CHANGING POLICIES AND DILEMMAS IN HIGHER EDUCATION FINANCE: THE HUNGARIAN SITUATION AS COMPARED TO THAT OF OTHER EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Political change and declining economies have forced the higher education systems of the countries of east and central Europe to undergo restructuring, in particular to develop new financing mechanisms and to permit the emergence of private higher education. The Hungarian experience is described with reference to the situations in Poland and Czechoslovakia. Reference is made to the “base and addition” model of higher education finance as it evolved in eastern Europe beginning in the 1950's. This model went into crisis in the 1980's because it failed to encourage institutions to search for sources of funding other than government grants. In the post‐Communist situation, new types of funding mechanisms are being explored in the three countries. Czechoslovakia has so far made the fewest fundamental changes because of the relative strength of its economy. Poland has adopted a policy of professional co‐ordination for academic survival. Hungary is experimenting with professional and market co‐ordination.     

全球治理视域下我国高等教育国际化：内涵新解与实践进路

高等教育国际化既是新时代我国高等教育高质量发展的应然要求,也是参与全球教育治理体系和彰显全球教育治理能力的重要尺度。从全球治理的视域出发,构建“价值共识-制度公约-组织协商”的多维度分析框架,以此梳理我国高等教育国际化实践从接纳共享到输出共享、从场外接轨到场内共建、从松散联合到协作共商的演变特征,并揭示出当前我国高等教育国际化发展面临三大矛盾：价值共识共享中的路径依赖掣肘、制度公约共建中的本土角色暗淡、组织协商共商中的合力发挥不足。基于此,我们应加强文化自觉,构建中国高等教育国际话语体系;提升制度能力,深度参与高等教育国际规则的实施与制定;注重多元面向,打造分层分类的国际化网络协商新格局,以提升我国高等教育国际化水平和全球教育治理能力。     

‘Earnest students anxious to acquire a practical knowledge suited to the trade of the district’: the growth and development of the mechanics' institute movement with particular reference to Huddersfield 1824–1890

The mechanics' institute movement of the British Isles has been underrated by some historians, who have argued that many of the institutes were attended by the middle and upper classes. In any case, they state that by the 1850s, they were declining in both popularity and usefulness. This paper questions these assumptions, concentrating on the developments at the Huddersfield Mechanics' Institute and comparing with other institutes both locally and nationally its responsiveness to local and national developments with regard to its contribution to education. Like many other institutes, Huddersfield provided a foundation on which twentieth-century further education was firmly established. Britain was not the only country to establish a mechanics' institute movement as similar developments were also taking place in other countries, particularly in Australia.     

Heterogeneity,comparative advantage,and return to education: The case of Taiwan

By considering heterogeneity in abilities and self-selection in educational choice, this paper adopts the heterogeneous human capital model to estimate rate of return to university education using data from the 1990 and 2000 Taiwan's Manpower Utilization Surveys. The Taiwan empirical study shows that significant heterogeneous return to education does exist, and that the educational choice was made according to the principle of comparative advantage. The estimated rates of return for attaining university were 19% and 15%, much higher than the average rate of return of 11.55 and 6.6%, for 1990 and 2000, respectively. The declining trend of return to university education may have been caused by the rapid expansion of the number of colleges and universities and the increasing supply of college graduates in the 1990s.     

Who Benefits from the Massification of Higher Education in Taiwan?

The objectives of expanding higher education are to foster advanced personnel and realize the concept of achieving equal access to education. The problems created by the expansion of higher education in many countries, including Taiwan, in fact indicate a divergence from originally anticipated objectives. Such problems include the uneven allocation of resources, tuition differences between public and private schools, and vicious competition in the face of declining student enrollments, all of which contribute to concerns about educational quality issues. Of additional interest is whether Taiwan's focus on university enrollments of disadvantaged ethnic groups has created a trend toward greater educational opportunities for its aboriginal people. Nevertheless, the distribution of resources is increasingly concentrated on elites from high socioeconomic backgrounds and in a few public universities. All of these factors have facilitated an increasing class reproduction in higher education. The original elites continue to enjoy a wealth of resources. Yet while more and more students gain access to higher education, their institutional teaching quality and learning environment still fall behind that of the elites.     

新时代高等教育学科结构与产业结构的协同性研究

在新时代背景下,学科结构与产业结构的协同发展不仅影响着高等教育的服务成效,也左右着高等教育的可持续性。本研究通过描述性统计、耦合协调度模型和灰色关联度模型,对我国2011—2021年高等教育学科结构样态、学科结构与产业结构的耦合协调度、各学科与学科结构升级的关联度进行剖析。结果表明：其一,高等教育各产学科呈“三产＞二产＞一产”的演变趋势,且三产学科稳步上升、二产学科稳步下降、一产学科趋于平稳;其二,高等教育学科结构与产业结构的耦合协调度呈“先急后缓”的波动上升趋势;其三,2011—2014年和2015—2021年各产学科与学科结构升级的关联度分别呈“三一二”和“三二一”的递减趋势。为持续优化高等教育学科结构,应遵循内外部发展规律,主动适应产业结构升级;加强三产学科与一产和二产学科的交叉频率,形成新质生产力。     

Financing Higher Education in Kenya: Student perceptions and experiences

Tertiary Education and Management - In response to declining governmental funding, cost-sharing in higher education and dual-track tuition policies were introduced in the 1990s in Kenya. The...     

Asian Parents and English Education -- 20 years on: a study of two generations

This paper presents an analysis and discussion of the opinions of two generations of Asian parents with regard to their young children's education. A large number of parents (n = 200) were interviewed during 1970-1974 and a smaller number (n = 40) during 1995 to ascertain their views on a variety of topics relating to their children's early education. The findings are discussed in a qualitative way and reveal the increasing satisfaction of Asian parents with their children's education. A higher proportion of the mothers of the 1990s help their children with homework, read them stories and are generally more participatory in their children's education compared with the 1970s group. The second generations are concerned with the lack of facilities for the teaching of mother tongues in schools. These and other findings are discussed within the changing lifestyles of second-generation Asians.     

网络时代“90后”高职院校学生管理工作中的问题与建议

网络对于高校学生的教育管理来说是一把"双刃剑",有利也有弊。由于目前高职院校招生困难,导致录取分数线不断下降,学生素质一再下滑,"90后"学生更是性格叛逆、个性学生比较多,导致高职院校学生的教育管理面临压力较大。针对网络时代"90后"高职院校学生的管理工作进行了分析研究并提出了相关建议。     

Recruitment to Teaching: The Changing Impact of Social Origins in Norway 1975–2010

Concerns about the status of the teaching profession are widespread. In this paper, the social selection to teacher education is compared with the social selection to other higher education courses in Norway from 1975 to 2010. This comparison can shed light on changes in the status of teaching relative to other types of higher education. Using enrolment data supplied by educational institutions, this study examines whether the recruitment to teacher education has changed in a manner that reflects a unique decline in teacher status. The analyses show that the social selection to teacher education has declined. However, a similar decline is found for recruitment to other educational fields. Thus, the results suggest that the declining status of teaching is part of a larger trend in which the status of bachelor’s level applied educational fields declined relative to traditional university courses.     

The policy reassembly of Afghanistan's higher education system

ABSTRACT

This paper explores how a national higher education sector can be assembled upon a relatively narrow ideological foundation during and in the aftermath of violent conflict. It analyses the case of Afghanistan's higher education system, and argues that the violent disintegration of this system during the 1980s and 1990s created the conditions for a neoliberal reassembly and subsequent expansion of higher education from 2001. This paper draws on data gathered from document analysis, and semi-structured interviews with key policy actors. It identifies an ideological grounding in neoliberalism within higher education policies which are responsible for directing the sector's growth since 2010. I argue that this neoliberal agenda, largely driven by globalised influences, has exploited Afghanistan's conflict-affected context to position higher education primarily as a driver of economic growth, thus limiting policy emphasis on higher education's non-economic dividends. The paper concludes by critiquing the underlying assumption that this role is sufficient if higher education is to serve as a key institution in Afghanistan's ongoing national development.     

Research on Higher Education in Europe

Research on higher education grew in European countries from scattered individual activities towards a certain degree of visibility in the 1970s, largely as consequence of growing public problem awareness. In the 1980s, it experienced a set-back due to declining public interest in higher education as a key issue of societal policies. From the late 1980s onwards, research in this domain again drew attention and support in the wake of debates about the knowledge society, new modes of steering and management and the increasing internationalisation of higher education. However, growth and consolidation of this research were accompanied by a more rapid growth of policy-geared information collection and dissemination in the framework of evaluation, consultancy, expert commissions and the daily work of the growing number of higher education professionals. Research on higher education often does not have a solid institutional base and it both benefits and suffers from the fact that it is a theme-base area of research, drawing from different disciplines, and that the borderline is fuzzy between researchers and other experts on higher education. But a growth and quality improvement of research on higher education can be observed in recent years — certainly to some extent due to growing cooperation of researchers across Europe and to increasing cooperation in comparative projects. In the future, the first steps undertaken to establish study programmes for higher education experts could turn out be beneficial not only for the dissemination of research findings, but also for the quality of young researchers in this domain.     

澳大利亚私立高等教育机构监管政策 变迁的历史沿革与特点分析

澳大利亚政府对私立高等教育机构监管政策变迁的历史轨迹与公立高等教育占主导地位的国家有诸多相似之处，都经历过从“排斥”或者说“边缘化”到“被动接受”再到“标准化引领”的过程。该文从历史演进的视角慎思澳大利亚政府对私立高等教育监管政策变迁的动因与导向，进而总结澳大利亚政府监管政策的特点：通过间接管理方式控制私立高等教育机构逐利行为的度；通过诱致性制度强化公私立高等教育机构的竞争与合作；通过分类资助引导私立高等教育机构质量优先发展。     

布鲁贝克“认识论”与“政治论”的实用主义基础辨

文章回顾了学界关于布鲁贝克在《高等教育哲学》中提出的“认识论”与“政治论”的研究成果,主要使用概念演绎的方法,阐释了“布氏两论”背后的实用主义基础。布鲁贝克基于杜威的实用主义认识论试图对“认识论”与“政治论”进行超越性的哲学解读,在实用主义的视域下,认识论与政治论的高等教育哲学可以同时和谐地存在于20世纪的美国大学中,为二战后美国大学的合法性提供必要辩护。关注到“布氏两论”的实用主义基础,有助于我们重新审视布鲁贝克的著作和高等教育哲学研究。     

中国高等教育研究 活跃作者的群体特征分析

活跃作者是在相对较长的一段时间内拥有持续且丰富的学术产出、在学界产生重要影响的杰出学者。本文基于2016-2020年12种教育学期刊发表的10294篇高等教育研究文献数据对活跃作者开展履历分析。研究表明：我国高等教育研究学者群体存在明显的金字塔型分层结构，1.2%的活跃作者发表了总量9.9%的学术论文；引领研究趋势、多重流动经历、知识多元交叉、注重合作研究是活跃作者最鲜明的群体共性；活跃作者的年龄与发文总量呈M型分布，存在30-39岁的小波峰和50-59岁的大波峰，40-49岁的活跃人数和论文总量相对偏低，活跃作者群体具有内在的持续活跃特征。因此，高等教育学者的学术活跃离不开其个人特质、外部环境以及处于相应生涯阶段三方面的综合效应。研究实际上为把握我国高等教育研究的内在规律、现实轨迹与未来图景提供了一个独特的视角，重视这些规律对加强高等教育科研队伍建设、推动新时代高等教育研究具有十分重要的意义。     

Distance Teaching Universities as Promoters of Social Equality and Social Accountability

The autonomous fully‐fledged distance teaching universities (DTU's) that have been established since the early 1970 ‘s in Europe and in other parts of the world, and have been shaped to a great extent on the leading model of the Open University of the United Kingdom, were by their very nature designed to promote social equality and to enhance social accountability in higher education. The major goals on their agendas were to widen access to higher education, to reach out to potential students wherever and whenever they wished to study, to provide high quality learning experiences, to reduce the costs of university education, and to be responsive both to societal demands and to market trends. This article briefly describes the main policies, mechanisms, and measures that the DTU's adopted in order to achieve their goals and concludes with the implications and lessons that might be derived from the experience of the DTU's as to the planning and policy formation of higher education systems in the future.     

改革开放40年来我国高等教育供给的变迁逻辑与展望

改革开放40年来高等教育的繁荣发展,隐匿着供需关系的变迁。高等教育供给经历了以调整重 建为抓手的恢复供给、以启动体制改革为核心的初步供给、以扩张规模为重点的全面供给、以发展内涵为目标的规范供给四个阶段,体现出供给理念从工具价值优先到基于本体价值的融通、供给主体关系从政府主要供给走向多元主体共存互生、实际提供能力由扩大体量的外延式供给到完善体制的内涵式供给、政府协调服务品质从教育管理下的无限政府到教育治理下的宏观指导、学校运行水平由泛行政化的实践逻辑到制度化的学校自治五个方面的变迁逻辑。高等教育供给只有坚持两种价值交相辉映的高等教育供给理念,构建多元主体互生共赢的高等教育供给格局,形成公平而有质量的高等教育供给品质,彰显勇于创新、富有活力的高等学校供给能力,才能更好地满足国家和人民对更美好的高等教育的需要。     

Racism in Interracial Dating: A Case Study in Southern Culture and Fundamentalism

This article presents a case study of Bob Jones University (BJU), a fundamentalist Christian institution located in South Carolina that is known within the context of U.S. higher education for its conservatism on multiple levels. Our analysis traces the beliefs of the institution's founder and subsequent leaders, in addition to particular religious, cultural, and social influences, all of which shaped BJU's institutional policies, including the university's racial practices. We believe that BJU's policies can best be understood from the contexts of two primary influential forces: its Southern cultural heritage (specifically, the culture-of-honor that has existed within the Deep South of the United States) combined with its fundamentalist moorings. Although BJU's policies have historically differed markedly from other Christian institutions regarding racism, we believe that the present study may be helpful in illustrating important historical lessons that possess potential contemporary applications for higher education policy and prac-tices.     

秉承使命与权宜应变并行：日本国立教育大学本科专业结构的特征分析

日本高等师范学校遭遇数次“存废”之争,最终以“教育大学”的姿态延续至今。教师培养课程（师范类专业）和新课程（非师范专业）共同组成日本国立教育大学的本科专业体系。作为全国教师教育体系的核心据点,日本国立教育大学始终秉行使命,深耕教师培养课程,全面涵盖与初中等教育和教学科目对应的专业,以培养具备高度专业水准的教师为己任。新课程作为应对少子化造成教师需求量下降问题而采取的权宜之计,改变了日本国立教育大学本科专业的单一结构,其体量相对较小。政府在新课程的开设及其从激增到式微的过程中占据主导地位。由于特定历史根源与社会背景,日本国立教育大学本科专业形成了综合、细分、立体等结构特征。在自主与自律的基础上,日本国立教育大学持续优化专业结构,以寻求自立发展。