Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword A Changing World Calling for New Leaders Leadership and Diversity Guiding Framework Organization of Monograph Contributions of Monograph Defining Leadership Language and Guiding Models Distinguishing Leader and Leadership Distinguishing Leader and Leadership Development The Individual: Leader-Based Models The Process: Leadership-Based Models Diverse Student Identity and Capacity Development Student Identity and Capacity Development Diverse Student Identity Development Diverse Student Leader Identity Diverse Student Leader Capacity Environment Matters National Context Institutional Context Curricular and Cocurricular Context Exemplary Programs and Characteristics of Effective Practices Exemplary Programs Characteristics of Effective Practices Guiding Questions for Effective Programming Implications for Policy, Practice, and Future Research Policy Implications Practical Implications Contributions to Future Research Conclusion Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL HIGH‐LEVEL CONSULTATION ON POLICY ISSUES OF QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL ACCREDITATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION

This consultation, which lasted three days (5‐7 May 1993), featured discussions among high‐ranking eastern and central European officials responsible for higher education, UNESCO staff members, and invited experts. The discussions were organized under the following rubrics: Quality Assessment in Higher Education: Issues and Concerns; Institutional Self‐Evaluation and External Quality Assessment; Policy Implications of Quality Management in Higher Education; National Evaluation Bodies; the Role and Functions of an International Body, sponsored by CEPES‐UNESCO, currently being formed: the European Group on Academic Assessment; and Quality Assessment and Institutional Accreditation.     

Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments The Changing Landscape and the Compelling Need for Diversity Constructing a Comparative Theoretical Framework Globalization and the New Landscape for Higher Education The Half Life of Knowledge The Role of Intangibles in the Research University The Frame of Demography, Diversity, and Democracy Reciprocal Empowerment Revisited Translating Principles into Practice Globalization and Institutional Mission Recognition of the Value of Diversity in the Educational Process Talent Management Concluding Observations Mapping the Terrain for Inclusion and Bridging the Gaps Approaches to Diversity Self-Assessment Measuring the First Dimension: Structural Representation Diversity Leadership and Strategic Focus Organizational Learning The Power of Institutional Culture Strategic Organizational Architecture for Diversity Concluding Observations Orchestrating the Process of Cultural Change Creating a Tactical Plan for Bridging the Diversity Divide Research-Based Tactics That Promote Reciprocal Empowerment Concluding Observations A Toolkit for Operationalizing Reciprocal Empowerment External Measures of Internal Progress: Accreditation and Diversity Institutional Effectiveness and Diversity Progress Internal Change: Organizational Learning Tools for Cultural Transformation Concluding Observations Reprise: Recommendations and Implications Appendix A: Sample Matrix for Gauging Gaps in Diversity Leadership Appendix B: Resource Guide References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword Entrepreneurship in the Contemporary Academy Defining Academic Entrepreneurialism Whence Academic Entrepreneurialism? Overview of the Volume Theoretical Traditions of Entrepreneurship Theorizing Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship, Individuals, and the Environment Summary The New Economy and the Entrepreneurial Academy An Overview of the Entrepreneurial Economy Higher Education in the New Economy Academic Capitalism and Entrepreneurship Critiques of Entrepreneurship in Higher Education Summary Contemporary Issues in the Entrepreneurial Academy Resource Constraints and Dependencies: Research Universities Beyond Research Universities Beyond Profit Seeking: Social Entrepreneurship Beyond Research: Entrepreneurship and the Teaching Mission Summary Entrepreneurship Education The Emergence and Expansion of Entrepreneurship Education Activities and Outcomes of Entrepreneurship Education Summary Professional Implications and Future Research Directions Public Policymakers Institutional Administrators Faculty Students References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

The Theoretical Framework: Psychosocial Oppression and Diversity Overview of the Framework The Importance of Reaffirming Diversity in Higher Education Structural Change Through Affirmative Action: A Report Card Why Is a Cross-Disciplinary Framework for Achieving Diversity Needed? Asymmetric Institutional Power and Oppression The Antidote for Oppression: Reciprocal Empowerment The Metaphorical Perspective: Silence and Disempowerment The Biopsychosocial Framework The New Paradigm in Overcoming Barriers to Faculty and Staff Diversity Affirmative Action and Diversity: Partners and Protagonists Historical Development of Affirmative Action in Perspective The Interrelationship of Affirmative Action and Diversity The Impact of Supreme Court Decisions and Roads to the Future Stages in Developing Diversity The Role of Culture and Climate Walking the Talk: Lip Service or Real Gains? On the Way to Diversity: Psychological and Behavioral Barriers Psychosocial Discrimination and Attributional Ambiguity Psychology of the Agents of Oppression Dimensions of Contemporary Workplace Discrimination Internalization: The Impact of Discrimination on Self-Esteem The Physiological Impact of Perceived Discrimination: A Scientific Perspective On the Way to Diversity: Organizational Barriers Formal and Informal Organizational Barriers Workplace Power: Understanding the New Battleground The Power of the Accreditation Model Diversity and Decentralization Navigating the Straits: Overcoming Challenges to Faculty Diversity Faculty Hiring for Diversity: Defeating the Narrowing Sieve Whitewater Rafting: The Tenure Journey Reward Structures, Intentionality, and Diversity Best Practices in Diversity Planning and Assessment The Twenty-First-Century Diversity Strategic Plan A Conceptual Approach to Diversity Assessment The Diversity Scorecard Retention and Beyond Reaching Reciprocal Empowerment: Recommendations and Implications Appendix: Representative Diversity Strategic Plans and Diversity Web Sites for Public Research Universities References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword Overview Defining Interdisciplinarity The Disciplines, Interdisciplinarity, and the University Interdisciplinarity, Learning, and Cognition Interdisciplinarity and the Practice of Research Faculty and Institutional Structure: The Conflict of Interdisciplinarity Best Practices Related to Interdisciplinary Education Implications for Practice and the Future of Interdisciplinarity Defining Interdisciplinarity Conceptualizing the Disciplines Conceptualizing Interdisciplinary Knowledge Conclusion The Disciplines, Interdisciplinarity, and the University The Historical Influence of the Disciplines on Teaching and Learning Interdisciplinary Initiatives in Twentieth-Century American Higher Education Conclusion Interdisciplinarity, Learning, and Cognition The Disciplinary Basis of College Student Learning Defining Interdisciplinary Curricula in Higher Education Conclusion Interdisciplinarity and the Practice of Research Challenges to the Practice of Interdisciplinary Research Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research in Higher Education Conclusion Faculty and Institutional Structure: The Conflict of Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity, Faculty, and Change in Higher Education Achieving Institutional Goals and Interdisciplinary Faculty Engagement Fostering Faculty Connections Across Institutional Boundaries Modifying Activity Systems to Encourage Interdisciplinarity Conclusion Best Practices Related to Interdisciplinary Education Dedicated Organizational and Physical Space Student-Centered Pedagogy Focus on Problem- or Theme-Based Learning Curriculum Shaped Through a Variety of Interdisciplinary Learning Experiences Culminating Capstone Project or Student Portfolio Focus on Collaborative Learning Rather Than Mastery of a Particular Content Use of Independent Study, Internships, and Experiential Learning Goal of Preparing Students for a Complex, Modern Interdisciplinary Future Conclusion References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

Table of Contents

Considering the Third Sector: The New Prominence of For-Profit Higher Education Why Now? Taking Aim The Target Organization of the Volume From the Beginning: Development of For-Profit Higher Education in the United States Eras of For-Profit Higher Education The For-Profit Sector Today Institutional Diversity: Classification of the For-Profit Sector A New Classification Elements of the Classification Types of For-Profit Institutions Continuing Difficulties with Classification Shareholder Owners: Defining an Era History of Shareholder Institutions Current Owners Implications of the Wall Street Era Measure of Success: Students in the For-Profit Sector Historical Perspectives National Datasets Current Trends Student Outcomes Student Motivation, Experiences, and Campus Life Remaining Questions The Academic Mission: Teaching and Learning in the For-Profit Sector Curriculum Faculty Do Students Learn? External Approval: Accrediting the For-Profit Sector Background on Accreditation History Regional Accreditation For-Profit Accrediting Agencies Regional Accreditation of National Institutions Creating the Playing Field: State and Federal Regulation State Oversight Federal Oversight Diploma Mills Current Regulatory Issues Reflections and Future Direction Research Agenda Conclusion Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

Table of Contents

Introduction, Context, and Overview Definitions and Conceptual Framework Major Theoretical Perspectives on Student Success in College Sociological Perspectives Organizational Perspectives Psychological Perspectives Cultural Perspectives Economic Perspectives Summary The Foundation for Student Success: Student Background Characteristics, Precollege Experiences, and Enrollment Patterns Student Demographics Family and Peer Support Academic Preparation and Motivation to Learn Enrollment Choices and Patterns Summary Student Behaviors, Activities, and Experiences Associated with Student Success College Activities A Closer Look at Engagement in Effective Educational Practices Student Characteristics Summary Notes Institutional Conditions Associated with Student Success Structural and Organizational Characteristics Programs and Practices Summary Propositions and Recommendations for Student Success in Postsecondary Education Propositions and Recommendations Needed Research A Final Word Appendix A: Note on Research Methods Appendix B: Indicators of Student Success in Postsecondary Education References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

The Professions and Socialization The Professions in Society Characterizing Socialization Dimensions of Socialization Conceptualizing Socialization in Graduate and Professional Programs Stages of Socialization Core Elements of Socialization Structural Engagement A Framework for the Socialization of Graduate and Professional Students Linear Models of Socialization Nonlinear Models of Socialization An Interactive Framework for the Socialization of Graduate and Professional Students Institutional Culture: Recurrent Themes Diversity International Graduate Students Professionalism Professionalization Ethics Technology and Distance Learning Institutional Culture and Socialization: Differences Among Academic Programs Knowledge Acquisition Investment Involvement Structural Engagement Easing the Perilous Passage Modifying the Program Increasing Diversity Offering Support for Students Modifying Faculty and Administrative Roles References     

Table of Contents

Defining Institutional Diversity Aspects of Institutional Diversity Diversity Versus Diversification Versus Differentiation Interactions With the Environment Overview of the Monograph Historical Context of Institutional Diversity Growth During the Colonial Period Establishing American Higher Education Failure of the National University Idea Institution Building The Changing Curriculum Rise of the Research University Transition From Elite to Mass Higher Education The Postwar Period Conclusion Theoretical Contexts Population Ecology Resource Dependency Theory Institutional Theory Conclusion Benefits of Institutional Diversity Meeting the Needs of All Types of Students Increased Institutional Effectiveness Provide Models Support Reform Through Competition Serve the Political Needs of Interest Groups Protecting Academic Freedom and Autonomy Support Elite and Mass Higher Education Improve Social Mobility Minority-Serving Institutions Conclusion Causes of Homogenization Academic Drift Prestige-Maximizing Activities Statewide Coordination Conclusion The Future of Institutional Diversity Research and Practice Market Smart and Mission Centered Policymakers Campus Leaders and Administrators Faculty Students Conclusion References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

Table of Contents

The Need for Intercultural Competency Development in Classrooms The Call for Intercultural Skills Engaging Diversity for Intercultural Outcomes The Promise and Challenge of Diverse Classrooms Goals of the Monograph Lessons of the Past Tensions and Misconceptions The Challenge of and Need for Integration Student Voices: Reflections on Engaging Diversity in Different Disciplines Next Steps Understanding Intercultural Competence and Its Development Importance of Foundational Knowledge Core Premises of Intercultural Competence Building Blocks of Intercultural Competence The Process of Intercultural Development Outcomes of Intercultural Competence Development Conclusion Developing a Pedagogy That Supports Intercultural Competence Institutional Context Beyond Content and Content-Based Pedagogy The Challenge of Intercultural Pedagogy An Integrated Framework for Intercultural Learning Intercultural Pedagogical Principles Developing Intercultural Pedagogy—A Continuous Process That Happens Over Time Classrooms as Privileged Spaces Conclusion Engaging Diversity Through Course Design and Preparation Incorporating Intercultural Pedagogical Principles into Course Design Conclusion Practicing a Pedagogy That Engages Diversity Applying Intercultural Pedagogical Principles to Classroom Facilitation Conclusion Summary: Conclusions and Recommendations Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
L. Archer, M. Hutchings and A. Ross, with C. Leathwood, R. Gilchrist and D. Phillips, Higher Education and Social Class: Issues of Exclusion and Inclusion
John Brennan and Tarla Shah, Managing Quality in Higher Education: An International Perspective on Institutional Assessment and Change
R. Taylor, J. Barr and T. Steele, For a Radical Higher Education: After Postmodernism     

Table of Contents

Why Should Higher Education Be Concerned with the Identity Development of Diverse Students? Development of Identity Definitions Organization Theoretical Frameworks of Identity Development Theory: Foundational Theories Foundational Theories of Identity Development Evaluation of Foundational Theories Dominant Cultures, Oppression, and Other Societal Issues Affecting the Identity Development of Diverse Populations Cultural and Societal Issues That Impact Identity Development Theory of Oppression The Social Oppression Matrix Social Identity Development Theory How Oppression Impacts Privileged Groups White Identity Theories Conclusion Theoretical Frameworks of Diverse Identity Development Theories: A View Through a Different Lens Multigroup Ethnic and Racial Identity Models Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to African American Students Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to Native American Students Acculturation to the Majority Culture Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to Latino and Latina Students Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to Asian American Students Multiracial Identity Conclusion Multiple Identities: Acknowledging the Interrelationship Among Roles Integrating Multiple Layers of Identity Development Sexual Orientation Identity Formation Women and Gender Identity Implications Integration of Identity Development Theory into Practice Campus Culture Implications for Administrators Implications for Faculty Members Conclusions and Future Implications Appendix A. Case Study: Defining Academic Diversity at Reflective College Considerations in Addressing This Issue References Index     

Table of Contents

Overview A Profile of Community College Faculty Full-Time Faculty Part-Time Faculty Conclusion Faculty Work in the Context of the Community College The Community College's Missions and Students Role Expectations for Full-Time Faculty Members Role Expectations for Part-Time Faculty In-Service Training and Professional Development Job Satisfaction Conclusion Dimensions of the Community College Faculty Career Preparation to Become a Community College Faculty Member Entry Requirements The Search Process Career Stages Conclusion Institutional Factors Affecting Community College Faculty Work Life Background Collective Bargaining Faculty Involvement in Shared Governance Other Institutional Factors Extrainstitutional Factors Affecting Work Life: Legislative Actions Conclusion Looking to the Future: The Status of Community College Teaching as a Profession Characteristics of a Profession and Professionalization Is Community College Teaching a Profession? Possible Future Influences on Faculty Professionalization Conclusion A Fresh Look at Community College Faculty Challenges in Understanding Community College Faculty Conclusions Note References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

THE ORADEA STATEMENT

Considering the importance attached by the participants in the International High‐Level Consultation on Policy Issues of Quality Assessment and Institutional Accreditation in Higher Education to the issues of quality assurance and assessment and the need to further co‐operate in the field in order for the central and eastern European systems of higher education to face present and future challenges, the Bureau of the meeting, assisted by the Secretariat of CEPES, proposed a Statement for adoption by the participants. A discussion of this Statement, to be known informally as the Oradea Statement, took place; some suggestions were made, and finally it was adopted as follows:     

Table of Contents

Closing the Loop: How an Assessment Project Paved the Way for GE Reform Call for Contributions Value‐Added? Committing to Quality: Guidelines for Assessment and Accountability in Higher Education Creating a Cadre of Assessment Gurus (at Your Institution) Assessment as a Communication and Management Tool for Presidents and Trustees Assessing Institutional Assessment: One Institution's Progress in Developing Quality Assessment Practices From the States: Learning and Accreditation: The Elites Push Back     

Table of Contents

Diversity in Higher Education: Perceptions, Opinions, and Views Purpose and Organization of the Monograph The Diversity Rationale in Higher Education Public Perceptions of Diversity Initiatives in Higher Education Faculty, Student, and Administrator Perceptions of Diversity Summary Diversity, Leadership, and Organizational Culture in Higher Education Changing Organizational Culture Leadership in Higher Education Diversity and Organizational Culture The Substance of Diversity Leadership in Higher Education Summary Diversity and Organizational Leadership in Higher Education Leadership Models and Frameworks in Higher Education Leadership as Contested Terrain in Higher Education The Nexus for Diversity Leadership Strategies Summary Practicing Diversity Leadership in Higher Education Higher Education's Response to Diversity Initiatives Management, Leadership, and Diversity Diversity Readiness and Awareness Developing Capacity for Diversity Leadership Cultural Proficiency and Practicing Diversity Leadership Summary References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments Dedications Introduction, Context, and Overview The Importance of Workforce Diversity in Higher and Postsecondary Education Literature and the Integrated Review Chapter Overviews Status of Ethnic and Racial Diversity in College and University Administration Academic Leaders Student Affairs Administrators Conclusion Barriers Encountered by Administrators of Color in Higher and Postsecondary Education Legal and Conceptual Frameworks Established Barriers for Administrators of Color The “Double Burden”: A Barrier Specific to Women of Color Conclusion Factors Influencing Engagement, Retention, and Advancement for Administrators of Color Employment Challenges Success in Corporate America: Lessons for Higher Education Role of Leadership Programs The Importance of Mentoring What Universities Can Do What Individual Administrators Can Do An Emerging Model Conclusion Concluding Remarks Regarding the Importance of a Racially Diverse Administrative Workforce Emergent and Aggregate Challenges for Administrators of Color Directions for Future Research Implications for Practice Conclusion Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Table of Contents

Foreword The Ill-Structured Problem of College Student Departure Overview of the Volume Intended Audience Tinto's Interactionalist Theory Tinto's Interactionalist Theory An Empirical Assessment of Tinto Propositions Receiving Strong Support Explanations for Unanticipated Academic Integration Findings Tinto's Theory: Revise or Abandon? Toward a Revision of Tinto's Theory for Residential Colleges and Universities Influences on Social Integration Underlying Conceptual Orientation of the Six Influences Tinto's Theory Revisited in Residential Colleges and Universities Implications for Racial or Ethnic Minority Students Student Departure in Commuter Colleges and Universities Sixteen Propositions: Elements of a Theory of Student Departure in Commuter Institutions Formulating a Theory of Student Departure in Commuter Colleges and Universities Exemplary Student Retention Programs Sources of Retention Programs Selecting Exemplary Retention Programs Nine Exemplary Retention Programs Reducing Institutional Rates of Departure An Overarching Recommendation Powerful Institutional Levers of Action Residential Colleges and Universities Commuter Colleges and Universities Reducing the Departure of Racial or Ethnic Minority Students Conclusions and Recommendations for Scholarship Conclusions Recommendations for Further Scholarship Closing Thoughts References Name Index Subject Index     

Table of Contents

Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments The Case for a Comprehensive Model of College Readiness The Complexity of College Readiness Quasi-Ecological Approaches to College Readiness The Next Generation of College Readiness Research Method and Organization The Human Ecology Framework Principles of Development in Ecological Systems Environmental Contexts Environmental Interactions: A Fully Ecological Model Individual: The Attributes of College Readiness Resource Characteristics Force Characteristics Demand Characteristics The Individual in an Ecological Context Microsystem: The Direct Experience of Students Academic Preparation in Schools Out-of-School Microsystems Direct Experience in an Ecological Context Mesosystem: A Network of Overlapping Relationships Cultural Capital and the Mesosystem Social Capital and Mesosystem Connectors College and High School Integration Overlapping Relationships in the Ecological Context Exosystem: The Site of Systemic and Structural Changes Precollege Intervention Programs School Reform Role of States Role of Federal Government Role of Foundations and Nonprofit Organizations Systems and Structures in Ecological Context Macrosystem: The Arena of Culture and Ideology Foundational Beliefs Language, Subculture, and Theory Culture and Ideology in the Ecological Context Chronosystem: The Role of Time in College Readiness Cohort and Era Sequence and Timing Developmental Change The Role of Time in Ecological Context The Ecological View of College Readiness The Ecology of College Readiness Using an Ecological Approach in Research and Evaluation Implications for Policy Implications for Practice Moving Toward an Ecological Approach to College Readiness References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors