Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments The Changing Landscape and the Compelling Need for Diversity Constructing a Comparative Theoretical Framework Globalization and the New Landscape for Higher Education The Half Life of Knowledge The Role of Intangibles in the Research University The Frame of Demography, Diversity, and Democracy Reciprocal Empowerment Revisited Translating Principles into Practice Globalization and Institutional Mission Recognition of the Value of Diversity in the Educational Process Talent Management Concluding Observations Mapping the Terrain for Inclusion and Bridging the Gaps Approaches to Diversity Self-Assessment Measuring the First Dimension: Structural Representation Diversity Leadership and Strategic Focus Organizational Learning The Power of Institutional Culture Strategic Organizational Architecture for Diversity Concluding Observations Orchestrating the Process of Cultural Change Creating a Tactical Plan for Bridging the Diversity Divide Research-Based Tactics That Promote Reciprocal Empowerment Concluding Observations A Toolkit for Operationalizing Reciprocal Empowerment External Measures of Internal Progress: Accreditation and Diversity Institutional Effectiveness and Diversity Progress Internal Change: Organizational Learning Tools for Cultural Transformation Concluding Observations Reprise: Recommendations and Implications Appendix A: Sample Matrix for Gauging Gaps in Diversity Leadership Appendix B: Resource Guide References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

Table of Contents

Introduction Trends in University Governance Challenges to University Governance Structures Governance Structures in Historical Perspective Governance, Management, and Leadership Depicting Institutional Structure Shared Governance AAUP Versus AGB Perceptions Accountability and Program Review Structural and Cultural Elements of Governance Organizational Culture Trustees' Perspectives Organizational Culture and Governance Competing Perspectives and Expectations Expectations of Faculty, Administrators, and Trustees Facing the Fundamental Challenges Governance from a Presidential Perspective Evolving Issues in the Twenty-First-Century University A Port for Every Pillow Organizational Learning, Leadership, and Change The George Mason Case The Case of the Institutes of Business at the University of the West Indies Governance: State and Campus Surveys Toward a More Effective System Governance: Attitudes and Perceptions Emphases Emerging from the Literature Governance and Teaching and Learning The Environmental Context for Education Organizational Culture and Learning Governance, Information Technology, and Distance Education The Impact of Information Technologies New Models of Higher Education Governance Structures and Educational Technologies E-Learning: Policy Issues and Impact Resource Allocation and Governance Responsibility-Centered Management Performance-Based Program Budgeting: The Basic Questions Caveats and Adjustments to Responsibility-Centered Management A Revised Model of Governance Structure in the Twenty-First-Century University Appendix A: Public and Private University Enrollments, 1998 Appendix B: Survey of University Governance Appendix C: Organizational Culture and Governance References Name Index Subject Index     

Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword Overview Defining Interdisciplinarity The Disciplines, Interdisciplinarity, and the University Interdisciplinarity, Learning, and Cognition Interdisciplinarity and the Practice of Research Faculty and Institutional Structure: The Conflict of Interdisciplinarity Best Practices Related to Interdisciplinary Education Implications for Practice and the Future of Interdisciplinarity Defining Interdisciplinarity Conceptualizing the Disciplines Conceptualizing Interdisciplinary Knowledge Conclusion The Disciplines, Interdisciplinarity, and the University The Historical Influence of the Disciplines on Teaching and Learning Interdisciplinary Initiatives in Twentieth-Century American Higher Education Conclusion Interdisciplinarity, Learning, and Cognition The Disciplinary Basis of College Student Learning Defining Interdisciplinary Curricula in Higher Education Conclusion Interdisciplinarity and the Practice of Research Challenges to the Practice of Interdisciplinary Research Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research in Higher Education Conclusion Faculty and Institutional Structure: The Conflict of Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity, Faculty, and Change in Higher Education Achieving Institutional Goals and Interdisciplinary Faculty Engagement Fostering Faculty Connections Across Institutional Boundaries Modifying Activity Systems to Encourage Interdisciplinarity Conclusion Best Practices Related to Interdisciplinary Education Dedicated Organizational and Physical Space Student-Centered Pedagogy Focus on Problem- or Theme-Based Learning Curriculum Shaped Through a Variety of Interdisciplinary Learning Experiences Culminating Capstone Project or Student Portfolio Focus on Collaborative Learning Rather Than Mastery of a Particular Content Use of Independent Study, Internships, and Experiential Learning Goal of Preparing Students for a Complex, Modern Interdisciplinary Future Conclusion References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

Table of Contents

Overview A Profile of Community College Faculty Full-Time Faculty Part-Time Faculty Conclusion Faculty Work in the Context of the Community College The Community College's Missions and Students Role Expectations for Full-Time Faculty Members Role Expectations for Part-Time Faculty In-Service Training and Professional Development Job Satisfaction Conclusion Dimensions of the Community College Faculty Career Preparation to Become a Community College Faculty Member Entry Requirements The Search Process Career Stages Conclusion Institutional Factors Affecting Community College Faculty Work Life Background Collective Bargaining Faculty Involvement in Shared Governance Other Institutional Factors Extrainstitutional Factors Affecting Work Life: Legislative Actions Conclusion Looking to the Future: The Status of Community College Teaching as a Profession Characteristics of a Profession and Professionalization Is Community College Teaching a Profession? Possible Future Influences on Faculty Professionalization Conclusion A Fresh Look at Community College Faculty Challenges in Understanding Community College Faculty Conclusions Note References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

Introduction The Changing Business Environment and the Need for Responsive Action Defining Professional Education and Ideal Outcomes Examining Criticisms of Professional Education and Calls for Reform Purpose and Scope of This Report Curriculum Reforms in the Professions: Responding to Calls for Change Curriculum Reform in Accounting Programs Curriculum Reform in Nursing Programs Curriculum Reform in Teacher Education Programs Implementing and Assessing Internships Examining Internships Through the McDonough Center for Leadership and Business, Marietta College Assessing Student Learning Through Internships at the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh Building Communities of Inquiry and Support Through Internships at the University of New Hampshire Designing Strong Internship Experiences Assessing the Internship Experience and Student Learning Summary Building Conditions That Promote Change Creating Trust Promoting Change by a Committed Leadership Designing Incremental Change Educating Faculty Designing Meaningful Incentives Implications for the Implementation and Maintenance of Curriculum Transformations Stating Clear and Measurable Outcomes Linked Across Courses, the Professional Preparation Program, and Institutional Levels Designing Learning Experiences to Achieve the Selected Outcomes Selecting Multiple Assessment Methods Reviewing Assessment Results to Make Targeted Improvements Developing New Partnerships Sustaining Learner-Centered Curriculum Reforms     

Table of Contents

The Need for Intercultural Competency Development in Classrooms The Call for Intercultural Skills Engaging Diversity for Intercultural Outcomes The Promise and Challenge of Diverse Classrooms Goals of the Monograph Lessons of the Past Tensions and Misconceptions The Challenge of and Need for Integration Student Voices: Reflections on Engaging Diversity in Different Disciplines Next Steps Understanding Intercultural Competence and Its Development Importance of Foundational Knowledge Core Premises of Intercultural Competence Building Blocks of Intercultural Competence The Process of Intercultural Development Outcomes of Intercultural Competence Development Conclusion Developing a Pedagogy That Supports Intercultural Competence Institutional Context Beyond Content and Content-Based Pedagogy The Challenge of Intercultural Pedagogy An Integrated Framework for Intercultural Learning Intercultural Pedagogical Principles Developing Intercultural Pedagogy—A Continuous Process That Happens Over Time Classrooms as Privileged Spaces Conclusion Engaging Diversity Through Course Design and Preparation Incorporating Intercultural Pedagogical Principles into Course Design Conclusion Practicing a Pedagogy That Engages Diversity Applying Intercultural Pedagogical Principles to Classroom Facilitation Conclusion Summary: Conclusions and Recommendations Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

The Revolution in Leadership The Continued Need for Leadership in a Changed Context Organization of the Book Key Terms and Theories Challenges and Missed Opportunities in the Study of Leadership in Higher Education New Directions in Higher Education Leadership Contributions of This Book A World Apart: New Paradigms of Leadership Positivist Paradigm Social Constructivism Paradigm Critical Paradigm Postmodern Paradigm Comparing the Paradigms' Impact Summary A World Anew: The Latest Theories of Leadership Transformational Leadership Complexity and Chaos Theory Expanding Cognitive Theories: Mental Models and Organizational Learning Expanding Cultural and Symbolic Theories: Social and Cultural Theories of Leadership Rethinking Contingency Theories: Processual Leadership Team or Relational Leadership Summary Revolutionary Concepts of Leadership Ethics and Spirituality Collaboration Empowerment Social Change and Social Movements Emotions Globalization Entrepreneurialism Accountability Summary Higher Education Leadership in the New World Changes in the Landscape of Higher Education Leadership Research Trait and Behavior Theories Power and Influence Theories Transformational Leadership Complexity and Chaos Theory Cognitive Theory: Cognitive Frames and Organizational Learning Cultural and Symbolic Theories Teams and Relational Leadership Summary Revolutionary Leadership Concepts in Higher Education Ethics and Spirituality Empowerment Social Change Collaboration and Partnering Emotions Globalization Entrepreneurialism Accountability Summary Practical Implications for the Leadership Revolution Framing Leadership Research in a New Era Notes Appendix: Three Case Studies References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

The Theoretical Framework: Psychosocial Oppression and Diversity Overview of the Framework The Importance of Reaffirming Diversity in Higher Education Structural Change Through Affirmative Action: A Report Card Why Is a Cross-Disciplinary Framework for Achieving Diversity Needed? Asymmetric Institutional Power and Oppression The Antidote for Oppression: Reciprocal Empowerment The Metaphorical Perspective: Silence and Disempowerment The Biopsychosocial Framework The New Paradigm in Overcoming Barriers to Faculty and Staff Diversity Affirmative Action and Diversity: Partners and Protagonists Historical Development of Affirmative Action in Perspective The Interrelationship of Affirmative Action and Diversity The Impact of Supreme Court Decisions and Roads to the Future Stages in Developing Diversity The Role of Culture and Climate Walking the Talk: Lip Service or Real Gains? On the Way to Diversity: Psychological and Behavioral Barriers Psychosocial Discrimination and Attributional Ambiguity Psychology of the Agents of Oppression Dimensions of Contemporary Workplace Discrimination Internalization: The Impact of Discrimination on Self-Esteem The Physiological Impact of Perceived Discrimination: A Scientific Perspective On the Way to Diversity: Organizational Barriers Formal and Informal Organizational Barriers Workplace Power: Understanding the New Battleground The Power of the Accreditation Model Diversity and Decentralization Navigating the Straits: Overcoming Challenges to Faculty Diversity Faculty Hiring for Diversity: Defeating the Narrowing Sieve Whitewater Rafting: The Tenure Journey Reward Structures, Intentionality, and Diversity Best Practices in Diversity Planning and Assessment The Twenty-First-Century Diversity Strategic Plan A Conceptual Approach to Diversity Assessment The Diversity Scorecard Retention and Beyond Reaching Reciprocal Empowerment: Recommendations and Implications Appendix: Representative Diversity Strategic Plans and Diversity Web Sites for Public Research Universities References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword A Changing World Calling for New Leaders Leadership and Diversity Guiding Framework Organization of Monograph Contributions of Monograph Defining Leadership Language and Guiding Models Distinguishing Leader and Leadership Distinguishing Leader and Leadership Development The Individual: Leader-Based Models The Process: Leadership-Based Models Diverse Student Identity and Capacity Development Student Identity and Capacity Development Diverse Student Identity Development Diverse Student Leader Identity Diverse Student Leader Capacity Environment Matters National Context Institutional Context Curricular and Cocurricular Context Exemplary Programs and Characteristics of Effective Practices Exemplary Programs Characteristics of Effective Practices Guiding Questions for Effective Programming Implications for Policy, Practice, and Future Research Policy Implications Practical Implications Contributions to Future Research Conclusion Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

Qualitative Inquiry for Equity in Higher Education On Equity On Dangers Responding to Dangers Outline of the Monograph Challenge to the Reader Confronting Qualitative Inquiry in Higher Education Brief Notes on Qualitative Research in Higher Education Scholarship Beyond Method: Matters of Ontology, Epistemology, Axiology, and Methodology Paradigms and Worldviews The Promise and Hope of Critical Qualitative Inquiry Innovation as Research Revolutions Concluding Thoughts Critical Concerns for Qualitative Inquiry in Higher Education Critical Qualitative Higher Education Research in the Era of Methodological Conservatism What Is at Stake in the Era of Methodological Conservatism? Opportunities for Resisting Methodological Conservatism: A Call to Action Reflexivity as Intervention Institutional and Organizational Intervention Intervention Through the Socialization of New Educational Researchers Intervention Through Working and Speaking with Multiple Educational Research Constituencies Conclusion Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

Diversity in Higher Education: Perceptions, Opinions, and Views Purpose and Organization of the Monograph The Diversity Rationale in Higher Education Public Perceptions of Diversity Initiatives in Higher Education Faculty, Student, and Administrator Perceptions of Diversity Summary Diversity, Leadership, and Organizational Culture in Higher Education Changing Organizational Culture Leadership in Higher Education Diversity and Organizational Culture The Substance of Diversity Leadership in Higher Education Summary Diversity and Organizational Leadership in Higher Education Leadership Models and Frameworks in Higher Education Leadership as Contested Terrain in Higher Education The Nexus for Diversity Leadership Strategies Summary Practicing Diversity Leadership in Higher Education Higher Education's Response to Diversity Initiatives Management, Leadership, and Diversity Diversity Readiness and Awareness Developing Capacity for Diversity Leadership Cultural Proficiency and Practicing Diversity Leadership Summary References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

Introduction, Context, and Overview Definitions and Conceptual Framework Major Theoretical Perspectives on Student Success in College Sociological Perspectives Organizational Perspectives Psychological Perspectives Cultural Perspectives Economic Perspectives Summary The Foundation for Student Success: Student Background Characteristics, Precollege Experiences, and Enrollment Patterns Student Demographics Family and Peer Support Academic Preparation and Motivation to Learn Enrollment Choices and Patterns Summary Student Behaviors, Activities, and Experiences Associated with Student Success College Activities A Closer Look at Engagement in Effective Educational Practices Student Characteristics Summary Notes Institutional Conditions Associated with Student Success Structural and Organizational Characteristics Programs and Practices Summary Propositions and Recommendations for Student Success in Postsecondary Education Propositions and Recommendations Needed Research A Final Word Appendix A: Note on Research Methods Appendix B: Indicators of Student Success in Postsecondary Education References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction The Concepts and Mechanics of Fundraising Understanding How Endowments Work Significance of Contemporary Philanthropy in Higher Education The Great Wealth Transfer An Organizational Guide to the Rest of the Monograph The Influence of Philanthropy on American Higher Education British Support for the Creation of American Higher Education Support from the American Colonies Influence of Individual Donors Issues of Donors' Control Giving as a Collective: Alumni Giving and the Beginning of Systematic Solicitation Conclusion Who Is Philanthropic? Philanthropy by Nontraditional Donors Overview of the Landscape African American Giving and Philanthropy Latino Philanthropy Asian American Philanthropy American Indian Philanthropy Conclusion Women and Philanthropy Volunteering Giving Decisions Among Couples Organizational Choice Conclusion What Guides the Study of Philanthropy and Fundraising? Motivations Conclusion Engaging Students and Young Alumni: The Importance of Cultivating the Next Generation of Donors Giving Across the Generations Engaging Youth in Philanthropy Who Gives? Adding Science to the Art of Fundraising: The Power of Using Data in Fundraising Strategy A Critical Look at Philanthropic Giving Conclusion and Challenges for Future Research Notes Appendix A: Fundraising Mechanics Appendix B: Philanthropic Research Resources References Supplemental Bibliography Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments Dedications Introduction, Context, and Overview of the Volume The National Context: Important Trends in Racial Demographics and STEM Fields The Urgency of Fostering Minority Students' Success in STEM Purpose and Overview of the Volume Key Concepts and Definitions Limitations of the Volume The Current Condition of Minority Students in STEM The Impact of Race and Racism on Minority Students' Success in STEM Factors in K–12 Education That Influence the Success of Racial and Ethnic Minority Students in the STEM Circuit The Link Between Academic Preparedness in K–12 Education and Minority Students' Success in STEM K–12 Contributors to the Insufficient Academic Preparation of Minority Students in STEM K–12 Factors That Promote the Success of Minority Students in STEM K–12 Initiatives That Contribute to Preparedness and Success Among Minority Students in STEM Conclusion Factors That Influence Success Among Racial and Ethnic Minority College Students in the STEM Circuit The Role of Colorblind Meritocracy and Affirmative Action The Impact of Economic Influences The Impact of Minority-Serving Institutions and Selective Institutions The Impact of Campus Environments The Impact of Institutional Agents The Impact of Psychological Factors The Impact of STEM-Specific Opportunity and Support Programs Conclusion Implications for Future Research, Policy, and Practice in STEM Education The Racial and Ethnic Minorities in STEM Model Implications for Future Research Implications for Future Policy Implications for Future Practice Conclusion Notes Appendix: The K–16 STEM Education Model References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

Setting the Stage: Funding Realities and Talent Resources The Shifting Budgetary Equation Federal Funding and Public Research Universities Research Funding and the New “Business Paradigm” Endowment, Gifts, and Other Revenue Sources External Pressures on Talent Resources Concluding Perspectives Looking Beyond an Administrative Human Resources Department: HR and Institutional Performance The Evolution of High-Performance HR Systems The Empirical Link Between Strategic HR and Organizational Performance Strategic HR Constructs Application of Strategic HR Principles in Higher Education Concluding Perspectives Strategic HR and Talent Management in Higher Education The Contribution of HR Principles to Talent Acquisition Diversity in the Talent Management Continuum Total Rewards and Talent Management Concluding Perspectives Strategic HR and Organization Development: A Holistic Process The Counterpoint Between Organizational Learning and Organization Development The Crosswalk Between AQIP Principles and Organizational Capabilities The Psychodynamics of Organization Development The Contribution of Employee Relations Programs to Organization Development Performance Evaluation and Organization Development Leadership Development The Vital Role of Employee Assistance Programs Concluding Perspectives Building an Effective and Efficient Strategic HR Operation HR Analytics The HR Audit Entrepreneurial HR Strategies HR as Chief Integrative Leader Concluding Perspectives Recommendations and Implications for Practice Presidents and Boards of Trustees HR Leaders HR Departments HR Departments Looking Forward References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Counselor Trainees’ Experiences in Triadic Supervision: A Qualitative Exploration of Transcendent Themes

Triadic supervision has been considered a credible and effective form of clinical supervision within counselor education programs since being included in the 2001 standards for the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). A phenomenological study was conducted to examine the experiences of masters-level counselor trainees in practicum with triadic supervision. Several transcendent themes emerged, namely: Initial Apprehensions, Shared Developmental Process, Vicarious Learning, Multiple Perspectives, and Safety through Trust and Relationship. The results of this study are discussed as they impact the field of counselor education and supervision.     

Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments Women's Status in Higher Education: Background and Significance Guiding Assumptions and Questions Historical Context Legislative and Policy Initiatives Women in the Curriculum Scholarship Organization of this Monograph Framing Women's Status Through Multiple Lenses Why Theory? Why Feminist Theory? Multiple Frames Summary Examining Women's Status: Access and Representation as Key Equity Indicators Women's Access to Postsecondary Education Representation of Women Students in Higher Education Cocurricular Representation Graduate Students Faculty Women Staff in Higher Education Women and Governing Boards Summary Examining Women's Status: Campus Climate and Gender Equity Classroom Climate Climate Beyond the Classroom Climate for Women Staff, Faculty, and Administrators Salary Equity Summary Advancing Women's Status: Analyzing Predominant Change Strategies Organizing Schemes Enhancing Gender Equity Summary Implications and Recommendations Recommendations for Further Research Implications Recommendations for Practice Summing Up References Name Index Subject Index About the Author