Negotiating the complementarian gender ideology of an evangelical student subculture: further evidence from women's narratives

This study is based on a longitudinal, qualitative investigation of a burgeoning evangelical student organisation on a university campus in the USA. In addition to four months of observation, in‐depth interviews were conducted with students in their first and third years of college to understand the gender climate and ideology that characterised the organisation, as well as how students' gender ideologies were altered or reinforced after three years of exposure to the organisation. The findings from the initial study revealed that the evangelical student community was steeped in a complementarian gender ideology; that is, the culture embraced normative masculinity, essential gender differences, and separate roles and expectations for men and women with respect to leadership, modesty, and dating/marriage. A narrative analysis of the longitudinal interview data revealed the diverse ways in which four women negotiated the gender ideology of the evangelical organisation during their college years.     

International student demand for higher education in the United States

Foreign students have been attending colleges and universities in the United States at rapidly increasing rates since the late 1960s. Due particularly to demographic changes and cost considerations, U.S. universities have accepted and grown somewhat dependent on these foreign students. This raises the questions of what caused the increased international demand for U.S. education and will that demand continue to grow? We attempt here to provide a theoretical model of educational demand and to test the model employing both time series and cross-sectional data. First, we give background information and a brief literature survey; then we develop the model. Next, we test the model by examining the time series evidence. We then present cross-sectional findings employing the Zellner SUR technique. The paper concludes with policy implications.     

美国州立助学政策的目标取向

美国州立助学政策有三个目标取向：基于需要的助学计划的目标取向是确保低收入家庭学生的入学机会;基于选择的助学计划的目标取向是保证自由选择入读院校的类型;基于成绩的助学计划的目标取向是奖励和激励卓越.三种模式各有其优点和缺点.     

Assessing Emphasis on Aging in Social-Work Curricula in the United States

The number of Americans over 65 will more than double, from 34.8 million in 2000 to 70.3 million in 2030. The coming decades will bring about unprecedented demand for social services for the elderly. In this paper we assess the response of the social-work profession to the demand for trained social workers with course work in the broad field of aging. Nearly 30% of master-level programs in social work were selected. Content analysis of the curricula offered through these programs was performed. The objective was to evaluate the share of the gerontologically oriented courses in social-work curricula. Findings suggest that the emphasis in social-work curricula content dealing with one of the fastest growing sectors of our population is limited in currently accredited programs. We found an overall average of 3 courses, mostly offered as electives.     

美国学术型博士学位点评估的演进与特点

20世纪80年代迄今,美国开展过三次大规模的学术型博士学位点评估活动.本文通过研究发现,美国1982年评估首次融入了客观性的量化指标,1995年评估进一步加强了对博士学位点特征的持续关注,2010年评估则实现了评估理念的全面变革.     

Comparative study of student science achievement between United States and China

Comparable Chinese and American databases were identified in this study through a review of existing international projects in the United States and China. The Chinese data were collected from a random sample of more than 12,000 ninth-grade students in the SISS Extended Study, a key project supported by the China State Commission of Education in the late 1980s. The U.S. data were collected at the same grade level using the same international instrument. The achievement comparison revealed a small difference between Chinese and American average scores. Variability of the score distribution was larger in the United States than in China. These findings were triangulated with other comparative research results to shed light on the condition of Chinese and American science education. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 329–336, 1998.     

越南战争时期美国国内青年学生反战运动概况

越南战争是美国历史上特续时间最长、物资消耗最大的一场战争.在这场持续近二十年的战争中,美国国内反战浪潮此起彼伏,而其中又以青年学生的反战运动最为引人注目,也最为激进.本文就将以青年学生为研究对象,简要谈谈在越南战争时期,美国国内反战运动的发展情况.     

Assessing faculty performance using student evaluations of teaching in an uncontrolled setting

This paper provides new evidence on the disparity between student evaluation of teaching (SET) ratings when evaluations are conducted online versus in‐class. Using a multiple regression analysis, we show that after controlling for many of the class and student characteristics not under the direct control of the instructor, average SET ratings from evaluations conducted online are significantly lower than average SET ratings conducted in‐class. Further, we demonstrate the importance of controlling for the factors not under the instructor’s control when using SET ratings to evaluate faculty performance in the classroom. We do not suggest that moving to online evaluation is overly problematic, only that it is difficult to compare evaluations done online with evaluations done in‐class. While we do not suppose that one method is ‘more accurate’ than another, we do believe that institutions would benefit from either moving all evaluations online or by continuing to do all evaluations in‐class.     

The influence of student gender on the assessment of undergraduate student work

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of perceived student gender on the feedback given to undergraduate student work. Participants (n = 12) were lecturers in higher education and were required to mark two undergraduate student essays. The first student essay that all participants marked was the control essay. Participants were informed that the control essay was written by Samuel Jones (a male student). Participants then marked the target essay. Although participants marked the same essay, half of the participants (n = 6) were informed that the student essay was written by Natasha Brown (a female student), while the remaining participants were informed that it was written by James Smith (a male student). In-text and end-of-text feedback were qualitatively analysed on six dimensions: academic style of writing; criticality; structure, fluency and cohesion; sources used; understanding/knowledge of the subject; and other. Analysis of feedback for both the control and target essay revealed no discernible differences in the number of comments (strengths of the essay, areas for improvement) made and the content and presentation of these comments between the two groups. Pedagogical implications pertaining to the potential impact of anonymous marking on feedback processes are discussed.     

Peace education in an urban school district in the United States

The Black-White achievement gap presents perhaps the most important issue in education. Legal actions play a role in the efforts to reduce and eliminate the gap. School finance adequacy litigation offers the most widely used legal strategy to seek fairer outcomes for children. However, the literature is sparse with regard to the impact such litigation has on student outcomes. This article addresses the extent to which adequacy litigation functions as a means of narrowing the achievement gap. It sets forth evidence showing that successful adequacy cases relate positively to African American achievement on the 2003 National Assessment of Educational Progress assessments. However, the results also show that factors normally outside the purview of adequacy litigation, such as the racial composition of the school, also contribute to student outcomes. Therefore, it is argued that adequacy litigation offers a means for reducing the achievement gap, but that it would be more effective if combined with nonmonetary remedies, such as integrating public schools.     

现行美国教育体制

美国现行的教育体制构建在两个理想的前提上,一是必须保证所有的人接受基础教育,但由于各州经济状况的不同而导致基础教育发展不平衡;一是必须保证所有人都有接受高等教育的权利和机会。美国教育体制下存在公助和私助两种办学模武,他们更强调教会学生创新和独立思考,一些学校正进行改革试验,并取得了一定成效。     

美国人心目中的家

家是一个让人放松的地方．一个让人放下一切、展示真实自我的地方。因此,无论走到哪里,家都是一个你想回的地方。因此,基本上所有的人都非常渴望拥有一个家。对于大多数美国人来说．家最重要的应该是舒适。     

美国放松管制运动之历史回顾

放松管制是与管制相反的概念,这一运动起源于福特执政时期并延续数十年,其主要内容是取消或放松市场准入限制,调整政府对垄断行为的管制政策,取消或调整各种价格管制,减少对企业各种活动的限制,对政府管制行为的设置进行成本效益评价,保证管制行为的合理性,其范围涉及电力、天然气、铁路、航空、公路、电信、金融等经济生活的各个方面.放松管制是对传统管制制度的重大调整,它导致经营成本的下降,价格水平的降低,促进市场的细分,扩大产业的范围,影响工会等社会组织的法律地位.     

Population education in the United States

The most significant expansion of population education in the U.S. has occurred over the past 5-year period. The environmental movement of the 1960 decade established a foundation on which population education quickly developed in the 1970 decade and gained acceptance in the population establishment and among funding agencies. During the years 1970-1976, several private organizations became actively involved in the population education field. Several viewpoints and population education approaches are now evident in the U.S. These approaches stress different aspects of the issue: extension of family planning, individual and social awareness, demography, behavioral objectives, value analysis, environmental strategy, and inquiry. Although these approaches are diverse, the U.S. has provided a basic framework for population education. Research in population education has consisted of little more than review studies, knowledge and attitude surveys, and several studies on the appropriateness of population education in the formal college school setting. Further research is needed to identify the goals, objectives, and strategy of population education, and these studies would have to be linked to the cognitive and moral development of the student.