Scaffolding Analysis: Extending the Scaffolding Metaphor to Learning Artifacts

The scaffolding metaphor was originally developed to describe the support given by a more expert individual in a one-on-one interaction. Since then, the notion of scaffolding has been applied more broadly, and it has been transformed and generalized. Most recently, it has been used by researchers in the learning sciences to describe features and functions of technological artifacts, especially those of educational software. In this article, we present an analytic framework that we believe can guide and systematize these new uses of the scaffolding metaphor. In this new framework, "scaffolds" are not features of artifacts or situations, nor is "scaffolding" something that may be occurring (or not) in a given situation that we observe. Rather, a scaffolding analysis is a kind of comparative analysis that we perform on learning interactions. Because this analysis is comparative, it always produces results that are relative to specific choices that we make in framing the comparative analysis. In this article, we present a theoretical argument for our proposed framework and illustrate the definition by applying it to two software environments.     

教与学的有效互动--简析支架式教学

支架式教学是近二三十年来国外流行的教学模式,它在处理"教"与"学"二者之间的关系方面提出了富有创造性的见解.本文对支架式教学进行了简要的介绍与分析,主要阐述了支架式教学的内涵、理论基础及其特色,最后分析了支架式教学给予我们的若干启示.     

基于项目的在线协作学习支架策略探究

基于项目的在线协作学习过程中,学习者面临学习任务、协作过程以及在线环境所带来的认知负荷,支架是降低认知负荷、促进认知发展的有效手段。本研究基于认知图式和认知负荷理论,对基于项目的在线协作学习过程中的四个问题解决环节(问题表征、问题解决方案论证与生成、方案实施、监督与评价)和三类认知活动(同伴交互、个体反思、建模)中学习者面临的认知负荷进行分析。研究发现,学习者在问题解决环节中存在由于问题复杂性、任务高交互性以及自身领域知识不足和问题解决策略缺乏带来的内部认知负荷,以及对学习过程的组织、协调等管理所带来的外部认知负荷。在认知活动中存在因缺乏表达策略与技巧、元认知知识与策略、理解与迁移困难而带来的内部认知负荷,以及协商沟通导致的外部认知负荷。在此基础上,提出基于项目的在线协作学习的四种主要学习支架策略:结构化支架、模型化支架、问题化支架和知识化支架,并对其应用方式及来源进行了阐述。     

Distributed Scaffolding: Scaffolding Students in Classroom Environments

Educational Psychology Review - This paper traces the origins of the scaffolding construct, placing it in its theoretical-historical context. The paper discusses the connection between...     

Scaffolding Complex Learning: The Mechanisms of Structuring and Problematizing Student Work

There has been much interest in using software tools to scaffold learners in complex tasks, that is, to provide supports that enable students to deal with more complex content and skill demands than they could otherwise handle. Many different approaches to scaffolding techniques have been presented in a broad range of software tools. I argue that two complementary mechanisms can explain how a diversity of scaffolding approaches in software act to support learners. Software tools can help structure the learning task, guiding learners through key components and supporting their planning and performance. In addition, tools can shape students' performance and understanding of the task in terms of key disciplinary content and strategies and thus problematize this important content. Although making the task more difficult in the short term, by forcing learners to engage with this complexity, such scaffolded tools make this work more productive opportunities for learning. I present arguments for these mechanisms in terms of the obstacles learners face, and I present several brief examples to illustrate their use in design guidelines. Finally, I examine how the mechanisms of structuring and problematizing are sometimes complementary and sometimes in tension in design, discuss design tradeoffs in developing scaffolded investigation tools for learners, and consider the reliance of scaffolding on a classroom system of supports.     

Effectiveness of Computer-Based Scaffolding in the Context of Problem-Based Learning for Stem Education: Bayesian Meta-analysis

Computer-based scaffolding plays a pivotal role in improving students’ higher-order skills in the context of problem-based learning for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education. The effectiveness of computer-based scaffolding has been demonstrated through traditional meta-analyses. However, traditional meta-analyses suffer from small-study effects and a lack of studies covering certain characteristics. This research investigates the effectiveness of computer-based scaffolding in the context of problem-based learning for STEM education through Bayesian meta-analysis (BMA). Specifically, several types of prior distribution information inform Bayesian simulations of studies, and this generates accurate effect size estimates of six moderators (total 24 subcategories) related to the characteristics of computer-based scaffolding and the context of scaffolding utilization. The results of BMA indicated that computer-based scaffolding significantly impacted (g = 0.385) cognitive outcomes in problem-based learning in STEM education. Moreover, according to the characteristics and the context of use of scaffolding, the effects of computer-based scaffolding varied with a range of small to moderate values. The result of the BMA contributes to an enhanced understanding of the effect of computer-based scaffolding within problem-based learning.     

Waves: Scaffolding Self-regulated Learning to Teach Science in a Whole-Body Educational Game

Journal of Science Education and Technology - This study employed mixed methods to investigate the efficacy of scaffolding self-regulated learning prompts within a whole-body educational game,...     

高中语文教学中学习支架构建及应用

语文是一门充满人文情怀的学科,如何提升学生对于语文学习的兴趣,理解文字背后的意义是当下语文任课教师应当思考的重要问题。本文立足于高中语文教学的真实情况,从“支架构建的理论内涵”“支架教学模式在课程实践中的运用”两方面出发,对于如何促进教育教学中学习支架的构建进行分析与探究。     

建构主义学习观下大学英语支架式教学方法

建构主义在当今社会得到了广泛的关注,其崭新的学习观对当今的教学改革起着诸多的积极作用。基于建构主义学习观的教学方法一共有三种,其中的支架式教学方法能够在教师的帮助下有效地利用各种学习条件,于课堂内外培养学生的自主学习能力,比较适用于我国当今的大学英语教学。     

古典小说直白式心理描写缺失对人物形象解读的影响

与西方小说相比,中国古典小说多以言行来间接暗示人物心理,而非情节性的直白式心理描写则比较少见.这种间接而含蓄蕴藉的心理描写方式固然能给读者提供审美创造的自由空间,然而,直白式心理描写的缺失,也使读者无从直接获知人物言行背后的心理动机,而只能通过人物言行的暗示来作出种种揣测,从而造成对人物形象解读的差异性;有时缺少心理流程的描写,也影响到对人物性格的认知.     

The Learning Problem of the Student in Psychotherapy Supervision

The learning problems of the student in psychotherapy supervision are described from the vantage point of a clinical psychology intern. The vicissitudes of the relationship between psychotherapy supervisor and supervisee form the context for the appearance and potential resolution of the student's learning problems. Specific areas of discussion include the initial contact between supervisor and supervisee; the supervisory alliance; clarifying what therapy is and what it is not; realizing who you are and what your supervisor is; discovering that you can get results; leaving. A final section is devoted to describing apparent similarities between the supervisory relationship and psychotherapy. Supervision of a novice psychotherapist can be thought of as the psychotherapy of a learning disability.     

The Impact of Scaffolding and Student Achievement Levels in a Problem-based Learning Environment

This study examined how scaffolds and student achievement levels influence inquiry and performance in a problem-based learning environment. The scaffolds were embedded within a hypermedia program that placed students at the center of a problem in which they were trying to become the youngest person to fly around the world in a balloon. One-hundred and eleven seventh grade students enrolled in a science and technology course worked in collaborative groups for a duration of 3 weeks to complete a project that included designing a balloon and a travel plan. Student groups used one of three problem-based, hypermedia programs: (1) a no scaffolding condition that did not provide access to scaffolds, (2) a scaffolding optional condition that provided access to scaffolds, but gave students the choice of whether or not to use them, and (3) a scaffolding required condition required students to complete all available scaffolds. Results revealed that students in the scaffolding optional and scaffolding required conditions performed significantly better than students in the no scaffolding condition on one of the two components of the group project. Results also showed that student achievement levels were significantly related to individual posttest scores; higher-achieving students scored better on the posttest than lower-achieving students. In addition, analyses of group notebooks confirmed qualitative differences between students in the various conditions. Specifically, those in the scaffolding required condition produced more highly organized project notebooks containing a higher percentage of entries directly relevant to the problem. These findings suggest that scaffolds may enhance inquiry and performance, especially when students are required to access and use them.     

对教师支架类型体系的理论探索

只有从一种新的教学理念的视野出发,我们才能真正认识支架式教学的本质,并在此基础上探索教师可以利用的支架类型体系,从而推动教学实践的发展。     

对教师支架类型体系的理论探索

只有从一种新的教学理念的视野出发,我们才能真正认识支架式教学的本质,并在此基础上探索教师可以利用的支架类型体系,从而推动教学实践的发展。     

网络教学中的学习监控探析

网络教学中的学习监控对保证学生获取知识,保证学校的教学质量有着重要意义,但由于网络教学中师生的时空差异性、教学系统的庞大性和教学对象的复杂性等原因,使网络教学监控的实施出现不少困难。应该在计划和检查、评价和反馈以及控制和调节等环节采取有效监控措施,从而提高网络教学质量。     

网络自主学习中的文化缺失和文化支援

在考察网络自主学习环境内涵的基础上,阐述了学习环境的意义,总结了现代网络自主学习中的文化缺失问题,分析了网络自主学习者的特点和需求,提出了文化支援的网络学习环境的模型。