Apprenticeship and Applied Theoretical Knowledge

Abstract

Nel Noddings claims that there is an important normative element in happiness. For support, she points to the Aristotelian idea of the eudaimonic life, a concept that is often translated into English as ‘the happy life’. However, in light of the wide divergence between the Aristotelian view of eudaimonia as a life of virtuous activity and most contemporary psychologists’ and lay people’s view of happiness as subjective wellbeing, the authors of this article believe that Noddings’s merging of the two has several shortcomings. Aside from ambiguity and confusion, it encourages us to deny that, given the human condition, we must sometimes choose between happiness as pursuit of positive emotion and personal satisfaction and happiness as pursuit of the common good and the virtuous life.     

阿尔贝·加缪哲学与美学思想的均衡特征

加缪作品中出现了荒诞与反抗、痛苦与幸福、孤独与团结、反抗与节制、艺术家的责任与自由、艺术与现实、内容与形式等一系列两重性主题,使他的哲学与美学思想呈现出均衡的特征。     

Beyond Education: Meursault and being ordinary

Abstract

The infamous story of a young office clerk called Meursault has long entertained literary critics, scholars, musicians, artists and school teachers for the light and shadow that it reveals around and on the human condition. His character has been lauded as existential hero and rebuked as lacking agency. In this article, his story, in Camus’ The outsider, is explored as an educational challenge to a society to reflect on the territory it occupies, and the ways in which the sociopolitical machinery deals with perceived anomalies (like the character Meursault). The article explores notions of normalcy and ordinariness in relation to Meursault’s thinking and experience in order to consider the idea of what lies outside, or beyond, thinking about education. The argument here is that Meursault’s failure to intervene in his own life challenges both the ways in which we are ordinarily educated and the ways in which we ordinarily resist our education.     

知青叙事里的“他者”和“局外人”——以张承志和《黑骏马》中的白音宝力格为例

知青叙事中塑造了许多“他者”和“局外人”形象,尤以作家张承志和其作《黑骏马》中的主人公白音宝力格最为明显。通过文本细读法,从“自我书写的‘他者’——找寻存在的‘局外人’——‘他者’和‘局外人’的精神复归”的过程来分析张承志的经历和展示《黑骏马》中的白音宝力格的情感经历,研究知青叙事里的“他者”和“局外人”形象,对于重返知青叙事、理解张承志作品的生命意识和人性关怀具有重要意义。     

民生幸福与公共服务治理：一个理论与实证研究的综述

民生幸福是政府善治的价值导向,公共服务承载着民众对幸福的现实诉求。民生幸福视角下的公共服务考察,关注幸福感知的综合性内涵,揭示公共服务作用于民生幸福的内在关联机理和方式,为政府公共服务效能提升和幸福社会构建提供理论和方法论。目前国内外相关理论和实证研究围绕不同领域和主题,取得了相应的研究成果,但在基础理论、学科视野、研究方法等三个方面还有待改进或有望突破。     

What do families of the ‘professional and managerial’ class educate their children for? The links between happiness and autonomy

Based on a qualitative study involving 124 professional and managerial class families in Catalonia (Spain), this paper describes the aims and objectives these families have for the education of their children. During the fieldwork, when asked what they were aiming for in the education of their children, almost all of the parents replied ‘for them to be happy’. But what kind of happiness are they talking about? What kind of education might lead to happiness? Drawing principally on the work of Kellerhals and Montandon and their ‘contractual model of education’ and Bauman’s concepts of ‘secondary security’ and ‘homo eligens’, although also taking into account the related contributions of Lareau, Vincent and Ball, Stefansen and Aarseth, and Kusserow, the paper aims to demonstrate the strong connection these families make between happiness and ‘absolute’ autonomy, understood as two sides of the same coin and seen, by the participants, as the guiding principle that should shape the way they bring their children up.     

Introducing Noddings and the Symposium

Abstract

‘Introducing Noddings and the Symposium’ is an overview in three parts following an opening comment The three are these: Noddings’s biography highlighting personal background and professional accomplishments; papers overview pointing to key ideas and themes as well as philosophical, literary and metaphorical inspiration; and response comments that take up ideas from the symposium papers and Noddings’s text in brief reconsideration. These ideas are connection of care theory to Noddings’s happiness, recognition of an ethics in doing philosophy, conceptions of needs and wants, and promotion of critical thinking especially in schools.     

中国文化传统中幸福追求的四种模式

本文系统地概括了中国文化传统中追求幸福的四种模式:儒家以德祈福,追求孔颜之乐的幸福模式;道家以道致福,追求至乐的幸福模式;禅家以空求福,追求平常心之乐的幸福模式;民间大众以寿统福,追求生活美满之乐的幸福模式。梳理出这些传统的幸福模式,可以为当下国人寻求幸福提供帮助。     

关于幸福教育的思考与实践

情感,是学生学习与学校发展的基础.而今天我们学校把一些用来达到目的的手段本身变成了目的来追求.理想的教育是:培养真正的人,让每一个人都能幸福地度过一生,这就是教育应该追求的恒久性、终级性价值.建构"幸福教育"的两个体系是:其一,让教师拥有一种物质、精神和心灵的幸福生活.因为孩子的幸福观、幸福品质和幸福能力主要从教师那里获得.教师的最高境界是把教育当作幸福的活动.其二,不仅让孩子拥有一个幸福童年,还要拥有一个幸福人生.所谓幸福童年,指快乐的校园生活;所谓幸福人生,是为孩子今后人生走向构成完整而和谐、可持续发展的人生基础.幸福既是一种教育理想,也是一种教育实践.在这种体验过程与追求的过程中,除了需要学生对幸福拥有正确的认识和态度外,还需要他们具有感知幸福和创造幸福的能力以及享用幸福的能力.     

What measures justice? What justifies happiness? Emersonian moral perfectionism and the cultivation of political emotions

Abstract

This article will highlight the distinctive role of Cavell in renewing a dawn of American philosophy. Following Emerson’s remark, ‘the inmost in due time becomes the outmost’, Cavell develops his distinctive line of antifoundationalist thought. To show how unique and valuable Cavell’s endeavor to resuscitate Emerson’s and Thoreau’s voice in American philosophy is, this paper discusses the political implications of Cavell’s Emersonian moral perfectionism. This involves a reconsideration of what measures justice and what justifies happiness. While Cavell is sometimes said to be too personal and too subjective to be political, I shall argue that his Emersonian perfectionism, with its concomitant idea of the conversation of justice, is in fact thoroughly political and democratic. I shall illustrate this by examining his writing on a Hollywood film, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936). The film shows vividly that happiness is a condition for achieving democracy from within. In conclusion, I shall propose that a readiness for the risk inherent in speech, rather than, say, acquiescing in received ideas or hiding behind the words of others, is at the heart of perfectionist education for globally minded citizens.     

Shakespearean Intertexts and European Identities in Contemporary Black British Fiction

The article analyses the presence of William Shakespeare as intertext in three recent novels by black British writers which deploy the work of the Bard as they explore British and European identities. Caryl Phillips’s The Nature of Blood recreates an Othello-like figure who in early Modern Venice struggles to come to terms with his identity as an outsider. Zadie Smith’s White Teeth summarises the influence of imperial history in contemporary English society with The Tempest’s idea that ‘What is past is prologue’ and evokes an African presence in Shakespeare’s England by way of the dark lady in sonnets. Bernardine Evaristo’s Soul Tourists presents a journey through European countries that are haunted by the ghosts of old African inhabitants, among them the dark lady of the sonnets. These novels use their dialogue with William Shakespeare to construct stories of Africans in Europe in the past centuries that question received narratives of the British nation and undermine the myth of an all-white Europe.     

A limited,apolitical, and open Paulo Freire

Paulo Freire’s work is often characterized and used in terms that seek to produce widespread political and economic changes across societies. Peter Roberts, however, in his book Paulo Freire in the twenty-first Century, offers readers a much different way of approaching Freire’s work. Throughout his book, Roberts presents Freire as recognizing the limitations of educational initiatives, as not seeking specific macro-political objectives, and as emphasizing openness to alternative discourses. These themes weave throughout each chapter of the book, in which Roberts examines a wide range of topics, from Freire and Dostoevsky to reason and emotion to political correctness to Freire and the Tao Te Ching. In this review essay, I engage a number of purposes. I elucidate and trace these three themes as they weave throughout and support the various topics that Roberts examines in his book. I illustrate how Roberts’s treatment of these themes challenges many of the interpretations of Freire’s work found within the critical literature, and, through this critique, it offers readers new ways of thinking about Freire’s thinking. Lastly, I discuss how Roberts’s thoughts suggest new ways that Freire’s work, and critical education in general, might begin to make more meaningful and practical inroads into public education and might develop new avenues of scholarship on Freire’s work.     

变形与异化--论《变形记》的悖谬艺术

在20世纪作家中,把悖谬艺术发挥得淋漓尽致的作家首推卡夫卡,他的诸多作品大都充满了悖谬色彩。《变形记》中主人公的变形把悖谬艺术推向了极致,变形是悖谬的艺术写照,而异化的主题则是悖谬的哲学意蕴。小说通过主人公变形前后的所思所想以及和家人的先后关系,淋漓尽致地为我们揭露了资本主义温情脉脉面纱下的人情冷暖和金钱利益。     

亚里士多德幸福论

亚里士多德在其著作《尼各马可伦理学》中,从理性和感性的角度论述了对幸福的观点。从理性的角度认为,在善的体系中,那个最好的、终极的、自足的、最完满的、以自身为目的、最高的善就是幸福。追求幸福的生活体现了人区别于动物的特殊性,这就是人能够通过主动选择理性生活来过一种道德生活。他认为思辨的人生是最幸福的人生。从感性的角度认为,幸福的生活必然是快乐,这样他把人的心理体验、情感体现拉入到幸福中来,力图克服把幸福空洞化,体现了其理论的调和主义色彩。     

论王尔德童话中的死亡美学

与追求大团圆结局的传统童话不同,王尔德的童话弥漫着死亡的气息,有着对死亡异乎寻常的关注。但是,死亡在他的童话中丝毫不见血腥与残暴,反而成了表现美的最佳形式。对王尔德的童话进行细致梳理,可发现王尔德对死亡异乎寻常的关注以及将死亡审美化的倾向源自其对"唯美主义"理想的追逐和对永生的渴求。因此,王尔德死亡美学的本质就是生存美学,是以自由精神对抗理想的陨落和侵蚀、超越死亡的恐惧和困顿。     

高职学生幸福能力培养的“四维模式”

幸福是一种能力,可以通过教育来培养。而一个人是否幸福关系到他的生活质量,关系到为社会所作贡献的大小。社会应通过各种努力来提高人们的幸福能力。对于高职学生来说,通过爱国主义教育、理想信念教育、人生观教育和道德观教育这"四维模式"来培养他们的幸福能力是一种有益的探索。     

High and wide,the exact and the vast: Emersonian Bildung in dialog with Humboldt and Dewey

Abstract

In this article, it will be my aim to outline the key features of Emerson’s original conception of Bildung, with special reference to the links, first, between the American essayist and Wilhelm von Humboldt, and second, Emerson and John Dewey. After introductory notes on how to map out Emersonian Bildung in relation to the available philosophical commentaries, I delineate some of the chief meanings of Bildung, showing how Emersonian self-culture aligns with Humboldtian Bildung. Second, I draw out concrete implications for educational practice from an Emersonian view of self-culture vis-à-vis comparisons with Dewey. In addition to Bildung qua self-culture, another basic sense of Emersonian Bildung is education, and Emerson often deals with educational themes in his treatments of self-culture. In the final section, I return to the specifics of Emerson’s sense of Bildung, saying a few words on the alleged elitism of the term, and in particular, its neglected religious overtones. This section serves the purpose of distinguishing Emerson’s view not only from related accounts of Bildung, but also from the secondary commentaries available.     

融于大道,同于天乐——庄子“乐”论

庄子从对世俗之乐的批判中提出了自己化苦为乐的方法,进而指出快乐的人生最终应融入自然的大道中去追求所谓的至乐——＂天乐＂;庄子之＂乐＂不是对人生的消极对待,而是对人根本处境和存在状况的一种觉醒和反思,是对悲剧人生的根源及其解决途径的寻求,也是对理想精神家园的探寻。     

困境与破解:小学教师职业幸福感探析--以杭州市C小学为例

就杭州市C小学教师"职业幸福感"的调查显示,该小学教师存在职业倦怠、成长诉求、职业发展等方面的问题,教师缺乏幸福感。从教师管理的角度来看,其原因主要在于:"关爱缺位"减退了教师幸福指数,"诉求过场"阻碍了教师投入动力,"评价单向"局限了教师快乐发展。针对存在的问题,C小学实施了三个策略:一是学校推动,自上而下突进,营造幸福场域;二是教师行动,自下而上突击,贯通幸福维度;三是整体联动,上下结合突围,彰显幸福效度。三个策略的实施,有效推动了教师群体在学习方式、教科研能力、教育方法等方面的提升,激发了教师的内在驱动力和职业幸福感。     

中国梦语境下的大学生幸福梦研究

中国梦已成为中国人的热门话题、语境与生活目标。中国梦就是实现国家富强、民族复兴、人民幸福。对于当代大学生而言,实现中国梦便是追寻大学生的幸福梦。通过研究大学生幸福梦的内涵和实现问题,使生活在中国梦语境中的大学生,确立自己与中国梦相融的幸福梦,并通过教育培育、社会支持、个人奋斗来最终实现个人价值和社会价值。