AMPK与Ⅱ型糖尿病的研究进展

糖代谢是一切物质代谢的基础,骨骼肌中的糖代谢在运动中起着重要的作用,直接影响机体的运动能力。近年来研究发现,腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是一个调控能量稳态的重要激酶,也是一个参与许多信号传导通路的关键蛋白。作为能量代谢变化的感受器能够被运动中ATP/AMP的比值变化所激活,并作用于骨骼肌中,对骨骼肌中的糖代谢起着非常重要的调节作用,具体表现为可以增加骨骼肌中葡萄糖的转运,直接参与糖酵解调节,抑制糖原合成和糖异生,对运动能力具有重要影响,通过文献检索法AMPK在Ⅱ型糖尿病中的调节作用进行综述。     

骨骼肌自噬的分子调控机制及运动对其影响

自噬是生物正常和病理状态下普遍存在的生命现象,在运动中骨骼肌蛋白质代谢平衡、氧化应激清除、肌纤维结构重塑及代谢废物清除等方面有重要作用。骨骼肌自噬调控以mTOR信号通路为主、p53、FOXO等信号通路为辅共同调节骨骼肌自噬活动。因此研究骨骼肌自噬调控的信号传导通路对提高运动时骨骼肌效率及维持骨骼肌内环境稳态有重要意义,同时对了解骨骼肌自噬调控机制、治疗与预防骨骼肌萎缩及其相关疾病提供一定的理论依据。     

PGC-1a适应骨骼肌不同持续时间与强度收缩活动的研究进展

本综述通过对PGC-1α依赖性信号传导的研究，描述不同持续时间、强度和模式的有氧运动，对调节骨骼肌线粒体生物合成的分子事件的影响。这对于治疗各种代谢性疾病以及优化运动训练计划至关重要。现有研究表明，30-90min的有氧运动无法提供额外的刺激来激活信号通路，以调节PGC-1α的翻译后修饰以及PPARGC1A的基因表达。而II型肌纤维募集的增加，导致运动强度显著影响线粒体的生物合成并伴随着明显的代谢变化，从而导致信号级联反应的激活和调控线粒体生物合成的基因的表达。因此，间歇性运动比连续运动能更有效地激活线粒体生物合成。在适应有氧训练的骨骼肌中，通过运动强度激活线粒体生物合成，主要与AMP激活的蛋白激酶/PGC-1α通路，PGC-1α调控的基因的表达，以及来源于由cAMP反应元件结合蛋白1相关转录因子及其共激活因子调控的诱导型可变启动子AP的PPARGC1A的表达有关。     

运动对胰岛素受体及相关信号传导蛋白的影响

运动训练已经在预防和治疗胰岛素抵抗和2型糖尿病方面得到成功的应用。经常参加运动训练的人骨骼肌胰岛素敏感性提高，运动会引起胰岛素受体(IR)、受体底物(IRS-1等)及受体后各相关信号传导蛋白(ERK1／2，P13-激酶，GLUT4等)发生相应的变化。然而，目前对运动训练可以提高胰岛素介导的信号传导机制尚未完全明了。     

mTOR信号传导通路及运动对其影响的分子机制综述

从mTOR的分子结构着手,综述了以mTOR为中心的4条信号传导通路(2条mTOR上游信号通路、2条mTOR下游信号通路).这些信号通路在运动影响骨骼肌的信号传导过程当中发挥着举足轻重的作用.所有这些引起骨骼肌质量变化的信号系统,都是以mTOR为中心的.交互联系,构成一个统一的信号传导网络.一方面,运动引起骨骼肌肥大受到PI3K/Akt/mTOR和PI3K/Akt/TSC12/mTOR两条通路影响;另一方面,运动引起骨骼肌萎缩受到AMPK/TSC2/mTOR信号传导通路影响.     

低肌糖原含量刺激运动引起的大鼠骨骼肌IL-6基因转录的机制研究

目的:验证骨骼肌白细胞介素6(interleukin6,IL-6)基因转录的增加可能与c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases,JNK)信号通道的激活有关,并且探讨运动前肌糖原含量是否影响收缩骨骼肌JNK信号通道的激活。方法:大鼠先进行糖原消耗运动,在恢复期24h内采取不同的膳食干预手段,使大鼠在下一次定量运动前骨骼肌肌糖原含量不同。结果:运动时,血浆IL-6浓度、骨骼肌IL-6mRNA及核磷酸化JNK含量均显著上升,运动后恢复期降低;在相同时间点,低糖原组血浆IL-6浓度及骨骼肌IL-6 mRNA均显著高于正常糖原组;在相同时间点,核磷酸化JNK含量在低糖原组与高糖原组之间没有显著性差异。结论:收缩骨骼肌中,IL-6基因转录可能与低糖原含量及JNK信号通道的激活有关,然而,低糖原促进的IL-6基因转录可能不是通过激活JNK信号通道。     

运动对p38MAPK的影响

近年来有关运动骨骼肌信号传导的影响成为该领域的研究热点和前沿,国内外的一些研究表明,丝裂原活化蛋白激酶系统(MAPKs)在细胞信号转导中起着很重要的作用,而其中又以p38MAPK的研究较为深入.它通过作用骨骼肌葡萄糖载体蛋白4(GLUT4)而影响骨骼肌对葡萄糖的转运与摄取,并进而对机体的糖代谢起一定的调节作用.但目前有关运动对P38MAPK影响的结果并不一致,现将最新国内外的研究结果进行归纳和总结,以便为今后的研究提供借鉴.     

大强度间歇运动骨骼肌分子适应机制

大强度间歇运动可能代表一个独特的运动方式,充分认识大强度间歇运动诱导骨骼肌分子适应机制非常助于制定相关的训练方法。大强度间歇运动特征为短暂的间歇性肌肉收缩。当前研究表明大强度间歇运动诱导骨骼肌的表型变化可能和传统耐力训练一致。但不同运动方式激活信号途径可能存在信号间交互方式、前反馈和后反馈调节等。因此,尚需大量的研究证实。     

运动适应中AMPK分子调控机制的研究进展

运动应激导致机体骨骼肌细胞内的相对能量平衡状态遭到破坏,机体恢复相对能量平衡状态对机体运动能力的保持具有重要意义.AMPK在运动适应过程中对调节细胞能量代谢和物质代谢,维持细胞自稳态具有重要作用.在一次性运动中AMPK的激活具有运动强度依赖性和运动时间依赖性.AMP/ATP比值改变是运动适应过程中AMPK激活的主要机制,Cr/PCr比值、葡萄糖等细胞内其他能量物质状态、H+浓度变化和LKB1等骨骼肌AMPK上位激酶的变化对AMPK激活也有影响.阐明了在运动适应过程中AMPK分子调控机制方面的研究进展.     

胰岛素样生长因子- I 对骨骼肌生长和修复研究进展

生长激素（GH）／胰岛素样生长因子-I（IGF-I）轴是肌肉生长的重要调节因子之一。虽然许多组织都能表达IGF-I，但它们各自的功能不同。骨骼肌是IGF—I的靶器官，同时也分泌IGF—I。骨骼肌组织表达的IGF—I对骨骼肌损伤后的再生、修复非常重要，也是通过适当干预保持肌肉质量的重要调节因素。主要讨论GH／IGF—I在促进骨骼肌再生和修复中的作用，并讨论其在运动康复中的应用前景。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

对欧洲足球技战术发展趋势的思考

结合欧洲足球技战术的发展特点,就鲁能泰山足球队的体能训练、技术训练、防守阵型、进攻方式、定位球、职业态度、球星培养等诸方面所存在的不足进行了分析,提出相应的改进意见。