论叙事语篇中的信息结构及焦点结构

以系统功能语言学派信息结构理论为指导探讨叙事语篇中的信息结构和焦点结构,可以提出以下理论设想：叙事语篇的信息结构可由宏观信息结构和微观信息结构共同组成。其中微观信息结构由叙事结构中较小的叙事单元及其组成部分的信息的相互作用而构成;宏观的信息结构由叙事语篇完整的叙事结构及其组成部分的信息的相互作用而构成。焦点结构以Asher的关于语义关系决定篇章焦点结构理论为依据,叙事语篇的焦点结构由两个层面构成：在结构上,焦点结构由＂特定＂的信息结构和＂特制＂叙事结构相结合而构成;在语义上,焦点结构由叙事语篇中的对比关系所决定。     

试论作家言语风格的主观性

这里从言语风格学的角度．论述了影响作家言语风格主观性的诸种要素，如审美意识、气质性格、思想情感、阅历学识等．同时指出了作家言语风格也要受到客观因素的制约．但客观因素不是作家言语风格的直接决定因素，它要通过影响主观因素才能作用于作家的言语风格．并提出了主观因素才是决定作家言语风格的决定性因素的观点。     

《恋爱中的女人》中跨性别话语的及物性系统分析

对劳伦斯小说《恋爱中的女人》中男女主人公的四段典型跨性别话语做实例“语篇描写”,即在系统功能语言学理论框架下,对语料(跨性别话语)进行及物性系统分析,能够揭露隐藏在跨性别话语中的男女主人公不平等的性别关系,同时能为揭示作者劳伦斯的菲勒斯意识和菲勒斯中心主义,即其意识形态和性别观,提供语言学的论证.     

Collaborative epistemic discourse in classroom information-seeking tasks

The authors discuss the relationship between information seeking and epistemic beliefs – beliefs about the source, structure, complexity and stability of knowledge – in the context of collaborative information-seeking discourses. They further suggest that both information seeking, and epistemic cognition research agendas, have suffered from a lack of attention to how information seeking as a collaborative activity is mediated by talk between partners – an area they seek to address in this article. A small-scale observational study using sociocultural discourse analysis was conducted with eight 11-year-old pupils who carried out search engine tasks in small groups. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed on their discussions using sociocultural discourse analytic techniques. Extracts of the dialogue are reported, informed by concordance analysis and quantitative coding of dialogue duration. The authors find that: (1) discourse which could be characterised as ‘epistemic’ is identifiable in student talk; (2) it is possible to identify talk which is more or less productive; and (3) epistemic talk is associated with positive learning outcomes.     

The idea of quality in higher education: a conceptual approach

The paper suggests that the idea of quality in higher education is ideologically constructed and conducted. In a spiral of mutual reinforcements, quality regimes naturalise experience, while the theories of that practice legitimise the naturalness of ‘quality’. I shall suggest that quality regimes provide too narrow readings of higher education. The central concepts, which I propose to use – discourse and power – emphasise the connectedness of ideology and quality in higher education. In particular, I suggest that the ideological character of the idea of quality in higher education is evident in discourses – which themselves are interlinked in networks. These discourses and networks are backed up by power and this helps to sustain their ideological character. Thus, this paper attempts two things: to outline a conceptual framework concerning the ideological character of the idea of quality in higher education and to draw attention to the organisation of that ideological formation.     

On the Pragmatic and Social Functions of Discourse Markers Now and Then

This paper aims to explore the discoursal,pragmatic and social functions of discourse markers now and then by analyzing their uses in Pride and Prejudice based on the knowledge of discourse analysis.It is found that discourse markers serve as:1)contextual coordinators to present the semantic relationship of preceding utterances and following talks;2)indicators of topic-shift,turn-taking;3)mitigators of offence which can reduce the face-threatening activities;4)linguistic parameters to identify the social power of the given character.     

超越:现实主义的坚执与民间立场的践行——重读梁斌的长篇小说《红旗谱》

作家始终坚执现实主义的创作原则,突破了主流话语和创作初衷的局囿,逼近了生活和历史的真实;同时,深厚的生活积淀和浓重的平民意识又使作家恪守民间立场的精神站位,将民间叙事和政治话语,宏大叙事和传统技法自然熔铸在一起,从而使《红旗谱》在印证某种政治理念的同时,冷漠了当时小说的流行范式,彰显了薪火相传的民族风格,实现了艺术超越。     

Identifying the On- and Kun-readings of Chinese characters: Identification of On versus Kun as a strategy-based judgment

From the perspective of the strategy-based judgment, the present paper researched the process by which the reading of a Chinese character (kanji) is identified as On (reading borrowed from Chinese) or Kun (native Japanese reading). In these experiments, questionnaires containing a list of Chinese characters and their associated readings were printed, and subjects were asked to judge whether the reading given was On or Kun. Subjects were also asked to state the degree of confidence they felt in making this judgment. In Experiment 1, the survey consisted of characters which have only an On-reading. The correct rate and degree-of-confidence judgments from this test suggest that in deciding whether a reading is On or Kun, the strategy employed is If the reading for a character which occurs independently has concrete meaning, it is a Kun-reading; if the reading does not have concrete meaning, it is an On-reading. In Experiment 2, the questionnaire was made up of characters with multiple readings, both On and Kun. From the results of this latter experiment, it would appear that the strategy employed when a character has multiple readings is to reserve judgment regarding the On- or Kun-reading until after the various possible readings have been compared with one another. In addition, the results of these experiments suggest that the strategy employed differs depending on the number of readings that can be assigned to each character. When only one reading is possible, subjects make a judgment directly, but when multiple readings exist for a given character the subjects first compare the possible readings and make inferences; only when this process is complete do they apply a strategy to identify a reading as On or Kun.     

Mathematics as the Metaphysics of Education: A Misplaced Foundation

The notion of learnings, which has assumed a currency in educational discourse over the last decade, appears to be based in a scientific materialist world-view. By transforming processes of learning into material entities in this semantic turn, it is possible to advance a discourse about the results of schooling without considering what the processes of learning and educating are. The transfer of learning to entities serves the current ideologies of quantification and the language of mathematics in education. By using Alfred North Whitehead's notion of the fallacy of misplaced concreteness, this paper reviews how the notions of "learnings" and the quantification of education are a function of high-level abstractions that do not reflect the immediacies of learning.     

传播“中国梦”与避免国际话语陷阱辨析

“中国梦”是中国在21世纪的第二个十年提出的最重要的国家话语,恰当地传播“中国梦”将有助于提升中国的国家形象,改变国际舆论对中国议题的认知和态度。然而,威胁论、霸权论等等论调极有可能成为笼罩“中国梦”的阴影,挥之不去。在现有的国际话语体系下,对于“中国梦”话语可能产生的若干政治误读,结合公共外交和国际传播理论并提出对外阐述“中国梦”的合理策略和途径是十分必要的。     

Experimenting at Home: Writing for the Nineteenth-Century Domestic Workplace

This article examines selected texts by Ellen Swallow Richards, a nineteenth-century scientist who wrote for a variety of audiences. Her audience awareness anticipates modem technical communication practices and alerts us to examine gender, class, and other social issues in historical documents as well as current pragmatic discourse.     

Comprehension,recall, and dyslexia: A proposal for the application of schema theory

Evidence suggesting that dyslexia is a multifaceted syndrome is beginning to accumulate. Furthermore, a reexamination of some literature suggests that in addition to having word recognition problems, some dyslexics may also have problems understanding language. Whereas there is a rather extensive literature on word recognition, and even on word understanding, few studies have examined the problems dyslexics may have in understanding and remembering connected discourse. This paper explores issues related to certain possible problems of comprehension and recall among dyslexics and proposes a new direction for research through the application of schema theory. A version of this paper was presented at the meeting of the New England Branch of the Orton Society, Boston, May 1978. Preparation of this paper was supported in part by a grant from Harvard University with funds supplied by the Spencer Foundation. The opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of Harvard or the Spencer Foundation, and no official endorsement should be inferred.     

Boys Bonding: Same-sex friendship,the unconscious and heterosexual discourse

This article aims to explore some of the ways in which the cultural meanings and practices of gender, sexuality and relationships intersect with and are reworked in the same-sex friendships of children aged nine to eleven. Using material from an ethnographic study, it focuses on two boys, Ben and Karl, who identified themselves as best friends. The article argues that, while the boys clearly knew, positioned themselves in and deployed heterosexual discourse, their relationship to this was complex. In particular, they appeared to use it to distance themselves from the feminine and to build their friendship as a pleasurable, intimate and exciting space. The article uses psychoanalytic arguments to explore this material, tentatively suggesting that the boys' access to the cultural practice of 'best friendship' mobilised identifications that both reinforced conventional versions of heterosexual masculinity and questioned these. In particular, the article suggests that the boys' friendship may have involved 'over-inclusive' gender identifications - ones that indicate the existence of boyhood masculinities that are more capacious and flexible than those hegemonic in teenage and adolescent cultures.     

广告语篇互文现象及其认知机制

互文分析理论已广泛运用到语篇分析实践中。本文主要探讨广告语篇互文现象及受众解读互文现象的认知机制及模式。本文从词际、句际和篇际三个不同层面探讨平面广告语篇互文现象的表现形式及特征。并应用概念合成理论分析受众解读互文现象的各种认知机制。指出受众理解互文现象的过程即受众激活心理空间,建构概念系统中意义连贯的过程。     

The three duties of the historian of education

The origins of modern schooling in early nineteenth-century Africa have been poorly researched. Moreover, histories of education in Africa have focused largely on the education of boys. Little attention has been paid to girls’ schooling or to the missionary women who sought to construct a new feminine Christian identity for African girls. In the absence of personal accounts of African girls’ schooling from that period, this paper draws on a slim body of 71 letters written by women and girls associated with one British mission society in Sierra Leone between 1804 and 1826 to suggest a fluid and at times contradictory construction of gender and racial identity, which sits at odds with the ideology of domestic femininity that the missionaries sought to impart through girls’ schooling. The handful of letters written by African women and girls also casts doubt on the assumed subservience of black subjects to white officialdom.     

Happiness disabled: sensory disabilities,happiness and the rise of educational expertise in the nineteenth century

To date, the historical entanglement of disability and happiness has not been considered an object worth of historical inquiry. Nor has the intersection of disability and emotions been used as a lens to examine the history of disability. Our paper aims at filling this academic void by analysing a wide range of philosophical, anthropological, pedagogical, popular and poetic texts dealing with the following question: “Who is unhappiest, the blind or the deaf?” On the basis of a comparative study of Belgian, Dutch, German, Swiss, Austrian, British and American primary source material, we argue that the transformation of western concepts of happiness during the nineteenth century was reflected in attitudes towards people with sensory disabilities. If at the turn of the eighteenth century happiness was considered a sensory experience, it very soon became dependent on the intervention of an educational expert. On the basis of our source material we draw the conclusion that happiness has been an overlooked factor in the construction and problematisation of disability in western societies. Analysis of the ways in which nineteenth-century authors have dealt with this question also shows how happiness became connected to new ways of wielding power, and in particular to the rise of the educational expert.     

The passion of teaching at the border of order

In this text, which was originally delivered as a speech, I discuss the massive critique of teachers in the public discourse on education in Sweden over the last decade. I speak in defence of teachers, and since I am a teacher I speak in defence of myself. The critique of teachers, schooling, and teacher education has been so overbearing that a purely rational response is simply not possible. Therefore, my response is rhetorical in tone. In highlighting the passion of teaching, I lift something central for teachers, which is seldom or never taught about teaching in teacher education. Neither is the passion of teaching present in the public discourse on education. Passion, I argue in the article, is that which adds excess or an overflow of meaning that cannot be contained within the order of discourse and which therefore puts this discourse out of balance. Finally, I discuss a new balance beyond this order in the context of a classroom. In a concluding section, I highlight the struggle over borders which define who can speak and think in “good” order and who cannot.     

On the grammar of religious discourse and education

If it is generally true that skewed educational policies and practices often follow from more fundamental epistemic or semantic misconstruals of the logical character of particular forms of human enquiry, this would seem to be especially true of religious education. This paper sets out to identify and expose some of the dubious philosophical assumptions underlying latter day conceptions of religious discourse and education — as apparent, for example, in tensions between literalist and expressivist readings of religious discourse and confessional and non-confessional approaches to religious education. In short, whilst this paper rejects literalist interpretations of religious discourse (and any consequent religious fundamentalism) in favour of a non-literalist conception of religious narratives as epistemically continuous with forms of imaginative human art and literature, it also rejects idealist, social constructivist and relativist interpretations of story in favour of a realist account of religious and other serious cultural literature as truth-focused forms of objective human enquiry, knowledge and understanding. On this view, although the language of religious narrative is no less metaphorical, analogical and/or figurative than that of great poetry, it is — no less than great poetry — concerned to disclose quite objective aspects or dimensions of spiritual, moral and metaphysical reality. The paper concludes with some observations on contemporary challenges of religious education.     

Professionalising teaching: a corpus-based approach to the professional development of teachers in Singapore

This study explores the use of a corpus of classroom discourse data (Singapore Corpus of Research in Education or SCoRE) to facilitate the professional development of English language (EL) teachers in Singapore. A survey was first conducted to probe the knowledge base and belief system of EL teachers in three key domains: epistemology, pedagogy, and discourse. This was followed by a discourse analysis of the SCoRE corpus to mine resources that could address the specific professional needs of teachers identified through the survey. Survey findings suggest that EL teachers in Singapore are less secure in epistemology than pedagogy or discourse-related issues. The efficacy of using corpus-based materials to help teachers reflect on and develop their professional competencies was tested through a workshop. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of using authentic and situated corpus resources to facilitate teachers’ reflective practice and professional development.     

汉语谈话中否定反问句的事理立场功能及类型

本文以现代汉语不、没类反问句(即否定反问句)为研究对象,利用自然谈话材料考察其使用环境及语义信息内涵,并由此出发探讨反问句的性质及话语功能。整体结论是,否定反问句常用于地位比较平等的说话人之间,通过已知或常识类知识表达说话人对听话人的不同程度上的负面事理立场。这种事理立场具体体现为表提醒、意外、反对和斥责四个层级,其中以前者最为常见。本文也对语法结构与语用因素的关系问题提出了见解。