Comparison of COVID-19 and influenza characteristics

The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) not only poses a serious threat to the health of people worldwide but also affects the global economy. The outbreak of COVID-19 began in December 2019, at the same time as the influenza season. However, as the treatments and prognoses of COVID-19 and influenza are different, it is important to accurately differentiate these two different respiratory tract infections on the basis of their respective early-stage characteristics. We reviewed official documents and news released by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(China CDC), the United States CDC, and the World Health Organization(WHO), and we also searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database(Embase), China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Wanfang, preprinted bioRxiv and medRxiv databases for documents and guidelines from earliest available date up until October 3 rd, 2020. We obtained the latest information about COVID-19 and influenza and summarized and compared their biological characteristics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathological mechanisms, treatments, and prognostic factors. We show that although COVID-19 and influenza are different in many ways, there are numerous similarities;thus, in addition to using nucleic acid-based polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and antibody-based approaches, clinicians and epidemiologists should distinguish between the two using their respective characteristics in early stages. We should utilize experiences from other epidemics to provide additional guidance for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.     

The Changing Labour Relations during the Period of Economic Reform:A Case Study of Chinese Township and Village Enterprises in Yangtze River Delta

The economic reform launched in the People’s Republic of China(China) led to a rapid growth in non-state sectors.Various forms of corporate governances and ownerships emerged during the last two decades,especially the Township and Village Enterprises owned by local residents.This article is conducted on the changing labour relations in Chinese Township and Village Enterprises(TVEs) despite their increasing contributions to China’s transition from planned economy to market economy,and studies the labour market and the Labour Law to understand the unique labour mobility and to test the relationship between Human Resource Management(HRM) practice and the performance among TVEs.     

On Developing Chinese Didactics: A Perspective from the German Didaktik Tradition

Over the last century, the development of didactics (教学论) in China has been profoundly influenced by Kairov’s theory of pedagogics. The German Didaktik tradition, which can date back to Comenius and Herbart, remains largely unknown to educational scholars in China while they possess basic knowledge of Comenius and Herbart. This article expounds three basic tenets of the German Didaktik tradition—(1) the concept of Bildung, (2) a theory of educational content, and (3) the idea of teaching as a learner-content encounter—and discusses the implications for developing Chinese didactics. It argues for a rethinking of the purposes, content, and practice of teaching with respect to the subjectification aim of education (i.e., the becoming of unique individuals, with autonomy, critical thinking, and creativity).     

SARS(高二适用)

SARS is short for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, which wecall in Chinese“非典型肺炎”.It has been apopular topic of conversation since the dis-ease began to spread on the Chinese main-land,in Hong Kong and Taiwan.The mainsymptoms(症状)of SARS are high fever,dry cough and breathing difficulties.     

Multi-year monitoring of paddy rice planting area in Northeast China using MODIS time series data

The objective of this study was to investigate the tempo-spatial distribution of paddy rice in Northeast China using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) data.We developed an algorithm for detection and estimation of the transplanting and flooding periods of paddy rice with a combination of enhanced vegetation index(EVI) and land surface water index with a central wavelength at 2130 nm(LSWI2130).In two intensive sites in Northeast China,fine resolution satellite imagery was used to validate the performance of the algorithm at pixel and 3×3 pixel window levels,respectively.The commission and omission errors in both of the intensive sites were approximately less than 20%.Based on the algorithm,annual distribution of paddy rice in Northeast China from 2001 to 2009 was mapped and analyzed.The results demonstrated that the MODIS-derived area was highly correlated with published agricultural statistical data with a coefficient of determination(R2) value of 0.847.It also revealed a sharp decline in 2003,especially in the Sanjiang Plain located in the northeast of Heilongjiang Province,due to the oversupply and price decline of rice in 2002.These results suggest that the approaches are available for accurate and reliable monitoring of rice cultivated areas and variation on a large scale.     

A Generation Pricing Method with Capacity Bidding

Due to historic reasons China encounters some special difficulties in ESI(electricity system industry) restructureing,An easy and simple electricity value equivalent(es-EVE) method for day-ahead pool purchase pricing of China is therefore presented in this paper.The es-EVE method is different from two-part and one-part tariffs.It is more like the UK‘s method in form,but revised for China with some new concepts and procedure.The main contributions of it include:(1) Find two kinds of eigenvalue,namely EVEs,in an optimization model.(2) Define new concepts of virtual units units and feasible region,(3) Twice merit orderings are employed successively to find marginal price.They are simple maximum and minimum comparison procedures and so on.The special economic significance of the method for China is discussed.and some suggestion for ESI Restructuring based on es-EVE method are provided.A case study is offered at the end of the paper.     

Xian Xinghai—A Great Musician of the People

Xian Xinghai (冼星海) was one of the greatest musicians in China. He was a musician deeply loved by the people because he sang of the people and for the people from the bottom of his heart. He lived before the People's Republic of China was founded. It was a tragedy that he died at the age of only forty-five-in the prime of his most creative and productive years.     

Cultivating Learners’ thinking Abilities in Foreign Language Teaching with Respect to Approaches of Reform in Basic Education

Thinking ability of a man, which is the core of wisdom, participates in and dominates all the intellectual activities. This study, pursued on the ontological and practical level, is aimed at cultivating learners ’ thinking abilities in foreign language teaching(FLT)in basic education of China. Regarding English teaching reform in basic education of China as the background, this thesis probes to bring it to the forefront and put forward approaches and strategies of incorporating the cultivation of learners’ thinking abilities into every aspect of the teaching procedures.     

CEPA and interrelationship between Chinese yuan and Hong Kong dollar

In order to explore the interrelated impacts of the economical communications between China and Hong Kong SAR, especially after the closer economic partnership arrangement (CEPA) and the Chinese yuan offshore financial business in Hong Kong banks in 2004, the exchange rates of the Chinese yuan and the Hong Kong dollar are investigated as well-performing market signals that should reflect this historical transformation. With vector autoregressive models (VAR), the Johansen cointegration test and the Granger causality test on the exchange rates of the Chinese yuan and the Hong Kong dollar adjusted by the consumer price index and inter-bank interest rates are examined. It is found that the exchange rates of the Chinese yuan and the Hong Kong dollar after CEPA are in long-term equilibrium and Granger causality with each other, which means that the interrelationship of the Chinese yuan and the Hong Kong dollar is more closely integrated after the implementation of the CEPA. In conclusion, the cooperation regarding bilateral trade and financial markets between China and Hong Kong SAR has been enhanced after 1997; furthermore, after the implementation of CEPA the interrelationship of the economies between China and Hong Kong SAR is significantly reinforced.     

Characterization of on-road CO, HC and NO emissions for petrol vehicle fleet in China city

INTRODUCTION On-road vehicles are responsible for a signifi-cant and rapidly increasing portion of the air pollution in the urban areas of China due to rapid growth of motor vehicle population. The State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) of China has identified motor vehicles emissions as the major source of urban air pollution in China (SEPA, 2004). As of 2004, on-road vehicles were estimated to con-tribute over 50% of the nitrogen oxides (NOx) to large city’s emissi…     

Information for Authors

Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE (A/B/C) are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists, and are aimed to present the latest devel- opments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world's     

Eclipse A Brief Introduction of 2008 Solar Eclipse

The 2008 solar total eclipse starts from North of Canada,passes through Greenland,Arctic,Novosibirsk and North of China.This is the first solar total eclipse in China in the 21st centary.Date and time:August 1,2008,11:00 UT Eclipse site in China:Altay,Hami (Xinjiang),Jiuquan,Lanzhou (Gansu), Xi’an(Shanxi)     

Notes for Readers ＆ Contributors

In order to focus on rising China and support positive ideas about China＇s process of education, USA-China Entrepreneur Associates, Inc., USA, the most important and prestigious Chinese commercial organization outside China and one of the major Chambers of Commerce of all countries in the United States, sponsored the publication of Journal of US-China Education Review （ISSN 1548-6613,USA）. It will act as an inter-communication emissary of the two countries＇ regime of education and promote more understanding between USA and China.     

Information for Authors

Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University SCIENCE (A & B) are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and     

ABSTRACT

China＇s development road of the new era has experienced gradually the process from formation to spread and improvement： the CPC Central Committee taking Deng Xiaoping as the core brought order out of chaos and formed China＇s development road of the new period in the entirely reform; the CPC Central Committee having Jiang Zemin as the core spread China＇s development road of the new era in the overall layout and strategic steps, in spite of the international and domestic political turmoil; During Hu Jingtao as the general secretary, the CPC Central Committee improved China＇s development road of the new era in the world outlook and methodology, the overall goal of the layout and development goal and in the process of constructing a well-off society and accelerating the socialist modernization.     

Improving the wind and temperature measurements of an airborne meteorological measuring system

The Aircraft Integrated Meteorological Measuring System 20 Hz(AIMMS-20) has been used by the Hong Kong Observatory(HKO),China in data collection for tropical cyclone situations over the South China Sea and windshear and turbulence measurement at the Hong Kong International Airport(HKIA).This paper discusses possible methods for further enhancing the quality of the wind and temperature measurements from the system.For wind measurement,the enhancement methods include:error modelling of the accelerometer(e.g.,bias offset and cross-axis rate sensitivity),global positioning system(GPS) phase lag consideration,better representation of the inertial measurement unit(IMU) velocity based on the GPS velocities and considering their location differences,consideration of the slower update of GPS velocity,and wing flexure.For temperature measurement,the methods include the consideration of the temperature sensor response and the sensor housing response.The results of typical flights using AIMMS-20 show that the accuracy of the wind and temperature data could be improved by 20%-30%.Though the discussion in the present paper is related mainly to a specific meteorological measuring system on a particular aircraft,the techniques so employed should be a useful reference for similar systems installed on other aircraft.     

On Word-formation of China English Lexis

This paper introduces China English and China English lexis,and analyzes the four ways of the word-formation of China English lexis:transliteration,loan translation,loan-blend and coinage.The analysis can show that China English is used to express the language system in a special situation in China,and it has brought large number of new lexis and new vision into world Englishes,which has enhanced the expressive force of English.     

Information for Authors

Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University SCIENCE (A & B) are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists, and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world's scientific circles, especially     

Information for Authors

正Aim Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B(Biomedicine Biotechnology)(JZUS-B)is edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and is aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s     

Information for Authors

正Aim Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (BiomedicineBiotechnology)(JZUS-B) is edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists, and is aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,