Fit between future thinking and future orientation on creative imagination

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the impact of future thinking, and the fit between future thinking and future orientation on creative thinking. In Study 1, 83 undergraduates were randomly assigned to three groups: 50-year future thinking, 5-year future thinking, and the present-day thinking. First, the priming tasks, in which participants were asked to imagine their lives 50 years from now, 5 years from now and in the present day according to the condition respectively, were conducted. Subsequently, theirs’ performances of the Creative Imagery Task were examined. The results revealed that the 50-year future thinking group performed better than the 5-year future thinking and the present-day thinking groups in originality and beyond reality. The only difference observed between the 5-year future thinking and the present-day thinking groups was in practicality. In Study 2, after taking a future orientation subscale developed by Zimbardo and Boyd (1999), 77 undergraduates were randomly assigned to the three future thinking groups as those in Study 1. Their performances in the Creative Imagery Task were then examined. The results showed that the participants in the present-day thinking group with low future orientation and the participants in the 50-year future thinking group with high future orientation had better performance in creative imagination in originality and beyond reality. In conclusion, increasing the temporal distance of future thinking facilitates creative thinking. Additionally, one's creative imagination can be improved when thinking timescales and future orientation are aligned.     

《孙子兵法》与《战争论》军事思想体系的比较研究

《孙子兵法》和《战争论》是不同历史时代、战争环境和文化土壤条件下的产物。对二者从军事思想体系的层面进行比较分析,可以看出二者在体系架构、思维方式、思维方法和文化价值取向上存在明显差异,可以为思考未来西方的军事理论走向提供帮助。     

Effects of conceptual systems and instructional methods on general chemistry laboratory achievement

Conceptual systems theory predicts four system orientations. System 1 individuals are highly concrete in their reasoning ability and beliefs. System 2 individuals are strongly negative toward authority and institutions and tend to be autonomous and rebellious. System 3 individuals are more abstract than System 1 or System 2 individuals and have strong need to maintain secure relationships. System 4 individuals have the most abstract, flexible, and open-minded orientation and have an analytical approach to problem solving. Conceptual systems orientations of subjects taking a general chemistry laboratory were determined using the “This I Believe” test. Subjects were classified into Systems 1, 2, 3, 4, or admixtures. Laboratory sections were assigned randomly to three instructional methods (traditional approach, learning cycle, computer simulation) for teaching a three-hour laboratory covering spectrophotometry principles. Factorial analysis of covariance indicated no significant conceptual system by instructional method interaction. The main effect for conceptual system was significant, and pairwise comparisons of adjusted mean posttest scores indicated that System 4 subjects as well as System 3 subjects scored significantly higher than System 1 subjects. There was no significant difference in scores between System 4 and System 3 individuals. Conceptual systems orientation is an attribute variable that may influence chemistry learning.     

大学生未来取向与自尊的关系

采用青少年未来取向问卷和自尊量表（SES）对在校大学生的未来取向与自尊的关系进行了调查研究.结果发现：大学生的未来取向程度较高,对未来有着良好的认知、情感和意志行动;性别对大学生未来取向存在极其显著的影响,成长环境和本科院校层次对大学生未来取向没有影响;大学生的自尊水平较高,性别、成长环境和本科院校层次对大学生的自尊水平没有影响;大学生的未来取向与自尊之间存在显著的正相关.     

Characteristics of male and female students who experienced success or failure in their first college science course

The purpose of this study was to identify correlates of success for male and female students in their first collegiate science course. The factors that were examined included the personality variables of persistence, future orientation, and the tendency toward reckless and rash behavior, as well as cognitive attributions for success and failure. In addition, two scales from the Omnibus Personality Inventory that focused on the direction of a student's academic orientation were examined for their relationship to science achievement. Level of success x gender ANOV As showed no interactions for cognitive attributions or for the direction of academic orientation. Interactions for persistence, reckless and rash behavior, and future orientation indicated that these factors were more important to the science success of women than to that of men.     

基于不同心理弹性大学生的职业生涯指导思考

本文分析了不同心理弹性的大学生在职业探索、职业适应和职业危机调整三个方面的差异,进而从提高心理弹性的个体内部因素包括新异性探索、情绪调节和积极的未来取向以及加强心理弹性的外部环境因素包括提高政府、学校以及家庭和同伴对大学生的社会支持方面来提升大学生的求职能力。     

Design of an interactive informational program: Formative evaluation and experimental research

The design and evaluation of an interactive informational program is outlined in this article. Also reported is an integrated research study which examines the effects of differing levels of orientation to an interactive informational program on user confidence and attitudes. Research results indicate that a full orientation providing information, examples, practice, and feedback for various program options can lead to greater levels of user comfort than a more limited type of orientation providing brief information and single examples, and with equally positive user attitudes. However, subjects receiving the full orientation spent less time in the actual program and accessed a smaller proportion of available program segments than did their limited-orientation counterparts. No differences in efficiency were noted between the two groups in the use of the program. Sex differences noted in attitudes and time expended are discussed, with reference to a possible preference by females for greater levels of program support. Recommendations are offered for interactive program developers and future research directions are suggested. This work was supported in part by Summer Research Awards provided by the Curry School of Education at the University of Virginia. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Richard Berdel, Cheryl Wissick, and Maureen Glasser in the data collection, and of theETR&D editor and anonymous reviewers for their comments on a draft of this article.     

少数民族大学生课堂表现差异与考试成绩关系的研究

本文主要通过调查问卷对少数民族大学生的学习取向、口头参与、争强好胜、寻求帮助、自我表露、自信,以及和同学交往七个方面的课堂表现差异与大学英语考试成绩之间的关系进行分析研究,发现学生的课堂表现差异与考试成绩之间存在着密切的关系.在今后的大学英语教学中,教师要更加注重以学生为中心,充分调动学生的课堂学习积极性,把学生培养成为自律性学习者.     

The role of social comparison in students’ perceptions of ability: An enriched view of academic motivation in middle school students

This study addressed notions derived from a model by [Tesser et al., 1984] of self-concept and how it is influenced by social relationships. We were interested in whether the self-evaluation maintenance model (SEM) would allow us to investigate more directly the value component in expectancy–value models of achievement motivation. Using distinctions often made about different motivational orientations, we discovered a three-way interaction between level of mastery orientation (high or low), relevance of math (high or low), and target of rating (self or 7th grade friend) on students’ perception of ability in math. Thus, the SEM model was supported but only for students reporting a low mastery orientation. For them, those who reported math as highly relevant estimated their own ability as significantly higher than their friend’s, whereas those reporting math as less relevant showed no difference in estimates of ability between self or friend. For high mastery oriented students, no differences were found.     

Sexual orientation and outcomes in college

It has been well documented that sexual minority individuals are significantly more likely to be college educated than heterosexual individuals [Black, D., Gates, G., Sanders, S., & Taylor, L. (2000). Demographics of the gay and lesbian population in the United States: Evidence from available systematic data sources. Demography, 37(2), 139–154; and others]. Yet there is very little scholarship on the experiences of sexual minorities in college. We discuss several ways that sexual orientation could matter for college outcomes, and we provide the first empirical evidence on this question by using confidential data on over 40,000 students from the 1997, 1999, and 2001 waves of the Harvard College Alcohol Study. We identify sexual minorities by using responses to questions about the sex of the respondent's lifetime sex partners. After conditioning on observable demographic characteristics and institution fixed effects, we find that (compared to their heterosexual peers): (1) gay males have higher college grade point averages and perceive their academic work as more important; (2) gay and bisexual males are more likely to report the presence of a faculty member or administrator with whom they could discuss a problem; and (3) gay and bisexual males place more importance on participating in student organizations, volunteer activities, the arts, and politics. Among females, we find that: (1) bisexual females are less satisfied with the education they are receiving, spend less time studying, and perceive their academic work as less important; and (2) lesbian and bisexual females place more importance on participation in the arts and politics. These patterns suggest important and complex relationships between sexual orientation and college outcomes.     

Emerging adulthood among Palestinian minority in Israel: the relation between perceived career barriers,future orientation and career decisions

This study examines the relation between perceived career barriers, future orientation and career decisions among young Palestinian-Israeli youth. The study employs a theoretical model that links perceived career barriers and career decisions via variables of future orientation. Three hundred eighty-eight young Palestinian-Israeli women (73.20%) and men (26.80%) participated in the study. Structural equation modelling shows that perceived ethnic discrimination is positively related to the motivational variables of future orientation, while perceived gender discrimination and childcare and family difficulties are negatively related to motivational variables. This means that perceived ethnic discrimination towards Palestinian-Israeli youths make them more inclined to perceive the value of higher education and to feel greater control over their personal accomplishments and their goals of achieving a higher education. Investment in future orientation will in all likelihood incentivise the choosing of a career path.     

Integrating Curriculum and Practice with Students and their Field Supervisors: Reflections on Spirituality and the Aging (Rosa) Model

Previous research has found links between older adults' future orientation—hope, optimism, and death anxiety—and their physical and mental health; however, these relationships may be confounded by other psychosocial variables such as locus of control and social support. The purpose of the present study was to isolate the effects of future orientation in order to determine which future orientation variable or variables predict physical and mental health among older adults. Older adults (n = 182) completed a survey. After controlling for the effects of sociodemographic and psychosocial variables, hope emerged as the sole predictor of both physical health and mental health. This indicates that hope is a reliable predictor of physical and mental health among older adults.     

Self-regulated learning and self-directed study in a pre-college sample

Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a multi-dimensional construct that has been difficult to operationalize using traditional, variable-centered methodologies. The current paper takes a person-centered approach to the study of SRL in a sample of 205 high-school students. Using latent profile analysis on self-reports of seven aspects of SRL, three groups were identified: high SRL, low SRL, and average SRL. Student self-reports of goal orientation were used as validation for the profile solution, with the high academic self-regulation group reporting the highest levels of mastery orientation while the low self-regulation group reported highest levels of avoidant orientation. Profiles were also compared on independently collected, behavioral measures of study behaviors, with the highly self-regulated group tending to study more material and for a longer time than less self-regulated individuals.     

Decoding Ability and Humor Production

Scholars have suggested that being “in tune” with others may be an important aspect of successful humor creation; however, few studies have specifically investigated this possibility. Thus, this study examined the relationship between decoding ability and humor orientation. Decoding ability was conceptualized as involving three communication constructs: conversational sensitivity, nonverbal sensitivity, and receiver apprehension. Consistent with predictions, results revealed positive relationships between (1) humor orientation and conversational sensitivity and (2) humor orientation and nonverbal sensitivity. Also consistent with predictions, a negative relationship was found between humor orientation and receiver apprehension. Further analysis indicated the three communication variables together accounted for 24% of the variance in humor orientation; only conversational sensitivity and receiver apprehension, however, accounted for unique variance. Overall, these findings suggest humor production may be related to the ways in which individuals attend to their social environments.     

个体人生与社会政治的亲密拥抱--论王蒙小说中个体人生的价值指向

王蒙的小说对建国后至20世纪80年代末这一政治革命时代下的个体人生形态价值指向作了典型的呈示：第一,林震与刘世吾体现了两种有代表性的个体人生的价值指向;第二,王蒙的“少共”情结决定了其创作时的个体人生与社会政治的双重视角;第三,王蒙小说中个体人生价值指向的具体呈现形态“在路上”对目的地的追寻与确认。     

高中学优生与学困生学习适应性的比较研究

中学生不同的学习适应行为反映了不同的学习目标定向。采用《瑞文标准推理测验》和《学习适应性测验》,对高一、高二年级学优生与学困生进行测查比较,结果表明：1,在总体上,学优生学习适应性显著高于学困生;2．高中生学习适应性的性别差异不显著,高一年级学优生学习适应性显著高于高二年级,学困生学习适应性的年级差异不显著;3．学优生倾向于掌握目标的定向,学困生倾向于业绩表现的目标定向。     

Relating goal orientation to self-regulatory processes: A longitudinal field test

This longitudinal field study examined the relationship between goal orientation and self-regulatory processes in an achievement context. Data was obtained from 132 students over a 10 week period. Results indicated that: (a) learning goal orientation was positively related to how much resources participants allocated to their goals and the degree to which they engaged in cognitive self-regulation, (b) performance-avoid goal orientation was negatively related to cognitive self-regulation, (c) participants engaged in motivational processes aimed at lowering their goals when presented feedback that indicated their performance was below their intentions, and (d) downward goal revision was a function of learning goal and performance-avoid goal orientations. Measurement issues and directions for future research on the goal orientation construct are discussed.     

Instrumentality,task value,and intrinsic motivation: Making sense of their independent interdependence

The relationships among instrumentality, task value, and intrinsic orientation were investigated among undergraduate students. The sample comprised 207 undergraduates who were participating in a lower-division human development course. Results confirm that endogenous instrumentality is an independent construct, which—although related to task value and intrinsic motivation—is empirically and theoretically distinguishable. Results suggest that the present orientation of intrinsic motivation and task value (as measured by the MSLQ) may serve a different motivational function than the more future oriented endogenous instrumentality.     

Promoting Cultural Relativism in Counselors through the Cultural De-Centering Model

Counselors who are culturally encapsulated are likely to create client mistrust and to misinterpret clients’ cultural norms. This article presents the Cultural De-Centering Model (CDCM) as a constructive-developmental method for helping future counselors to be less ethnocentric in their work. The goal of the CDCM is to increase counselors’ cultural relativism. Through the CDCM counselors are asked to name and challenge their assumptions about race/ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual orientation, and social class. They are then asked to re-examine the foundations of those assumptions and begin constructing culturally de-centered perspectives.