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1.
David R Geelan 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2001,28(1):129-146
Discussion between the adherents of various orientations within educational research has often generated more heat than light. A pervasive analogy drawn in these discussions has been between the philosophy of science and educational research. In this paper I explore the value of several influential perspectives within twentieth century philosophy of science as means of understanding what researchers in education do, and why. I suggest that Paul Feyerabend’s ‘anything goes’ epistemological perspective has much to offer in supporting rich educational research. If positivist standards of validity and reliability are no longer considered appropriate for some forms of educational research, however, new standards for justification and representation, explicitly stated within the research, will be necessary. 相似文献
2.
Vicente Mellado Constantino Ruiz María Luisa Bermejo Roque Jiménez 《Science & Education》2006,15(5):419-445
One of the most important topics on the international agenda in educational research is to gain an understanding of the processes
of educational change in teachers and of the factors that favour or hinder it. Such understanding is, for instance, an essential
element in planning and putting into practice initial and ongoing teacher education programs. This article reviews the research
on science teachers’ educational change. To organize the information, an analogy is made with the process of scientific change,
analyzing and evaluating the contributions of the different models taken from the philosophy of science – positivism, Popper’s
principle of falsifiability, Lakatos’ scientific research programs, Laudan’s research traditions, Toulmin’s evolutionism,
and Kuhn’s relativism. We conclude the article with the implications for science teacher education. 相似文献
3.
The aim of this article is to make a close case study of one teacher’s teaching in relation to established traditions within
science education in Sweden. The teacher’s manner of teaching is analysed with the help of an epistemological move analysis.
The moves made by the teacher are then compared in a context of educational philosophy and selective tradition. In the analyses
the focus is to study the process of teaching and learning in action in institutionalised and socially shared practices. The
empirical material consists of video recordings of four lessons with the same group of students and the same teacher. The
students are all in Year 7 in a Swedish 9-year compulsory school. During these lessons the students work with a subject area
called “Properties of materials”. The results show that the teacher makes a number of different moves with regard to how to
proceed and come to a conclusion about what the substances are. Many of these moves are special in that they indicate that
the students need to be able to handle the procedural level of school science. These moves do not deal directly with the knowledge
production process, but with methodological aspects. The function of the moves turns the students’ attention from one source
of knowledge to another. The moves are aimed at helping the students to help themselves, since it is through their own activity
and their own thinking that learning takes place. This is characteristic in the teacher’s manner of teaching. When compared
in a context of educational philosophy, this manner of teaching has similarities with progressentialism; a mixture of essentialism
and progressivism. This educational philosophy is a central aspect of what is called the academic tradition—a selective tradition
common in science education in Sweden between 1960 and 1990. 相似文献
4.
Princeton University Press recently published the American moral philosopher Harry Frankfurt’s book On Bullshit, which quickly made the New York Times best seller list. Originally published in the journal Raritan in 1986, Frankfurt’s book has been heralded as an important theoretical development in the study of what he (and society)
colloquially refer to as “bullshit.” Frankfurt formally defines BS as a situation where ones inclination and obligation to
speak about a topic or concept far exceeds one’s knowledge of the topic, which most certainly has been a rising problem for
a number of reasons over the past 20 years. However, Frankfurt’s book, which purports to be a moral victory of sorts, and
despite its popularity, is not only severely flawed and outdated from an educational, cognitive, and philosophical perspective,
but it is also highly oppressive in several different but very important ways. Because this book and its main arguments are
being cited favorably in a number of different academic circles (including the science education community), this paper highlights
the limitations and flaws of this book and develops a counter-argument and model of BS that has important implications for
science, mathematics, philosophy, and educational theory and research. 相似文献
5.
Sunhee Paik Meilan Zhang Mary A. Lundeberg Jan Eberhardt Tae Seob Shin Tianyi Zhang 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2011,20(4):422-434
Since A Nation at Risk was released in the 1980s, standards-based reform has been the most dominant trend in American educational policy, and the
No Child Left Behind Act pushed the trend further by requiring states to develop rigorous curriculum standards. Though much
has been said about these new standards, less has been said about whether or how well professional development helps teachers
link their instruction to these standards. This study examined the impact of a professional development program for K-12 science
teachers in helping teachers meet state curriculum standards. Seventy-five science teachers in Michigan participated in a
2-week summer workshop that used Problem-Based Learning for improving teachers’ content knowledge and pedagogical content
knowledge. Researchers surveyed participating teachers about the change of teachers’ preparedness for standards-based teaching,
their expectations to meet state curriculum standards, and whether their expectations were met. In addition, the usefulness
of workshop activities was examined. Data analysis showed that to align teaching with state curriculum standards, participating
teachers expected to learn instructional strategies and enhance science content knowledge through professional development,
and by and large their expectations were well met. Collaboration with colleagues and facilitators helped teachers achieve
their goals in terms of teaching within state curriculum standards. These findings have important implications for designing
professional development to help teachers align instruction with curriculum standards. 相似文献
6.
Noel Gough 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2011,6(1):113-125
In this essay I explore a number of questions about purposes and methods in science education research prompted by my reading
of Wesley Pitts’ ethnographic study of interactions among four students and their teacher in a chemistry classroom in the
Bronx, New York City. I commence three ‘lines of flight’ (small acts of Deleuzo-Guattarian deterritorialization) that depart
from the conceptual territory regulated by science education’s dominant systems of signification and make new connections
within and beyond that territory. I offer neither a comprehensive review nor a thorough critique of Wesley’s paper but, rather,
suggest some alternative directions for science education research in the genre he exemplifies. 相似文献
7.
Market Movements and the Dispossessed: Race,Identity, and Subaltern Agency among Black Women Voucher Advocates 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Critical educational researchers in the United States and elsewhere are missing something essential in their inattention to
considerable support among Black urban women for market-based educational reforms, including vouchers. While the educational
left has engaged in important empirical and theoretical work demonstrating the particularly negative impact of educational
marketization on the disenfranchised, not enough attention has been paid to the crucial role the educationally dispossessed
have actually played in building these otherwise conservative reforms. Engaging with Michael Apple’s arguments concerning
processes of identity formation within conservative movement-making, we can begin to conceptualize the importance of subaltern
groups in market-based educational reforms. Yet ethnographic work conducted with Black voucher mothers, school officials,
and community leaders in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, shows that this subaltern process of conservative formation does not always
occur in the manner theorized by Apple and his colleague Anita Oliver, in which ideologically relatively unformed parents
and families are “pushed” to the Right by an intransigent state. Although the conceptual tools they provide are the foundation
of our ability to imagine a more compelling theorization of dynamics and social actors in Milwaukee, significant conceptual—not
to mention empirical—work remains to be done. In this essay I renovate Apple and Oliver’s arguments concerning conservative
modernization in order to make them more resonant with the processes of race, gender, subaltern identity formation and agency
evident in my ethnographic field research with low-income African-American women choosing vouchers for their families in Milwaukee,
Wisconsin. Aided by critical, feminist, and post-structural theorists both within and outside educational disciplines I assess
the utility and limitations of Apple and Oliver’s framework in explaining the mobilization around ‘parental choice’ and vouchers
in Milwaukee. Based on my conceptual and empirical findings, I retheorize pro-voucher African-American politicians, community
leaders, and poor and working class women (and their families) as representative of a subaltern ‘third force’ in conservative
formation. Their tactical investments in fleeting conservative alliances and subject positions, I argue, are likely to play
an increasingly significant role in educational and social reform both in the United States and elsewhere.
Thomas C. Pedroni is an assistant professor of secondary social studies methods, educational foundations, curriculum theory,
and qualitative research methodology at Utah State University. His recent research has centered on issues of identity formation
and subaltern agency among urban low-income predominantly African-American and Latino parents within otherwise largely conservative
coalitions for publicly financed private school vouchers. His research interests also include the development of composite
critical and post-structural approaches in educational theory and research, the identification of persistent exclusionary
power/knowledge regimes in state-level educational reforms, and the analysis of the increasing colonization of the global
educational sphere by neo-liberal and managerial forms. 相似文献
8.
Mansoor Niaz 《Interchange》2004,35(2):155-184
The objective of this study is to provide in-service teachers an opportunity to become familiar with the controversial nature
of progress in science (growth of knowledge) and its implications for research methodology in education. The study is based
on 41 participants who had registered for a nine-week course on Methodology of Investigation in Education, as part of their
Master’s degree program. The course is based on 20 readings drawing upon a history and philosophy of science perspective (positivism,
constructivism, Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos) and its implications for educational research. Course activities included written reports,
class room discussions based on participants’ presentations, and written exams. Based on the results obtained it was concluded
that: (a) participants were able to understand the basic ideas of constructivist philosophy and its pedagogical implications;
(b) the role of behavioural objectives in actual educational practice was questioned; (c) integration of qualitative and quantitative
research methods was considered to be an alternative to the current debate about the replacement of one method by the other;
(d) participants considered the dilemma of evaluating students based on what they have learned or what they should have learned,
within the social constructivist framework and generally favoured the former; and (e) most of the participants were reluctant
to accept constructivism as a form of positivism, a controversial thesis that is gaining support in the research literature.
Given the importance of alternative approaches to growth and meaning of knowledge, it is important that teachers be aware
of conflicting situations in the classroom that refer to: objectivity, scientific method, qualitative-quantitative methods,
relationship between method and problem, evaluation, and a critical appreciation of constructivism. 相似文献
9.
The introduction of standards into the education system poses numerous challenges and difficulties. As with any change, plans
should be made for teachers to understand and implement the standards. This study examined science teachers’ perceptions of
the effectiveness of the standards for teaching and learning, and the extent and ease/difficulty of implementing science standards
in different grades. The research used a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods.
The research tools were questionnaires that were administered to elementary school science teachers. The majority of the teachers
perceived the standards in science as effective for teaching and learning and only a small minority viewed them as restricting
their pedagogical autonomy. Differences were found in the extent of implementation of the different standards and between
different grades. The teachers perceived a different degree of difficulty in the implementation of the different standards.
The standards experienced as easiest to implement were in the field of biology and materials, whereas the standards in earth
sciences and the universe and technology were most difficult to implement, and are also those evaluated by the teachers as
being implemented to the least extent. Exposure of teachers’ perceptions on the effectiveness of standards and the implementation
of the standards may aid policymakers in future planning of teachers’ professional development for the implementation of standards. 相似文献
10.
Brian L. Jones 《Research in Science Education》1990,20(1):161-170
The term ‘concept’ is used in different ways within educational literature and has at least two different, although related,
referents in relation to science knowledge, namely, public knowledge and private understandings. A taxonomic structure for
‘science concepts’ (public knowledge) has been developed to provide a rationale for the choice of phenomena to be used in
the investigation of students’ ‘concepts’ and also to act as a frame of reference for generating insights about the data to
be collected. Furthermore, it may be a useful heuristic to predict other science concepts likely to be highly problematic
in school teaching situations and thus worthy of detailed research. The taxonomy, called a ‘Scale of Empirical Distance’ (SED),
enables science concepts to be mapped according to their degree of closeness to concrete realities. The scale shows a recognition
of the empirical basis of science concepts and the role of human senses in the perception of the material world even though
“absolute objectivity of observation is not a possible ideal of science” as Harre (1972) has noted. The scale uses two binary
variables, namely, ‘visual’ and ‘tactile’, to generate four categories of science concepts ranging on a continuum from concrete
to abstract. Some concepts related to ‘matter’ will be classified and discussed.
Specializations: science teacher education, primary science curriculum and methods, students’ personal meanings of phenomena. 相似文献
11.
Mansoor Niaz 《Instructional Science》2008,36(3):233-249
The objective of this study is to facilitate in-service chemistry teachers’ understanding of nature of science and what ‘ideas-about-science’
can be included in the classroom. The study is based on 17 in-service teachers who had registered for a 11-week course on
‘Epistemology of Science Teaching’ as part of their Master’s degree program. The course is based on 17 readings drawing on
nature of science and its critical evaluation. Course activities included written reports, classroom discussions based on
participants’ presentations and written exams. Based on the results obtained this study has the following educational implications:
(a) Experimental data need to be interpreted carefully due to underdetermination of theories by data; (b) Kuhn’s normal science
manifests itself in the science curriculum through the scientific method and wields considerable influence; (c) Trilemma posed
by Collins (Stud Sci Educ 35:169–173, 2000), viz., creation of new knowledge ⇔ Kuhn’s normal science ⇔ teaching nature of
science, provided a big challenge and was thought provoking; (d) Of the different aspects of nature of science suggested by
experts, these teachers endorsed the following as most important: Creativity, Historical development of scientific knowledge,
Diversity of scientific thinking and Scientific method and critical testing; (e) With respect to the contradiction between
the positions of Lederman et al. (J Res Sci Teach 39:497–521, 2002) and Osborne et al. (J Res Sci Teach 40:692–720, 2003),
few supported the position of latter, viz., inclusion of scientific method in the classroom and a majority supported the former,
viz., scientific method as a myth; and (f) Participants were critical of the present stage of research with respect to the
scientific method and suggested the introduction of history, philosophy and epistemology of science to counteract its influence. 相似文献
12.
Thaís Cyrino de Mello Forato Roberto de Andrade Martins Maurício Pietrocola 《Science & Education》2012,21(5):657-682
This article presents the main results of a research examining the didactic transposition of history and philosophy of science
in high school level. The adaptation of history of science to this particular level, addressing some aspects of the nature
of science aiming at the students’ critical engagement, was analyzed by examining both the historiographic requirements of
history of science and the pedagogical recommendations of science teaching. The research included the elaboration of a pilot
course on the history of optics, with historical texts and educational activities, and its application in a high school. We
used three episodes of the history of optics, addressing some epistemological points, especially criticizing the naive empirical-inductive
view of science. It was possible to identify a series of obstacles in using history of science and conveying philosophical
views. Their analysis resulted in devising strategies to surmount or to circumvent them. We implemented those strategies in
the classroom and analyzed the data that was obtained. As a result, we substantiated several of our proposals and found that
some solutions require improvement. We suggest some generalizations, which can be understood as initial parameters for guiding
the use of history and philosophy of science in science teaching. We used a qualitative methodology of educational research
to plan, to collect and to analyze the data, examining the interaction between students, teacher and knowledge. 相似文献
13.
John A. Malone 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2011,6(3):737-746
In this paper I examine the history of the integration of mathematics education into the Science Education Centre, which had
been established by physicist, John de Laeter, within the School of Science and Engineering at Curtin University in Perth,
Australia. De Laeter’s vision for science education was that teachers should have access to professional education that allowed
them to extend their discipline and pedagogical knowledge using strategies that brought together theory and practice in ways
that were meaningful for teachers. This model was expanded when mathematics education was also included, paving the way also
for technology education. I present the history of this integration laying out the themes that are important for the continued
educational effectiveness of the Science and Mathematics Education Centre (SMEC) and the role that mathematics education has
played in this process. As the title suggests, this article focuses on the activities of the group of mathematics educators
who have worked within the Science and Mathematics Education Centre of Curtin University since it was established 30 or so
years ago and who have contributed to its reputation. The two streams operated then and now more-or-less independently in
matters of student thesis topic choice but offered students opportunities for interaction that might not have been available
if the “M” had not been incorporated into the Science Education Centre (SEC). This article’s focus is on the mathematics educators
who contributed to the Centre’s success and reputation, highlighting the synergistic relationship between mathematics and
science that helped to make SMEC a leading center for mathematics and science education. 相似文献
14.
15.
Bob Lingard 《The Australian Educational Researcher》2001,28(3):1-46
This paper is a reflection on the current policy moment in educational research in Australia in the context of globalisation. Set against a consideration of the emergent structure of feeling, the paper draws on three case studies of research to draw out some lessons for educational researchers and the research community. The argument is put that the dangerous ‘we’ of AARE needs to support increased funding for education and for educational research and, for the latter, to support a range of funding sources, types of research, methodologies and dissemination approaches. Increasingly there are pressures upon such eclecticism because of governmental attempts to ‘instrumentalise’ relationships between educational research and practitioner needs as perceived by governments. While such research is necessary, there is also a need within a democratic polity for research framed by agendas set by researchers that critiques government-directed developments. The paper argues there is a complex relationship amongst researchers and educational policy and pedagogical practitioners and as such the concept of ‘impact’ as applied to educational research requires substantial theorising. Contemporary research policy has tended to inhibit the dissemination of academic research to educational practitioners, while educational policy has tended, inappropriately in the argument of the paper, to construct teachers as the mere recipients of policy and research done elsewhere. 相似文献
16.
Agustín Adúriz-Bravo 《Science & Education》2013,22(7):1593-1611
In this paper I inspect a ‘semantic’ view of scientific models taken from contemporary philosophy of science—I draw upon the so-called ‘semanticist family’, which frontally challenges the received, syntactic conception of scientific theories. I argue that a semantic view may be of use both for science education in the classrooms of all educational levels, and for research and innovation within the discipline of didactics of science. I explore and characterise a model-based account of the nature of science, and derive some implications that may be of interest for our community. 相似文献
17.
The nature of science (NOS) has a prominent role among the national science education content standards at all grade levels, K–12. Results from a national survey of collegiate science educators indicate the perception that the greatest contributors to preservice teachers’ understanding of the nature of science were science methods courses, research projects, and science content courses. Implications of findings are discussed, including connections to current research concerning teacher preparation for effective NOS classroom teaching and student learning.The Nature of Science course on the authors’ campus was initiated in the early 1990s, has evolved, and remains in the required core curriculum for preservice chemistry, earth science, and physics teacher candidates. It is the capstone for NOS insights. It adds to and refines impressions garnered implicitly from science content courses, the methods course, and, for some, an undergraduate research experience. 相似文献
18.
Yew-Jin Lee 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2008,3(4):917-935
The radical philosophies of difference articulated by Deleuze and Guattari are just beginning to impinge the field of education
although less so within science education. One common thread among the numerous concepts and neologisms (especially the rhizome)
that have been coined is the necessity for thinking and acting in what they call ‘experimental’ modes, which shifts our focus
onto the eternal process of becoming rather than merely (re)producing states of being. I reflect upon these seemingly utopian
ideas in the light of recent educational changes in Singapore aimed at preparing competent citizen–workers for the knowledge
economy and globalization. In particular, this paper shows how one elementary science teacher adopted guerilla tactics while
negotiating these sometimes conflicting transitions in policies. I argue that neither mandated, top-down reforms nor drastic
experimentation by individuals alone are most productive but rather working in the ephemeral in-between spaces of the rhizome,
which Deleuze and Guattari had all long championed.
Yew-Jin Lee is a long-time teacher-educator in Singapore. He has interests in qualitative research and brings to science education concepts from discourse/conversation analysis, ethnomethodology, sociology, and philosophy. A recent book written together with Roth, Hwang and Goulart published by Lehmanns Media was entitled “Participation, learning, and identity: Dialectical perspectives” and he is currently editing a book on science education research in Asia to be released by Sense Publishers. 相似文献
Yew-Jin LeeEmail: |
Yew-Jin Lee is a long-time teacher-educator in Singapore. He has interests in qualitative research and brings to science education concepts from discourse/conversation analysis, ethnomethodology, sociology, and philosophy. A recent book written together with Roth, Hwang and Goulart published by Lehmanns Media was entitled “Participation, learning, and identity: Dialectical perspectives” and he is currently editing a book on science education research in Asia to be released by Sense Publishers. 相似文献
19.
Penny J. Gilmer 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2011,6(4):1031-1035
Catherine Milne’s book, The Invention of Science, recounts the history of science (mainly Eurocentric) from cross-cultural, historical and philosophical worldviews. Scientists,
science educators, and teachers would find this an interesting book, not only for themselves but also for those with whom
they interact. Most accounts are of the great men in science with some to women in science, including reference to the exclusion
of women from science. Milne provides thought-provoking activities to use in the classroom, like asking students to write
the processes that occur when sugar dissolves in hot tea, with students including the three components of causal explanation.
She also encourages teachers to use narratives to help students learn the context of discovery in science. In a comparison
of analogical, deductive, inductive and abductive reasoning, she encourages teachers to pay attention to dialogical arguments.
Book review author predicts that Milne’s book will fit well with the nation’s next generation science standards, still in
development form. Milne succeeded in her goal “to combine aspects of the philosophy and history; not just to focus on specific
scientific ideas but to provide a hint of the complex relationship between place and history, space and time, in the development
of Eurocentric science.” 相似文献
20.
Alejandro J. Gallard Mart��nez 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2011,6(3):719-723
This forum considers argumentation as a means of science teaching in South African schools, through the integration of indigenous
knowledge (IK). It addresses issues raised in Mariana G. Hewson and Meshach B. Ogunniyi’s paper entitled: Argumentation-teaching
as a method to introduce indigenous knowledge into science classrooms: opportunities and challenges. As well as Peter Easton’s:
Hawks and baby chickens: cultivating the sources of indigenous science education; and, Femi S. Otulaja, Ann Cameron and Audrey
Msimanga’s: Rethinking argumentation-teaching strategies and indigenous knowledge in South African science classrooms. The
first topic addressed is that implementation of argumentation in the science classroom becomes a complex endeavor when the
tensions between students’ IK, the educational infrastructure (allowance for teacher professional development, etc.) and local
belief systems are made explicit. Secondly, western styles of debate become mitigating factors because they do not always
adequately translate to South African culture. For example, in many instances it is more culturally acceptable in South Africa
to build consensus than to be confrontational. Thirdly, the tension between what is “authentic science” and what is not becomes
an influencing factor when a tension is created between IK and western science. Finally, I argue that the thrust of argumentation
is to set students up as “scientist-students” who will be considered through a deficit model by judging their habitus and
cultural capital. Explicitly, a “scientist-student” is a student who has “learned,” modeled and thoroughly assimilated the
habits of western scientists, evidently—and who will be judged by and held accountable for their demonstration of explicit
related behaviors in the science classroom. I propose that science teaching, to include argumentation, should consist of “listening
carefully” (radical listening) to students and valuing their language, culture, and learning as a model for
“science for all”. 相似文献