跨国公司在华溢出效应的驱动因素研究——知识基础观与嵌入理论的双重视角

外商直接投资具有显著提高东道国企业生产率的潜在贡献.整合知识基础观与嵌入理论,考察了跨国公司在华溢出效应的驱动因素,分析发现,跨国公司与政府相关机构的嵌入性、与金融机构的嵌入性以及跨国公司在华的产品出口战略均会对本土企业产生溢出效应,而跨国公司在华科技人员雇佣政策对溢出效应的影响关系却不显著.最后,讨论了研究的理论贡献、政策意涵及未来进一步研究的方向.     

跨国公司在华投资对我国产业安全影响机理分析

为了正确利用跨国公司在华投资对我国产业安全产生的正面影响,减少甚至规避跨国公司在华投资对我国产业安全产生的负面影响,就跨国公司在华投资对我国产业安全影响的机理进行分析,提出了解决跨国公司在华投资对我国产业安全造成负面影响问题的对策。     

欧美跨国公司在华企业文化战略研究

本文在对中西文化的一致性与差异性进行研究的基础上，分析了欧关跨国公司在华投资与经营存在的市场潜在威胁，分析了跨国公司本土化文化认同过程中的失败原因和成功经验，并提出了欧美跨国公司在华的企业文化本土化战略，即文化融入战略、时间节奏战略、利益均衡控制战略和环境文化风险防范战略。     

西部地区与跨国公司产业投资战略匹配性分析

以"匹配性"研究思路,论文提出了产业投资战略匹配指数的测定方法,并对西部地区产业投资战略与跨国公司产业投资战略、中国外资产业政策间的匹配性进行了多角度分析。研究表明,较低的三类决策主体产业投资战略匹配度是造成西部地区在吸收 FDI 上处于劣势的重要原因,短期内尚难扭转这一不利局面,论文还指出了提高产业投资战略匹配度的条件。     

跨国公司在华研发投资——中国经济和技术发展的新动力

近十年来,跨国公司遵循其全球化、系统化发展的战略,利用在中国进行技术研发的低成本结构、丰富的智力资源,纷纷在华设立研发机构,获取中国的市场和技术信息,加快新技术和新产品的研发。跨国公司在华研究机构的形式主要有三种形式,即设立独资研发中心或技术开发中心、在企业内部设立研发部门、与中国的大学及科研机构合作成立研究中心,主要集中于北京、上海地区的通讯和计算机产业。跨国公司在华研发需要应对诸如研发人员管理、知识产权保护和中国的制度政策等问题。对中国的经济技术的发展而言,跨国公司在华R＆D投资的快速增长既是前所未有的机遇,也是严峻的挑战。     

跨国公司在华子公司战略演变的七个特征

对改革开放以来跨国公司在华直接投资的趋势进行了研究,发现存在以下若干特征:20世纪80年代之后,跨国公司呈现大规模、全方位、系统性进入中国市场,以迅速完成对中国市场的战略布局;跨国公司在华子公司独资化现象逐渐增多;一些跨国公司加速建立在华研发中心、全球采购中心或地区总部,在华子公司也正由生产基地型向市场开拓型或研发型转变。     

从"被动嵌入"到供应链园区投资:外商直接投资的新模式?

本文以诺基亚星网工业园为例,提出了跨国公司"供应链园区投资"的新模式.这种投资模式让旗舰跨国公司避免了"被动嵌入"带来的限制,而且可以降低生产成本和提升竞争力.这种模式可能产生一些与东道国吸引外资的初衷相背离的结果.首先,该投资模式不利于本地企业进入外资企业的供应链网络,从而限制了外资企业在东道国的技术外溢的发生;其次,该模式给旗舰跨国公司带来强大竞争力的同时,可能对东道国的相关产业的企业产生造成巨大的竞争压力.文章最后提出了一些政策措施,以尽可能促进外资企业带来的技术外溢,并提升内资企业的竞争力.     

跨国公司在华投资技术战略与我们的策略

<正> 一、引言 通过吸引跨国公司对华投资,引进先进技术,从而提高我国整体技术水平,促进我国技术进步,是我国政府和企业同跨国公司合作的重要目标。近年来,跨国公司在华投资势头强劲,尤其是一些世界著名的跨国公司更是开始了大规模、系统化的对华投资,行业遍及电子、化工、交通、医药、建材、机械、食品、轻工、农业以及商业、金融、宾馆饭店等服务行业。这些跨国公司在华投资活动为我国经济发展注入了资金、技术、市场以及管理方面的动力和活力,对我国技术进步起到了一定的推动作用。但十几年的实践证明:这种作用与期望相差甚远。因此有必要对跨国公司来华投资的技术战略进行研究,从而制定对策,更好地利用其在华投资,达到促进我国技术进步,提高我国整体技术水平的目的。 二、跨国公司在华投资的技术战略分析 跨国公司在国际市场上的竞争优势不仅在于其资金额之巨大,更重要的还在于其国际性技术垄断。当今世界,3.5万家跨国公司及17万家子公司控制着全球80％的新     

跨国公司海外R&D投资区位选择研究

近年来,跨国公司海外R&D投资的"大三角"格局中开始出现投向发展中国家的趋势,发展中国家快速增长的海外R&D投资主要流入发达国家,跨国公司在华R&D投资存在地区不均衡性。跨国公司海外R&D投资区位选择受东道国市场规模、R&D人力资源、科技水平、知识产权保护、政策环境等众多因素影响。跨国公司海外R&D投资区位选择是公司投资动机与东道国区位条件进行匹配的过程。     

跨国公司在华直接投资形式的演变及原因

中国在实行改革开放以后，吸引的外国直接投资在逐年增加，同时在华的外国直接投资形式也在发生变化，开放之初跨国公司一般是建立合资企业，但现在他们越来越多地采用独资或股权收购等手法。本文从战略调整，战略扩张，强化管理，中国机遇及技术独占等五个方面阐述了跨国公司在华直接投资形式发生变化的原因。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence