’s proposing an adaption of Gagné’s instructional model to the learning context derived from observation of the instructional activities performed in the Romanian educational system. This paper added two new events (Learning organization and Final appreciation) to Gagné’s original nine instructional events. Out of these eleven, it’s considered that three in particular should be regarded as essential events in every teaching activity. These three particular events are categorised and defined in the first part of this study. The effectiveness of this newly proposed theoretical model was tested on a sample of 894 university teaching activities, using a systematic observational grid. The results indicated a significant correlation between the adapted model and students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of the teaching activity. It is therefore suggested that this proposed model provides operational guidance for the development of instructional approach. The implications and the limitations of these findings are discussed and possible directions for new research are suggested.     

Developing Industry‐University Research Links—A Successful Model

RESUMÉ

This paper describes a successful example of a large programme of industry-university research collaboration in the field of construction engineering and management. It describes how BAA plc, one of the UK's largest construction clients, is working closely with a leading university department undertaking construction engineering and management research. The initial objectives and the anticipated benefits of collaboration for both parties are discussed. The paper outlines, in the form of a case study, how the initial research collaboration links were formed and how they have developed into a major research, technological transfer, education and training programme. It discusses the way in which the research and technological transfer programme in particular was developed, is regularly updated, funded and managed. In addition, the paper describes the current research programme and the tangible benefits for both parties. By way of example, the paper outlines 1 research project in ‘knowledge-based engineering’ where a generic modelling system is being used to design buildings in the manner that has become known in advanced manufacturing as concurrent engineering. Finally, other areas of current and planned collaboration, in particular in the areas of education and training, are discussed.

Ce papier decrit I'exemple réussi d'un programme de collaboration industrie/univer-site de grande ampleur en faveur de la recherche dans le domaine de I'ingenierie et du management de la construction. II décrit comment BAA pic, I'un des maitres d'ouvrage les plus importants du Royaume Uni, travaille defagon trés étroite avec un département de I'universite de Reading (UK) qui mene des recherches dans le domaine de I'ingenierie et du management de la construction. Les objectifs iniriaux et les benefices attendus de la collaboration de ces deux parties sont abordes. L'article se presente sous la forme d'une etude de cas, montre comment les liens initiaux de cette collaboration se sont formés, comment ils ont mené à un programme de recherche, d ' éducation et de formation important. Il precise la fagon dont le programme de recherche a été développé, comment ilest regulierement remis a jour, finance et dirige. Le papier décrit de plus le programme de recherche actuel et les bénéfices tangibles pour les deux parties. Il présente a titre d'exemple un projet de recherche en ‘knowledge-based engineering‘ et ‘concurrent engineering’ dans lequel un systeme de modelisation generique est utilise pour concevoir des bdtiments automatiquement. Finalement, ce papier decrit d'autres domaines dans lesquels la collaboration est effective ou prevue, en particulier pour l' éducation et la formation.     

Perceived Family Influences in Talent Development Among Artistically Talented Teenagers in Singapore

Though there have been quite a number of research studies focusing on how Singaporean families promote literacy and instill values of academic excellence inside the home, little has been written about how families nurture the gifts of teenagers talented in the arts in the Singaporean context. This article highlights how the family influences the talent development of teacher-nominated teenagers who are identified to be among the top in visual arts, dance, theater, music, and academics. Through in-depth interviews conducted with the 14 talented teenagers, the researcher highlights their family's involvement and interest in the arts, their parents' occupational backgrounds, as well as family values and activities that the young artists-in-training perceive to be influential in shaping the development of their artistic talents. Reflections on patterns of childrearing in the Asian context are likewise discussed.     

Information processing psychology: A promising paradigm for research in science teaching

Three research paradigms, those of Ausubel, Gagné and Piaget, have received a great deal of attention in the literature of science education. In this article a fourth paradigm is presented—an information processing psychology paradigm. The article is composed of two sections. The first section describes a model of memory developed by information processing psychologists. The second section describes how such a model could be used to guide science education research on learning and problem solving.     

加涅的认知策略研究及其对教学设计的启示

罗伯特.加涅(R.M.Gagn,é1916—2002,以下简称加涅)的学习结果分类理论认为,认知策略对学生的学习效果起到至关重要的作用,但并未提到具体的操作过程与技巧。通过"引起学生的注意、包含编码的学习指导以及重视策略的迁移"这三个方面来设计和安排教学过程,可以达到较好地培养学生的认知策略的目标,从而提高学生的学习效果。     

Mastery Learning and Instructional Design

Comparisons are drawn between the ideas of mastery learning and those of instructional design. Considerable agreement is noted concerning the main factors contributing to the quality of instruction. Similarities are pointed out in Bloom's alterable variables and a number of the events of instruciton described by Gagné. Differences exist in the taxonomic categories of learned performances of the two systems, and in the proposal of instructional design that each category requires a different set of instructional tactics. A noteworthy area of agreement is emphasis on the instructional importance of skill automaticity.     

Mastery Learning and Instructional Design Originally published in 1988, PIQ 1.1

Comparisons are drawn between the ideas of mastery learning and those of instructional design. Considerable agreement is noted concerning the main factors contributing to the quality of instruction. Similarities are pointed out in Bloom's alterable variables and a number of the events of instruction described by Gagné. Differences exist in the taxonomic categories of learned performances of the two systems, and in the proposal of instructional design that each category requires a different set of instructional tactics. A noteworthy area of agreement is emphasis on the instructional importance of skill automaticity.     

Some thoughts on task analysis and objectives in educational psychology 1

Front‐end analysis, a performance‐problem‐solving technique, suggests that improved training is only one of the solutions to a problem. In education, where inadequate learning and poor motivation are symptoms of the problem, major curricular revisions of Educational Psychology courses may not constitute the best, solution. A task analysis of what expert teachers do suggests that the most relevant skills to be acquired belong at the principle‐applying level of Gagné's hierarchy, while most educational psychology courses tend to develop verbal repertoires meeting objectives of the sort “After reading what I have to say, the student will be able to tell me what I said.”; More attention to relevance of content and less to media and modes of presentation is now required.     

Reflection and assessment for learning in science enrichment courses for the gifted

This study was conducted in enrichment programs for the gifted. It aimed to address the relative absence of suitable assessments in such programs. Although enrichment programs for students with special talents expose them to various areas of knowledge and to science ideas that are usually not taught at their regular school (e.g., Pitts, Vebville, Blair, & Zadnik, 2014), they lack consistent and thoughtful assessments. Despite calls for including suitable modes of assessment in programs for the gifted in order to respond to their unique capabilities (Van Tassel-Baska & Stambaugh, 2006; Gagné, 2011) and to enhance the students' self-regulation and metacognitive abilities (Taber, 2007), most of the programs include only summative assessment.     

Friendship and Fandom: Ethnicity,power and gendering readings of the popular

This paper explores the relationships between knowledge of popular culture and power negotiations among young children's friendship groups and derives from a research project on the identity formations of 'mixed race' children. The paper begins with a consideration of existing work on music, ethnicity and cultural identities and how this is implicated in formations of 'imagined communities' (Anderson, 1991, Imagined Communities , Verso). Next, I look at the ways in which this work has been gendered with particular reference to the female music 'fan'. Throughout I use data from my research to show how the children engaged in friendship/power relationships that challenge much of this material. The paper centralises the way readings are used by friends in processes that are implicated in en/gendering identities and identifications - how likes and dislikes are mobilised differently among children who are becoming 'boys' and 'girls' who are friends, through use of the love/loathe discourses. The allegiance work is saturated with and constitutive of relations of power/knowledge which are both painful and pleasurable for children who are differently positioned within networks of learning and cultural expertise.     

MYTHS OF AGING OR AGEIST STEREOTYPES

This paper is about ageist stereotypes dressed-up in the garb of myth that biases perceptions and experiences of being old. The paper argues current ''mythmaking'' about aging perpetuates that which it intends to dispel: ageism. It considers how traditional myths and folklore explained personal experience, shaped social life, and offered meaning for the unexplainable. The current myths of aging perform these same functions in our culture; however, they are based on half-truths, false knowledge, and stated as ageist stereotypes about that which is known. Current myths of aging found in the media and literature of aging are not myths as such, but ''straw man'' statements that attempt to inform; however, they reinforce misconceptions and wrong information about aging as experienced by the vast majority of older people. Recent studies in the cognitive sciences are reviewed to provide insight about the mind's inherent ability to construct categories, concepts, and stereotypes as it responds to experience. These normal processes need to be better understood, particularly regarding how social stereotypes are constructed. Finally, the paper argues that ageist stereotypes when labeled as ''myth'' even in the pursuit of the realities of aging, neither educate the public about the opportunities and challenges of aging nor inform social and health practitioners about the aged. Three research and educational strategies are outlined for critical studies in aging and educational gerontology.     

Lifelong Learning and Underemployment in the Knowledge Society: A North American perspective

The knowledge society is alive and well with adults engaged in unprecedented high levels of formal schooling, continuing education courses and informal learning. The 'knowledge economy', however, is still illusory. There is serious underemployment of people's learning capacities in current workplaces. This underemployment has several dimensions: the talent use gap; structural underemployment; involuntary reduced employment; the credential gap; the performance gap; and subjective underemployment. This article documents both extensive lifelong learning and massive underemployment in Canada and the USA. I suggest that this gap can be adequately addressed not by still more emphasis on lifelong learning, but rather by substantial economic reforms.     

Poetics of the Encyclopaedia: Knowledge,Pedagogy and Research Today

This paper explores ways in which Roland Barthes' discussion of the encyclopaedia provides us with resources for thinking about education and research practice today. What Barthes addresses in his essay ‘The Plates of the Encyclopedia’ is a particular encyclopaedia, the Encyclopédie produced by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, which was published in France between 1751 and 1772. This is commonly referred as the first of a form that we recognise as the encyclopaedia today. I begin with Barthes' analysis and critique of the Encyclopédie. Barthes, writing in 1964, engages with the Encyclopédie as an iconic product of its time, seeing it as conditioned by and, in effect, reinforcing a particular way of experiencing the world. Next, I consider ways in which a parallel critique is pertinent today. I explore some current examples of encyclopaedic form in relation to education and educational research. The purpose of this is to examine the interplay between particular cultural products and their society, in which not only certain types of knowledge but also a certain conception of knowledge are produced and reinforced. So, it will not be the purpose of this paper to provide direct analysis or critique of the Enlightenment, or to provide a historical account of knowledge. Rather, what I am interested in is problematising a particular understanding of language and knowledge that arises through these cultural products, particularly with regard to educational inquiry. This lays the way for thoughts expressed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in What is Philosophy? which, as I shall try to show, are of help in furthering the analysis of the dominant research culture's use of such products and in imagining the task of education and research differently.     

Concepts of Hypermedia in Physics: The Importance of Resources from the Point of View of Learning

This article presents ongoing research in Science Education, whose main aim is to design hypermedia software dedicated to science teaching on the basis of learning hypotheses relating to how the nature of the knowledge to be learned. As described in this text, these learning hypotheses underlie both the design of the hypermedia "Labdoc Son et Vibration" [Sound and Vibration] and the analysis of students' activity in a classroom situation. First, we describe the theoretical framework that introduces the learning hypotheses relating to knowledge that is to be taught. Then design principles are presented and one example of activities and resources are given to illustrate the application such a theoretical framework. Finally, we analyse students' activity whilst using the hypermedia in order to answer one of our research questions: the role of informational resources during realisation of an activity. One of the results presented here shows that using of resources could be related to a awareness of students lacking of information and/or their knowledge that are not the expected ones. Conception d'un hypermédia en physique: Importance des ressources du point de vue de l'apprentissage. Ce texte présente une recherche en cours réalisée en didactique des sciences dont l'une des finalités est de concevoir un hypermédia dédié À l'enseignement des sciences À partir d'hypothèses d'apprentissage liées au fonctionnement du savoir. Comme nous le décrivons, l'avantage de telles hypothèses est de permettre À la fois de concevoir l'hypermédia "Labdoc Son et Vibrations" et d'analyser l'activité des élèves en situation de classe. Nous décrivons d'abord le cadre théorique de référence qui introduit les hypothèses d'apprentissage liées au savoir À enseigner. Les bases de la conception sont ensuite présentées ainsi qu'un exemple de tÂche. Enfin, nous analysons l'activité des élèves lors de l'utilisation de l'hypermédia dans le but de répondre À l'une de nos questions de recherche qui porte sur le rÔle des ressources informationnelles lors de la réalisation d'une tÂche. L'un des premiers résultats indique que l'utilisation de ces ressources semble résulter d'une prise de conscience par les élèves "d'un manque d'information" et/ou que leur connaissance qu'ils mettent en m uvre n'est pas celle qui est attendue. Konzepte von Hypermedia in der Physik: Der Wert von Ressourcen für das Lernen Arnauld Séjourné, Frankreich. Dieser Text gibt einen Einblick in die laufende Forschungsarbeit im Bereich der Didaktik des naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichts, deren Hauptziel im Entwurf von Hypermedia-Software für das Lehren der Naturwissenschaften auf der Basis von Lernhypothesen über das spezifiúsche Lernen in der Naturlehre besteht. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Lernhypothesen sowohl dem Entwurf des Hypermedia "Labúdoc Ton und Schwingungen 3 Le terme "niveau" utilisé ici n'introduit pas de hiérarchie dans le savoir: ce qui relève de la théorie ou du modèle n'est ni supérieur ni inférieur À ce qui relève du champ expérimental. als auch der Analyse der Lerneraktivität im Klassenraum zu Grunde liegen. Zuerst wird der theoretische Rahmen beschrieben, der die Lernhypothesen in Abhängigkeit zum Lerngegenstand darstellt. Entwurfs-Grundsätze folgen und an einem Beiúspiel von Aktivitäten und Ressourcen wird der theoretische Rahmen veranschaulicht. Zuletzt wird die Aktivität der Lerner während der Nutzung der Hypermedia analysiert, um eine unseúrer Fragen zu klären: die Rolle, die informationelle Ressourcen während der Realisierung eiúner Handlung spielen. Als ein Resultat, das wir hier präsentieren können, Knn gelten, dass der Gebrauch von Ressourcen vom Bewusstsein der Lerner und ihrem Wissen abhängt, dass Informationen fehlen, bzw. dass die Resultate nicht den Erwartungen entsprechen.     

A Multilevel Perspective on the Design and Analysis of Intervention Studies

The level (pupil, classroom or school) at which an educational intervention is assigned affects both the kinds of questions which can be answered in evaluation research, and the statistical methods used to answer them. This paper sets out ways of analysing different kinds of designs using multilevel models. It also considers practical issues such as the method used to allocate interventions, leakage, integrity of delivery, and cost, and how these interact with the more technical issues of model specification. These practical issues are illustrated by two recent British intervention studies. Résumé Le niveau - élève, classe ou école - auquel s'adresse une intervention éducative affecte tout à la fois le genre de questions qui peuvent trouver réponse dans la recherche évaluative et les méthodes statistiques pour y répondre. Cet article présente des voies pour analyser différents types de "design" qui utilisent des modèles à plusieurs niveaux. Il traite aussi de certains aspects pratiques tels que la méthode d'allocation des interventions, les pertes, l'intégrité des données et les coÛts, ainsi que la manière dont ces différents aspects interagissent avec les questions plus techniques de spécification des modèles. Ces aspects pratiques sont illustrés à l'aide de deux études d'intervention britanniques récentes. (Traduction: Walo Hutmacher, Sociologue, Genève)     

Research,Information and Education in Building: Where Are the Links?

RESUMÉ

A recent systematic study showed that the transfer of information from research to practice in construction is not efficient: results are disseminated badly, are difficult to trace and are little used by practitioners, whose information-gathering routines are defective. The way in which the building process is organized, characterized by discontinuity and variety, creates a context where the well-proven recipe is preferred to scientific knowledge, too difficult to apply with haste. How can one educate future practitioners and teach them to reconcile the need for better building—based on science—within the chaotic environment of the building industry? One answer to this question lies in improved exploitation of information, its systematic transformation and its valorization. A second answer lies in a search for operational continuity, thus paving the way for informed innovation.

Une étude systématique ricente a démontré I'inefficacité du passage de I'information de la recherche à la pratique en construction: les résuhats sont mal disséminés, difficiles a repérer et peu utilisés par les praticiens, eux-mêmes rarement avertis de I'importance de I'information. L'organisation de l'acte de bâtir, avec la discontinuite et la variété qui le caractérisent, crée un environnement o[ugrave] la recette éprouvée passe avant les connaissances scientifiques, trop difficiles à appliquer ‘àla va-vite’. Comment peut-on éduquer les futurs praticiens, et leur faire comprendre la nécessite de mieux construire—grâce a I'apport de la science—dans I'environnement chaotique du secteur du bâtiment? Une meilleure exploitation de I'information, de sa transformation systematique et de sa valorisation est sans doute une premiére réponse à cette question primordiale; une deuxième réponse préconise en outre la continuité operationnelle, ouvrant ainsi la parte à L'innovation guidée par I'information.