Networked load frequency control of multi-area uncertain power systems via adaptive event-triggered communication scheme

Load frequency control of power systems is a very important approach to keep stability and security. Unfortunately, the traditional load frequency control is not effective because of the introduction of communication networks in multi-area power systems. In order to overcome this difficulty, sampling-based load frequency control for multi-area power systems is studied via an event-triggered detector. Unlike published works, an adaptive law for event-triggered scheme is given. Since multi-area power systems with event-triggered scheme are hybrid systems, there are a lot of challenges for analysing load frequency control problem. Some lemmas and a new Lyapunov function are developed to overcome these challenges. The obtained stability and stabilization criteria can provide a tradeoff to balance the required communication resources and the desired control performance. Numerical examples verify effectiveness of the obtained results.     

Distributed event-triggered sliding mode control of switched systems

This paper investigates the problem of distributed event-triggered sliding mode control (SMC) for switched systems with limited communication capacity. Moreover, the system output and switching signals are both considered to be sampled by distributed digital sensors, which may cause control delay and asynchronous switching. First of all, a novel distributed event-triggering scheme for switched systems is proposed to reduce bandwidth requirements. Then, a state observer is designed to estimate the system state via sampled system output with transmission delay. Based on the observed system state, a switched SMC law and corresponding switching law are designed to guarantee the exponential stability of the closed-loop system with H_∞ performance. Finally, an application example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Load frequency control for multi-area power system based on Markov model

The usage of communication networks provides a backbone of integration of information technologies and load frequency control (LFC) scheme. Time delays introduced by network environments taking the new challenge for dynamic performances and even the stability of closed-loop LFC scheme. This paper focuses on the stability and stabilization of multi-area LFC schemes for power systems with the introduction of communication networks and renewable energies. Markov theory is exploited in this paper for describing the discrete time-delay mechanism. Then, by utilizing Wirtinger-based inequality, and constructing a novel Lyapunov functions, the results of robust stability and stabilization criteria are derived in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI). Finally, simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of developed results.     

Observer-based event-triggered sliding mode control for delayed systems with unknown disturbances

This paper develops the observer-based event-triggered sliding mode control strategy for delayed systems involving unknown disturbances. This strategy comprises a triggering rule which can effectively save resources and an observer-based control law which can drive the states of delayed systems into the practical sliding mode band in some finite time. Some sufficient conditions coupled with this control strategy are proposed to guarantee the robust performance of the delayed systems. Significant outcome of this strategy is that it can be applied to the case in which the disturbances are unmeasured or unknown. Finally, two numerical examples and its simulations are presented to show the performance of the systems and effectiveness of this control strategy.     

Constrained load/frequency control problems in networked multi-area power systems

In this paper, we present a supervisory discrete-time predictive control strategy for load/frequency control problems in networked multi-area power systems subject to coordination constraints. Coordination between the control center and the spatially distributed areas is accomplished via data networks subject to communication latency modeled by time-varying time-delay. The aim here is finding supervising strategies able to reconfigure, whenever necessary in response to unexpected load changes and/or faults, the nominal set-points on frequency and generated power to the generators of each area so that viable evolutions would arise for the overall power system and a new sustainable equilibrium is reached. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy, examples on a four-area power system are presented.     

Leader-following consensus control for semi-Markov jump multi-agent systems: An adaptive event-triggered scheme

The problem of event-triggered leader-following consensus control for semi-Markov multi-agent systems is investigated in this paper. A semi-Markov process is used to describe the sudden parameter changes between every agent. An adaptive event-triggered control strategy is proposed to make a balance between reducing unnecessary communication and meeting the required performance. A control protocol which can resist actuator faults is used to ensure the reliable leader-following consensus. By employing the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional method, some sufficient conditions are provided to guarantee that the leader-following consensus can be achieved in mean-square sense. The consensus controller and the event-triggered parameter can be co-designed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by a F-404 aircraft engine system.     

Load frequency composite control for multi-region interconnected power systems

This paper investigates a composite controller for load frequency control (LFC) in multi-region interconnected power systems via sliding mode observer design. State observers (SOs) and disturbance observers (DOs) are implied for the LFC based on the load variations with communication delays and quantization output measurements. A nonlinear integral sliding surface combined with a composite controller is developed to optimize control performance. Moreover, a three-area power system model is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in the illustrative example, confirming that frequency deviations can be rejected despite delays, uncertainties, and quantization during transmission.     

A fast terminal sliding mode control scheme with time-varying sliding mode surfaces

This paper proposes a novel fast terminal sliding mode (FTSM) control scheme, which accelerates convergence of the controlled system both in its approaching and after reaching the sliding manifold. The novelty lies in the design of time-varying sliding surface without a priori knowledge of the initial system states, so achieving insensitivity to the uncertainty of the initial states. Based on this, we design a corresponding FTSM control strategy, where the singularity problem of conventional terminal sliding mode (TSM) control systems is overcome by restricting the TSM surfaces to non-singular areas. We prove stability and finite-time convergence of the system with the proposed controller. Furthermore, we extend the proposed FTSM control scheme to high-order systems and discuss its application in practical systems. Preliminary simulation results and comparative studies demonstrate the validity of the proposed FTSM control scheme with the designed sliding surface.     

Population extremal optimization-based extended distributed model predictive load frequency control of multi-area interconnected power systems

How to design a set of optimal distributed load frequency controllers for a multi-area interconnected power system is an important but still challenging issue in the field of modern electric power systems. This paper presents an adaptive population extremal optimization-based extended distributed model predictive load frequency control method called PEO-EDMPC for a multi-area interconnected power system. The key idea behind the proposed method is formulating the dynamic load frequency control issue of each area power system as an extended distributed discrete-time state-space model based on an extended state vector, obtaining a distributed dynamic extended predictive model, and rolling optimization of real-time control output signal by adopting an adaptive population extremal optimization algorithm, where the fitness is evaluated by the weighted sum of square predicted errors and square future control values. The superiority of the proposed PEO-EDMPC method to a traditional distributed model predictive control method, a population extremal optimization-based distributed proportional-integral control algorithm and a traditional distributed integral control method is demonstrated by the simulation studies on two-area and three-area interconnected power systems in cases of normal, perturbed system parameters and dynamical load disturbances.     

Input-output finite-time stability for networked control systems with memory event-triggered scheme

This paper has investigated the input-output finite time stability (IO-FTS) for a class of networked control systems (NCSs) with network-induced delay. To reduce the frequents of packets transmission, a novel memory event-triggered scheme (METS) has been proposed. Different from existing event-triggered schemes, the proposed METS can make use of certain released packets to generate new event. By this way, the event generator can do more precise decision and better control performance can be expected. By using a Lyapunov functional method, sufficient condition for the IO-FTS of NCSs has been derived. Then a co-design method is proposed to obtain the memory feedback gains and parameters of the METS. Finally, a simulation example is carried out and the effectiveness of the designed METS is validated. The IO-FTS of NCSs with solved memory feedback gains is also confirmed.     

Distributed impulsive control for heterogeneous multi-agent systems based on event-triggered scheme

In this paper, the distributed impulsive control for heterogeneous multi-agent systems based on event-triggered approach is investigated. According to whether the information transfer of the dynamic compensator is continuous or not, two different kinds of impulsive controllers are designed, respectively. Based on these two kinds of controllers, the corresponding distributed event-triggered conditions are provided, which make the impulsive instants of all agents do not need occur simultaneously. Moreover, the lower bound of impulsive intervals can also be guaranteed for all the event-triggered conditions, which means that the control schemes given in this paper can avoid the Zeno-behavior successfully. Eventually, a simulation example is proposed to support the effectiveness of the results obtained in this paper.     

Attack resilient strategy for event-triggered distributed control scheme of multi-energy systems

In recent years, distributed algorithms have been increasingly used to solve the economic dispatch (ED) problem of multi-energy systems (MES) due to the advantages of high flexibility, strong robustness, and privacy. However, the MES based on the distributed optimization architecture must bear higher cyber-attack risks, so as to maintain the safe and stable operation of MES. To address this issue, an event-triggered fully distributed algorithm is proposed to solve the ED problem, which can effectively mitigate the communication burden. On this basis, an attack resilient strategy against false data injection (FDI) attacks is implemented in the proposed fully distributed algorithm, which can eliminate incorrect measurement of incremental cost and power generation data caused by cyber-attacks. In addition, a reputation value protocol embedded in the proposed attack resilient strategy is designed to effectively reduce the potential of direct isolation of the node. Finally, case studies are given in this paper to validate the effectiveness of the proposed distributed control scheme on a 9-bus MES.     

Sparsely distributed sliding mode control for interconnected systems

This paper proposes a framework for the design of sparsely distributed output feedback discrete-time sliding mode control (ODSMC) for interconnected systems. The major target here is to develop an observer based discrete-time sliding mode controller employing a sparsely distributed control network structure in which local controllers exploit some other sub-systems’ information as well as its own local information. As the local controllers/observers have access to some other sub-systems’ states, the control performance will be improved and the applicability region will be widened compared to the decentralised structure. As the first step, a stability condition is derived for the overall closed-loop system obtained from applying ODSMC to the underlying interconnected system, by assuming a priori known structure for the control/observer network. The developed LMI based controller design scheme provides the possibility to employ different information patterns such as fully distributed, sparsely distributed and decentralised patterns. In the second step, we propose a methodology to identify a sparse control/observer network structure with the least possible number of communication links that satisfies the stability condition given in the first step. The boundedness of the obtained overall closed-loop system is analysed and a bound is derived for the augmented system state which includes the closed-loop system state and the switching function.     

Event-triggered sliding mode control for networked linear systems

This paper investigates the control-based event-triggered sliding mode control for a networked linear system whose feedback information is transmitted over a digital communication network. In this paper, a novel event-triggered mechanism based on control value is proposed. Different from traditional event-triggered mechanisms that are normally based on states, our mechanism pays more attention to the desired control input value of the system. When the deviation between the current control input and the control input being calculated on the basis of the previous system state exceeds a given threshold, an event is triggered. For the sake of reducing the information to be transmitted, a quantization policy is executed and only a few bits are needed to transmit the feedback symbol of each sample. The combination of the control-based event-triggered mechanism and the quantization policy can significantly reduce both the transmission frequency and the number of bits of each feedback packet. For the concerned system, sliding mode control is implemented. The reachability of the sliding mode surface and the robust stability of the system are analyzed by fully taking quantization effects into account. Moreover, the effects of transmission delay of feedback packets on the event-triggering mechanism are considered. Under the proposed mechanism, the lower bound of event intervals is proven to be non-zero, i.e., the Zeno behavior is excluded. Simulations of a mechanical system are done to further verify the superiority of the proposed mechanism.     

An intelligent self-repairing control for nonlinear MIMO systems via adaptive sliding mode control technology

In this paper, an intelligent self-repairing control scheme is proposed for a class of nonlinear MIMO system. A direct self-repairing controller of a nonlinear SISO system is firstly designed, and then the control scheme is promoted to a nonlinear MIMO system. The error signals are replaced by the state variables to deal with the high derivate problems of the desired signals and a nonlinear regulating function is brought in to improve the performances of the sliding mode. The self-repairing controller is made up of four parts: the nonlinear regulator, the equal controller, the compensator I and the compensator II. The control method is applied to a helicopter flight control system with loss-in-effectiveness faults. Some simulation results illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control scheme in the paper.