中国史学和(西)德/西方史学:一种对话?--始于1980年代中国社会史转向

全文分三部分:第一部分讨论比较方法中的一些问题,并通过比较揭示中国和西方/德国的史学研究中的不平等关系及其后果。第二部分,作者把1980年代以来中国史学研究中出现的社会史研究潮流称为“社会史转向”(Soc ialH istory Turn),分析其特征并以其为例呈现中国史学研究在全球学术结构中的自我定位。第三部分,通过比较德国与中国社会史兴起过程中的异同来“构建他者”(to Construct the O ther)和“衡量差异”(toM easure the D ifference),从而指出占统治地位的线性发展和现代化模型是以统一的全球意识形态体系为基础的,并强调对其重新思考的必要性。     

Rethinking intervention: changing the cultures of schooling

In this paper I will discuss intervention in the culture of schools as part of a range of responses to the concerns expressed, the difficulties caused by and the dissatisfaction and unhappiness experienced by pupils with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties. I will discuss such intervention at the levels of staff relations and inter‐agency working. My focus will be on the development of collaborative working cultures for the creation of knowledge within the general systems of activity that constitute schooling. I will open the discussion with a brief introduction to the theoretical framework which both guides and is developed through this work.     

对玻尔原子模型理论的若干思考

通过调查的方法了解学生学习玻尔理论的困难,在此基础上,对玻尔理论的物理本质和内在联系进行了深入的分析研究,以解决学生在学习该理论时的困惑。     

The end of innocence: historiography and representation in the discursive practice of LD

In this article, I discuss two interrelated sets of challenges that the discursive practice of learning disability (LD) will need to address, namely, issues associated with the development of a historiography of special education and a more complex understanding of representation issues. I use social theory to address these challenges and raise questions the LD field will need to grapple with as we move toward the consolidation of discursive practices.     

散文意境的特征及其构造

散文意境即“文境”与诗歌意境即“诗境”既有共性又存在着差异,但过去对这种差异缺乏研究。本文首先从造境与写境、凝炼集中与松散随意、单维视角与多维视角三方面分析了这种差异。接着从真实与真诚,生命的灌注与灵趣三个视角探讨散文意境的构造。最后指出以往一直强调的散文应以追求意境为上,以及认为只有借景抒情的作品才有意境的观点,其实是对散文意境的误读。由上可见,本文对散文意境问题作出了全新的诠释。     

Ecology: From individuals to collectives

Common people and even scientists think of ecology as a discipline that exclusively studies wildlife and topics related to environmental pollution. My friends both within and outside the scientific community are often ba2ed when they hear that I am a physicist doing research in ecology. The aim of this series of articles is to emphasize the less known fact that theory and mathematics have been central to ecology since the inception of this relatively young scientific field. In this first article, I will talk about the following three points. First, I will discuss how the emphasis of the basic science of ecology is much broader than its applied aspects involving the conservation of natural ecosystems. Second, I will discuss a fundamental parallel between statistical physics and ecology that arises because both disciplines emphasize macroscopic systems (e.g., magnetic materials in physics or flocks of birds in ecology) as collectives of interacting units that are more than the sum of their constituents. What makes them fascinating is that interactions at small scales typically give rise to unexpected properties at larger scales. Finally, I will discuss how ecology offrs a new and rich set of challenges to mathematically trained scientists because of variations among biological organisms and the role of natural selection in shaping ecological systems, both of which have no parallels in the physical sciences.     

医学课程双语教学的负面效应及其对策

双语教学是经济全球化背景下我国高等学校教学改革与创新的重要尝试,医学课程双语教学就是其中之一,其中教学质量是成功与否的关键因素之一,本文就这方面阐述了笔者的观点。     

ACCEL: A New Model for Identifying the Gifted

Serious identification of the gifted started with the work of Lewis Terman early in the 20th century. Terman’s model, based largely on IQ, may have made sense in the early 20th century, but it no longer makes sense today. The problems that society needs its gifted individuals to solve in the 21st century require much more than IQ—in addition to analytical, IQ-like skills, they also require creative, practical, wisdom-based, and ethical skills. In this essay, I discuss some of the background for the conventional IQ-based model of gifted identification and education and then consider the problems the world faces today and why IQ is insufficient to solve them. I then present a new model—ACCEL (Active Concerned Citizenship and Ethical Leadership)—that perhaps will better prepare our gifted students for the world of the future.     

When Classroom Situation is the Unit of Analysis: The Potential Impact on Research in Mathematics Education

In this commentary, I will critically elaborate on the potential impact of the coordinated papers of this volume on further development of research in mathematics education. The papers, which share common theoretical frameworks, will be categorized into three different classes: ‘demolishers of illusions’, ‘economizers of thought’ and ‘energizers of practice’. I will analyze the role played by psychology and related sciences as a possible enrichment of the frameworks, especially where technologies are concerned. Finally, I will discuss the possible conflict between the need to consider the phenomena elicited in this kind of studies and the sophistication required by the theoretical constructs, which makes the results of these studies very difficult to communicate to the international community.     

Cultural historical activity theory and professional learning

In this article I will discuss the route by which I came to work with Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT). The brief tracing of my own biography will highlight theoretical and methodological milestones. I will then discuss my current work, with colleagues, on approaches to investigating and improving the learning of professionals who are involved in interagency work, which intends to reduce the risks of social exclusion for marginal groups. In this case I will consider those young people who become excluded from school and whose needs are complex and rapidly fluctuating. This project is concerned with the learning of professionals in the creation of new forms of practice, which require joined‐up solutions to meet complex and diverse client needs. We study professional learning in services that aim to promote social inclusion through supporting clients as effective actors in their worlds. At any given time in their lives individuals may take part in particular configurations of several, diverse social practices. In this discussion I will draw on recent developments in CHAT and theories of learning at work.     

Why Teachers and Philosophers Need Each Other: philosophy and educational research

In this paper I discuss the relationship of philosophers and philosophy to teachers and schools using my ESRC funded research into social justice as an example. Drawing on, extending, playing with and finally rejecting Schon's (1983) metaphor of the relationhip of the hard, high ground of theory to the swampy lowlands of practice, I discuss ways of keeping both perspectives in touch with each other. There is a view of educational philosophy that its role is to produce maps for the benefit of those below. I argue that this is unhelpful both to teachers and to philosophers and that philosophy as educational research will only flourish if a means is found to keep communication open about both perspectives.     

“以学生为中心”的《数学思维方法》课程教学改革

随着现代高等教育的发展,以应用型人才为培养目标的高校,必将构建"以学生为中心"的教学模式。以《数学思维方法》课程为例,探讨了课程教学中"以学生为中心"的理论基础以及"以学生为中心"的理念在该课程教学中的具体做法。     

应用语言学研究的几个问题

应用语言学是一门独立的、其它任何学科又无法替代的新兴边缘学科,它有其自己的理论、原则和研究方法,应用语言学有狭义和广义之分。这一点语言学家们已经达成了共识,但是,在有些方面,他们还在各抒己见,众说纷纭,如．应用语言学的定义、应用语言学的研究范围、应用语言学的理论等等。应用语言学研究面广,涉及的问题多．它既研究理论的应用．又研究其自身的理论,可以说,当今应用语言学的内容和以前相比已经发生了很大变化。本文主要讨论应用语言学的理论、应用语言学的研究范围、应用语言学的发展等几个问题。     

Developing ethics competencies among science students at the University of Copenhagen

Many philosophers and sociologists of science have tried to understand the profound changes that have occurred in science, engineering and technology. In the first part of this paper, I present the work of one such scholar: Jerome Ravetz who, in collaboration with Silvio Funtowicz, has characterised what he calls ‘postnormal science’. The purpose of this theoretical part of the paper is to describe what characterises contemporary science and to formulate which competencies contemporary scientists need to act ethically. In the second part of the paper, I present and analyse the course ‘Philosophy of Science and Ethics’ that I have taught since 2005 to biochemistry, chemistry and nanotechnology students at the University of Copenhagen. The course is intended to prepare its participants for postnormal knowledge production that is scientific work that is embedded in a societal context characterised by uncertainty and conflicting values systems. With this in mind, I analyse the course by relating its content to the concepts that describe postnormal science, and I discuss how the course develops the ethics competencies that contemporary scientists need to work in postnormal science. I will also briefly discuss the relevance of the course for engineering students.     

Computational lower bounds using diagonalization

What can a computer with limited resources like time and space accomplish? Can it solve our favourite computational problem? These are the kind of questions that we implicitly ask when designing ‘efficient algorithms’. It is also interesting to know which problems cannot be solved with computers operating with limited resources, no matter how smart we are as algorithm designers. Moreover, given a problem, we would like to know the lower bound on such resources required to solve it using a given computer. This article in two parts, discusses an important technique called diagonalization for establishing such lower bounds. In this part we will fix a model of a computer —indeed, one that is as powerful as any other known mechanical model — and explore some important features of this model. In the second part, we will introduce diagonlization, its applications and potential shortcomings.     

略论科学发展观的核心对高校思想政治教育的重要指导意义

高校思想政治理教育是提高我国大学生思想政治素质教育的主渠道和主阵地。科学发展观是马克思主义中国化的最新理论成果,是我国各项事业改革和发展的指导思想,其核心是以人为本,把提高人作为发展的根本途径,把尊重人作为发展的根本准则,把为了人作为发展的根本目的。本文主要想就科学发展观的核心内容以人为本思想对高校思想政治理教育的重要指导意义进行探讨。     

从美学视觉谈个别包装与整体包装的统一

文章从当代社会大众的“品牌消费”这一带有浓厚的美学特征的消费倾向出发,对商品包装的一般美学原则进行分析,指出我国当前的包装设计存在一些缺陷和不足,认为现代包装在注重单个商品包装设计的开发时,更要重视从整体性要求出发,将单个商品包装设计的开发融入到更为宏观的包装设计链条之中,将其与本企业的其他商品、企业标识、企业理念等要素统一起来。只有如此,单个商品包装才能为产品的品牌塑造发挥作用,实现其经济价值和审美价值。     

Preparing Instructional Designers for Game-Based Learning: Part 1

Like many rapidly growing industries, advances in video game technology are far outpacing research on its design and effectiveness. Relatively little is understood about how to apply what we know about teaching and learning to optimize game-based learning. For the most part, instructional designers know little about game development and video game developers may know little about training, education and instructional design. In this three part series of articles, four recognized and emerging experts in instructional game design discuss their perspectives on preparing instructional designers to optimize game-based learning. In Part I, we set the context for the series of articles and one of four faculty members who teach a graduate level course on game design discusses what he believes instructional designers should know about instructional game design based on his experiences. Part II will present alternative perspectives from two additional faculty members who teach courses in instructional game design, and Part III will present a fourth perspective along with conclusion that compares the four views.