构建“实践共同体”促进教师专业发展

构建教师实践共同体是当下教育改革中促进教师专业发展的有效途径。教师实践共同体的相关理论研究表明构建实践共同体具有重要意义。从实践共同体的特征——相互的介入、共同的事业和共享的技艺库出发,提出了促进教师专业发展的几点建议。     

Technology,Learning Communities and Young People: The Future Something Project

The Future Something Project (FSP), a two‐year action research project, was devised to nurture the creative and technological talent of small groups of young people at risk by creating a structured network, mentored and driven by creative professionals exploring innovative ways for the two distinct target groups to work together. The project practice is located within the new field of interaction design and takes a social and critical approach to art and design pedagogy. The external research team found that one valuable way of looking at the FSP enterprise was through the social theory of communities of practice (CoPs) developed in the 1990s by Lave and Wenger. The creation of a learning community as a pedagogical strategy is central to the conception and practice of this project. This article, therefore, sets out to apply an existing theory to a new art and design context together with more general thoughts on learning communities. It explores the potential of new technologies and different settings to effect learning within structured networks and local and virtual communities of practice.     

问题解决视域的实践共同体建构研究

作为提高大学生的实践能力和创新能力的有效途径,实践共同体正受到教育领域研究者越来越多的关注,当前实践共同体的建构研究主要借鉴共同体的研究成果,对实践共同体的实践特性关注不够。从问题解决视角看,劣构问题解决是实践共同体中实践的主要方式,基于劣构问题解决过程及其影响因素研究实践共同体建构,不仅适切而且必然。文章在阐释实践能力和实践共同体内涵的基础上,探索劣构问题的解决过程、影响因素,继而提出了相应的实践共同体建构策略。     

基于网络实践共同体的非正式学习研究

网络环境下的非正式学习是当前终身学习社会的战略主题,网络实践共同体是其重要载体和组织形式,它是非正式学习的典型形式。它具有高效的信息分享、知识创造、平台稳定、资源重用等学习特征。非正式学习通常经历萌芽期、发展期、成熟期和管理期四个循环发展阶段。     

Playin’ farmer: leisure experiences in a craft-based community of practice

The study applies situated learning and communities of practice concepts to an ethnographic study of volunteer farm work. In contrast to a traditional conceptualization of education for leisure, participation in farm work activities is understood as a form of education taking place in a leisure context. Analysis reveals that participation in volunteer farm labor may also be understood as participation in a craft-based community of practice. The Farm’s community of practice exhibits the use of embodied knowledge, intimate communication, a dialectic of innovation and preservation, and a hierarchical social structure. Differences between employment and leisure-based communities of practices are explored. Situated learning and communities of practice conceptualizations promise to expand both the analysis and practice of leisure education, thereby expanding its relevance in contemporary society.     

Theoretical trajectories within communities of practice in higher education research

In this article, the role of theory in higher education research is problematised using a communities of practice framework. Drawing on a case study derived from the author's own published work and doctoral study, the article concludes that the differential uses of theory within communities of research practice can be fruitfully explored, in part, through a consideration of the ways in which the explicit use of theory by newcomers to the community is, or is not, sustained as community membership deepens. The article concludes by suggesting that the differential use of theory amongst communities of educational researchers constitutes a problematic object of practice that requires critical exploration.     

交往实践中的有机班级模型与建构

有机班级是建立在交往实践基础上的教育共同体,它有外散型、内散型、内联型、外联型、网联型等形态,具有交往性、立体性、开放性、发展性、差异性等特征,其建构路径总体上可从主体素质和交往关系两个向度同时展开,重点是构建生活、学习、文化和思想的共同体.     

Arts Practice and Research: Locating Alterity and Expertise

There is still no agreed pedagogic definition of practice‐based research. However, there is not a dearth of definitions, but rather a wide variety, predicated upon the developing programmes of individual places of study. This article will examine these definitions in terms of underlying concepts of intentionality and alterity and the ways in which instrumental use of them affects study. The article will discuss a number of existing models for the theorising and adjudication of practice as research, and the questions that underpin their development. First, are non‐text outputs, and the methods of their production, able to communicate knowledge rather than simply constituting knowledge? Second, by what criteria can this knowledge be adjudicated within an academic environment? Third, what is the status of these outputs and methods relative to the production of text? It will propose that interrogation of these models will advance little in discussions that focus on media. Text or nottext is beside the point. Rather, the relationship between research and practice can be explored as a relationship between intentionality and alterity, based in an essentially social conception of communities of expertise, including academic communities of expertise. Finally, the article will describe an attempt by the author to undertake a drawing activity in response to a research question, in order to assess the possibilities of articulating practice specifically in order to demonstrate expert knowledge of the field in which a research question occurs.     

高校思想政治理论课社区实践教学探索

社区实践是当前高校思想政治理论课实践教学模式改革创新的迫切需要,是增强思想政治理论课实践教学实效性、激发学生主体学习兴趣和实现高校与社区良性互动的现实要求。社区实践教学的顺利开展需要高校思想政治理论课教师更新观念,重视社区实践教学,协调好社区实践教学和其他实践教学的关系,发挥好教师的主导性和学生的主体性作用,并处理好社区实践过程和社区实践结果的关系。     

The company you keep: Networks in a community of informal education evaluators

We investigate the relationship between characteristics of a professional network and members’ evaluation-related learning, applying the “communities of practice” framework to understand social dynamics and information flows. We focus on members of the Association of Zoos and Aquarium (AZA)’s Conservation Education Committee. These professionals collaborate to design, execute, and evaluate programs. Individuals (n = 35) completed a survey and participated in semi-structured interviews, allowing us to explore relationships, identify factors influencing communication, and better understand members’ approaches to program evaluation. We found that connections were made based on general expertise and reputation rather than individual subject knowledge. The combination of network and qualitative data reveal where information is being isolated and suggest strategies for more effective dissemination of evaluation-related knowledge and practice.     

Beyond locality: the creation of public practice‐based knowledge through practitioner research in professional learning communities and communities of practice. A review of three books on practitioner research and professional communities

In both the fields of educational practice and educational research the professional development of teachers was, is and is promising to remain an urgent and relevant topic. Practitioner research performed by teachers in professional learning communities and communities of practice is promising to serve their professional development. In addition, practitioner research and participation in these learning and working communities aim at explicating the locally existing tacit professional knowledge. Since practitioner research is also defined as a means to the aim of creating knowledge that is more relevant to the practice of education than the knowledge created by research institutes, we are concerned with the question of which mechanisms can be identified as enabling the production of public practice‐based knowledge. Therefore we review three current books on practitioner research and professional communities.     

Intersecting communities of practice in distance education: the program team and the online course community

This article is a case study that aimed at understanding the dynamics of two complementary communities involved in a distance education graduate program: one community of practice formed by the instructors and instructional developers, who designed and developed the program, and another created by the students and instructor in one of the online courses. The relationship between both communities and the evolution that occurred within the online course are analyzed. Emergent themes are discussed and recommendations are made for similar contexts and communities.     

The role of action research in transforming teacher identity: modes of belonging and ecological perspectives

While teacher identity has been conceptualized in different ways, research in teacher education has shown that the development of self‐understanding about being a teacher is critical to learning how to teach and can be shaped in multiple ways. Etienne Wenger argues that the formation of communities of practice is influenced strongly by the negotiation of identity and thus, to understand learning in relation to identity formation and communities of practice, three modes of belonging should be considered. Using data from a three‐year action research project, the author examines how modes of belonging (engagement, alignment, and imagination) were enacted in teacher‐centred action research communities of practice. As well, an ecological perspective is adopted to provide insight into how teachers' identities are formed and reformed in the context of teacher‐centred action research.     

“There's going to be community. There's going to be knowledge”: Designs for learning in a standardised age

Using the case of a secondary English department in Ontario, Canada, this article examines the constraints that academic departments face in transforming themselves from communities of practice into learning communities. This distinction between a community of practice and a learning community has taken on heightened importance as increasing curriculum standardisation and high stakes assessments further narrow the historically fragile opportunities for deep and collaborative teacher learning within the traditionally structured academic department. The paper proposes some theoretical considerations and concrete strategies to assist academic departments in overcoming constraints to learning within an era of increasing standardisation and accountability. It further explores how the international movement of educational post-standardisation promises greater opportunities for the development of teacher learning communities within academic departments.     

“思想道德修养与法律基础”课实践教学社区化模式研究

随着城市社区建设的不断发展和完善,社区作为大学周围区域,无疑在学生学习社会的环节中有着明显的地域优势。探讨和研究＂基础＂课实践教学的社区化模式,对于实现＂四有＂新人这一教育目标无疑具有积极的意义。构建＂择＂、＂导＂、＂养＂、＂评＂相结合的＂基础＂课实践教学的社区化模式是提高＂基础＂课教学实效的有效策略。     

Using communities of practice to enhance interdisciplinary teaching: lessons from four Australian institutions

We report on the establishment of communities of practice at four Australian institutions and evaluate their effectiveness and durability as a means of building staff and institutional capacity for interdisciplinary teaching. A community of practice approach is a potentially valuable methodology for overcoming dynamics of fragmentation, isolation and competition within universities. The communities we established were anchored by a shared focus on the topic of climate change and they worked collaboratively to build relationships of trust and reciprocity between teachers in a wide range of disciplines. The aim of each community was to improve the teaching of climate change through enabling members to integrate diverse disciplinary perspectives, to teach collaboratively, to promote innovation through exchange and to demonstrate leadership within their institutions. The key factors that made our communities effective and durable are: (1) designation of two leadership roles, activator and facilitator, (2) provision for institutional autonomy in domesticating the model to fit local circumstances and (3) a pragmatic emphasis on opportunities for teaching innovation and leadership within existing administrative structures, teaching programs and workloads. We conclude that suitably designed and resourced communities of practice are a viable means of improving interdisciplinary teaching of complex problems by facilitating both staff development and institutional learning.     

Leading-for-inclusion: transforming action through teacher talk

In Australia, recent policies for educational development have emphasised the importance of stakeholder involvement and advocacy in the promotion of student outcomes. There is robust support for the promotion and development of inclusive educational communities able to respond to the various educational needs of students, communities and staff. This paper advocates a practice perspective and establishes a direct correlation between leading practices and the formation of more inclusive school communities. It provides a consideration of the practice architectures which co-construct the ways in which six educational leaders draw on the potential of teacher talk as a vehicle for practice modification. Teacher talk, as a characteristic of leading practice, responds to the increasing dynamism in the profile of schools, students and teachers in rural New South Wales (NSW), socially, cognitively, economically, linguistically and culturally. This paper uses the medium of teacher talk to: explore the relationship between leading and inclusion – leading-for-inclusion – and interrogate socially just (inclusive) practices in the domain of the professional advocacy of the community. The paper reflects upon the practices of leading-for-inclusion (in the context of change management) and the development of more inclusive school cultures.     

The ‘dissertation marathon’ in doctoral distance education

Participation in “communities of practice” is often depicted as a central feature of various theoretical understandings of the social nature of learning. How are such communities of practice to be enacted in distance education, which, by definition, implies spatial detachment? This article reflects on the dimensions of communities of practice experienced by four students undertaking doctoral studies by distance education, working in different countries than the one in which the institution of their studies is based, and at four different phases of their doctoral program. In each writer’s experience, community of practice involvement was identified as critical in program completion, yet the source of the learning community was in each case outside of institutional provision.     

学习共同体研究热点知识图谱分析

为科学清晰地展现国内外学习共同体研究成果,以中国知网（CNKI）与科学引文数据库（WOS）为文献来源,运用 CiteSpace V 软件的关键词共现聚类分析、研究机构共现分析和关键词时区共现分析等方法绘制知识图谱。研究发现,国内外学习共同体研究前沿包括教师专业学习共同体、网络学习共同体以及实践共同体 3大主流方向。研究热点聚焦教师专业发展、项目教学、合作学习、情景学习、教学策略开发等理论。未来学习共同体将与深度学习、泛在学习、自组织等理论结合产生新的生长点,对教师专业发展和网络学习具有重要推动作用。     

Cultural and organisational issues facing online learning communities of teachers

Collegial sharing and reflection about practice has been widely suggested as an effective form of teacher professional learning. Information and communications technology (ICT) has the potential to foster this professional learning through online community environments. Whilst the potential of self-sustaining online teacher communities to support professional learning through reflective sharing of practice is recognised, the journey to realising this potential is not straightforward. This paper identifies two key aspects of school culture that are acting as barriers on the journey—schools do not adequately value collegial reflective sharing of practice, and classroom teachers do not use online communications tools as an integral part of their professional practices. The paper suggests a framework for maximising participation in online teacher communities.