《申报》广告代言人的演变及其启示

依据《申报》办刊发展的一些重要事件,把《申报》广告代言人的演变划分为四个时期,即:产生(1872—1912)、发展(1913—1930)、成熟(1931—1937)和没落(1938—1949)。指出《申报》在广告代言人代言方面的若干做法对于今天的中国广告业仍具有重要启示。     

Modeling of tool-chip contact length for orthogonal cutting of Ti-6Al-4V alloy considering segmented chip formation

In this work, the orthogonal cutting experiments on Ti-6Al-4V alloy were conducted at different cutting speeds(10—160 m/min)and feed rates(20—160 μm/rev). The tool-chip contact length was measured by the track of tool rake face; meanwhile, the chip morphology caused by the localized and overall chip deformation was characterized by the degree of segmentation and the chip compression ratio, respectively. These parameters were analyzed and calculated according to the segmented chip morphology. In addition, three modified models considering the overall chip deformation and the localized deformation of adiabatic shear band were proposed, and the constants of the models were calculated by the genetic algorithm optimization. Considering the overall and localized chip deformation, the value and variation trend of the tool-contact length predicted by these three models agreed well with the experimental results.     

The Science of the Individual

Our goal is to establish a science of the individual, grounded in dynamic systems, and focused on the analysis of individual variability. Our argument is that individuals behave, learn, and develop in distinctive ways, showing patterns of variability that are not captured by models based on statistical averages. As such, any meaningful attempt to develop a science of the individual necessarily begins with an account of the individual variability that is pervasive in all aspects of behavior, and at all levels of analysis. Using examples from fields as diverse as education and medicine, we show how starting with individual variability, not statistical averages, helped researchers discover two sources of ordered variability—pathways and contexts—that have implications for theory, research, and practice in multiple disciplines. We conclude by discussing three broad challenges—data, models, and the nature of science—that must be addressed to ensure that the science of the individual reaches its full potential.     

On Communication Models

With the development of human society,the social hub enlarges beyond one community to the extent that the world is deemed as a community as a whole.Communication,therefore,plays an increasingly important role in our daily life.As a consequence,communication model or the definition of which is not so much a definition as a guide in communication.However,some existed communication models are not as practical as it was.This paper tries to make an overall contrast among three communication models——Coded Model,Gable's Communication Model and Ostensive Inferential Model,to see how they assist people to comprehend verbal and non-verbal communication.     

EXAMINATION OF ALTERNATIVE MODELS OF STUDENTS’ ASSESSMENT OF THEIR COLLEGE: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HARD AND SOFT SCIENCES

This study examines the relationship between the discriminable components of quality of learning experiences (that is, resources, content, learning flexibility, student‐faculty contact, and involvement) and students’ summative assessment of their college. The relative explanatory powers of three alternative combinatory models — the compensatory (linear‐additive), conjunctive, and disjunctive — are tested for. undergraduate students from hard and soft sciences. The conjunctive model provides the maximal predictability for hard sciences whereas all three models have the same explanatory powers in soft sciences. In addition, the five quality of learning experience components explain a higher portion of the variation of assessment in hard sciences than in soft sciences. Finally, the two dominant predictors of assessment in hard sciences are flexibility and involvement while the best determinants of assessment in soft sciences are flexibility and student‐faculty contact. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

浅析云计算在高校实验室中的应用

简要介绍了云计算的概念及其具有的虚拟性、适用性、规模性、可靠性、经济性的特点;分析了云计算目前发展的情况及其三种服务类型的应用;具体阐述了基础设施云服务、应用云服务两种模式在高校实验室中的应用,以及云计算在高校实验室中起到节约资金投入,提高教学质量,提高数据安全性、提高教学公平性的重要作用和意义.     

Transactions between class teachers and student teachers

Interactions are explored between three pairs of class teachers and B.Ed student teachers on school experience in a traditional context. The main issues raised are the benefits of having students — expected and real — for the teacher, the features inherent in a successful class teacher/student teacher relationship and the implications of the research findings for the new partnership models of school experience. It is suggested that class teachers are prepared to invest expertise and time to support the students with the expectation of deriving benefits for their classes.     

Examining the Earnings Trajectories of Community College Students Using a Piecewise Growth Curve Modeling Approach

ABSTRACT

Policymakers have become increasingly concerned with measuring—and holding colleges accountable for—students’ labor market outcomes. In this article we introduce a piecewise growth curve approach to analyzing community college students’ labor market outcomes, and we discuss how this approach differs from two popular econometric approaches: Mincerian and individual fixed-effects models. Our results suggest that three assumptions underpinning econometric approaches—that across-student variation is constant across time, that the model specifies a counterfactual that is appropriate for all members of the sample, and that the impacts of a given award are fixed across time—may not be well founded. We then highlight how insights gained from the growth curve approach can be used to strengthen evolving econometric analyses of labor market returns.     

集输原油储罐的测量数模

原油集输实现自动库的主要问题就是能否找到储油罐的正确的数学模型,使之切实可行。本文通过罐的多点静压测量方法,找到估计基础数据如:油面高度、油密度及油水界面等的数学模型来估算与原油集输盘库有关的测量值并在实践中收到了预期效果。本文介绍的油罐测量数模使储油罐的实时监控与自动盘库成为可能,具有理论价值和实用价值。     

A Pedagogical Strategy for Gradual Enhancement of Creative Performance of the Students

The objective of this paper is to describe a pedagogical strategy for gradual enhancement of creative performance among students by using interdisciplinary hands-on projects. A study was conducted comparing 66 students' performances on creativity in three classes—Fall 1996, Spring 1997 and Fall 1997—consisting of juniors and seniors at Temple University. All the students were tested on the creative opportunities actually taught by the projects presented to the students, theoretical aspects of creativity on a specially designed test and the learning process. The results of evaluation on the creativity of the models, the theory tests and the learning process indicated that the pedagogical strategy did help in gradually enhancing the creativity performance of the students.     

Explaining ‘Race ‘‐education

This article focuses on three models—Marxist, representational and interpretive—which have been used to explain the development of ‘race'‐education in Britain over the last 25 years. Each model is discussed initially in terms of its core assumptions and links with mainstream sociological and/or political theory, in order to clarify its intellectual origins and conceptual basis. The analytical questions which stem from these models’ assumptions are then specified and their application in the fields of ‘race’ and ‘race’ and education illustrated briefly through a discussion of published work in these areas and a study of ‘race'‐education policy and practice in initial teacher education. The latter also provides a basis for an initial assessment of the different models’ explanatory power and for considering whether there is a need for a new conceptual framework.

     

国际教学设计领域在关注什么——《教学设计中课程、规划和进程的国际观》深度解读

针对教学研究领域的三个主题：教学设计、课程设计、信息通信技术与媒体,国际教学设计研究领域的学者们主要关注如下研究热点：认知和学习心理学研究成果为教学设计模型提供了新的理论基础和创新途径,课程开发和信息通信技术需要进一步整合到教学设计模型中;课程开发及其对教学设计模型的影响;信息通信技术对教学设计和课程开发的影响,从更加整合和全面的视角来看待学习、教学、课程和技术之间的关系。《教学设计中课程、规划和进程的国际观》从以上三个方面展示了国际观点。当前教学设计研究和实践逐步形成以下发展趋势：一是教学设计研究越来越呈现出跨学科特点;二是运用技术创建有效学习环境成为教学设计研究的重要领域;三是欧美学者在教学设计研究领域既共享众多核心观点,又在研究角度、内容上各有不同,使得整体研究成果深度交融。     

Beyond the Black–White Binary of U.S. Race Relations: A Next Step in Religious Education

Abstract

Many if not most people in the academy as well as the public sphere tend to regard race and racism in the United States in terms of a default frame of reference (i.e., a paradigm): the black–white binary. Although this frame is constructive as well as compelling, it displays serious liabilities. This article outlines, for religious educators, nine expressions of the black–white paradigm—three variations of the binary, three approaches from black studies/theology, and three models that express efforts to transcend binary thinking. A concluding comparative exercise illustrates how participants may discern, address, and ideally revise the paradigm.     

A trio of evaluation and assessment models from pre ICT innovations: Lessons from the past

Three major evaluations of innovative projects designed and implemented in the US during the 1960s and 1970s provide models for the design and analysis of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) projects. Large in scope, sophisticated in design and explicit in reporting, the three evaluations were: an analysis of major factors in “change agent” projects conducted by the Rand Corporation; an evaluation of Follow Through, a program to continue supporting “disadvantaged” children in elementary school; and a multi-year evaluation of the Comprehensive School Mathematics Program, a multi-grade project designed to change mathematics instruction and, at the same time, develop suitable assessment tools. Each of the studies provides a model of how ICT projects, both those in place and those in the design stages, may be evaluated in order that important questions — “What happened?” and “Why?” and “To what effect?” — can be answered. The three evaluations stress the importance of defining project characteristics, working from clearly defined practices, assessing fidelity of implementation, studying the multiple reactions of all the stakeholders, and conducting assessments of pupil progress at appropriate times and with appropriate measures. The models can serve ICT educators as guidelines as they look for complex, meaningful and educationally sound ways of determining the impact of ICT on all stakeholders.     

Let the Questions Be Your Guide: MBE as Interdisciplinary Science

From its inception, the field of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE) has been conceived as an interdisciplinary science, and with good reason: The phenomena the field aims to understand often arise from interactions among multiple factors, span levels of analysis, and are context dependent. In this article, we argue that to reach its potential as an interdisciplinary science—and in order to explain such complex phenomena—MBE must be fundamentally organized around meaningful, discipline‐spanning questions, and the questions must determine tools and research methods (not the other way around). Using examples from three central questions in MBE—“who,”“when,” and “how”—we highlight the limits of single disciplines, and the value of a question‐driven interdisciplinary approach in MBE, with respect to questions that can be asked, the perspectives that can be considered, and the array of methods, tools, and models that can be made available. We believe that the future is bright for MBE, and that the field has a unique opportunity to provide meaningful answers to some of the most difficult questions in education today. However, realizing this potential depends on, as a first step, allowing the questions themselves to drive the field's work moving forward.     

Investigating the relationship between students’ attentive–inattentive behaviors in the classroom and their literacy progress: Chapter 3 Model specifications,results and comments: Fitting conditional models

The fitting of simple, three-level, variance-components models to estimate the proportion of variance in each of the continuous variables due to the inherent multilevel structure of the data (i.e., students within class/teacher groups clustered within schools), identified substantial residual variation at the class/teacher-level for several variables. To explain variation in students’ literacy progress, and their attentive–inattentive behaviors, respectively, two traditional, unidirectional models are then specified and fitted to each of the data sets. The results of fitting both single-level and multi-level versions of these models are compared and evaluated critically in terms of their explanatory power and their links with the research literature. As a basis for subsequently specifying and fitting three multilevel, non-recursive, structural equation models to the data in Chapter 4, the findings from fitting multivariate, multilevel models to each data set are presented. This is done to estimate the variances and covariances among the variables — both at the student-level and at the class/teacher-level.     

积极心理学视野下的宽恕研究

宽恕是积极心理学的研究主题。本文阐述了宽恕在中西方的发展,不同的定义,宽恕的类型、发展和任务—阶段等三种模型,宽恕的问卷法、叙事法和实验法等三种研究方法,宽恕的发生受到冒犯者、冒犯事件、受害者等因素影响,并提出了研究方法需创新、研究群体需广泛、研究量表需完善、关系研究需拓宽、提高宽恕水平的研究需加大等五点展望。     

以案例教学法为特色的大学物理课程教学模式的探析

针对当前大学物理教学,提出先行组织者与案例教学法相融合的几种教学模式,其中包括与"探究式-案例教学法"相融合、与"问题式-案例教学法"相融合、与"讨论式-案例教学法"相融合和与"前沿科技-案例教学法"相融合等教学模式。     

历史语言学族群史观的演变及其解释模型

历史语言学跟民族学、历史学一样都关注族群历史起源研究。历史语言学在其发展进程中先后建立起两种解释语言历史演变的模型——裂变模型和聚变模型。这两种模型反映了历史语言学家对族群历史起源研究的思考。它们的先后建立反映出历史语言学族群史观的一次重要嬗变。     

复杂网络的结构特性研究综述

总结了复杂网络结构特性及目前的主要研究结果,对网络的静态几何性质做了小结,对规则网络与完全随机网络,Small World网络和Scale Free网络的机制模型做了总结与分析,阐述了网络的结构稳定性研究,从网络机制模型的演化得到在Internet网络中的演化方法启示,提出了一些Internet局域世界拓扑建模需要考虑的问题。