AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN AUSTRIAN HIGHER EDUCATION

The slowness with which women were admitted to academic careers in Austria, following the graduation of the first women from an Austrian university in 1897, is evoked. Measures to be taken to bring the number of women in academic positions into equilibrium with the number of men in such positions are evoked in general terms.     

STUDENT ATTITUDES TOWARD AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN COLLEGE ADMISSIONS

Using a national sample of over 277,850 collegefreshmen, this study examines attitudes towardaffirmative action in college admissions separately forfour racial/ethnic groups: whites/Caucasians,African-Americans, Asian-Americans, and Mexican-Americans. Foreach group, analyses address the extent to whichopposition to affirmative action is driven by factorssuch as self-interest, political ideology, and attitudes about race/ethnicity. Findings suggest somedifferences in how these factors operate acrossdifferent racial/ethnic groups.     

试论新经济时代财务管理的转型

面对知识经济的冲击，现代财务管理必须适应潮流而改革。网络化，知识化和人本化要求现代财务管理由资金的管理为主转向对知识的管理为主，由对物的管理为主转向对人的管理为主，由按“劳”分配转向按经济要素分配，以实现管理理念，管理组织和方法，管理内容和重点等方面的转型。     

THE UNIVERSITIES AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW EUROPEAN HOME

This article focusses on the types of assistance which the universities in the western European countries could render to their peers in Eastern Europe. It explores the ways in which this aid would contribute to the elaboration of the transnational culture of the New European Home. Stress is laid on the need to integrate the educational and research activities of European universities for the training of new intellectual élites. A considerable expansion of student exchanges is suggested, particularly the training of foreign language teachers in foreign universities. The universities should rediscover and lay stress on humanism and end their participation in military research. They should prepare bachelor's and master's degree holders capable of working as teachers in other types of higher education institutions and as researchers and theorists in various types of cultural establishments. The article concludes with an examination of the scope and the operation of the International Environmental and Cultural Centre of Norway which is operated by the Byelorussian State University and the Folk High School of Agder, Norway. This centre is cited as an example of the type of inter‐university centre which should be established all over Europe so as to further the integration of European universities.     

新型公办本科院校动画艺术教育现状的思考

新型公办本科院校(下文简称"新公本院校")历史底蕴不足、基础差、底子薄,其开设动画专业的比重大,而连续几年全国高校动画专业出现了失业率高就业率低的红色警示信号,在新公本院校面临向应用型大学转型的时局时,新公本院校的动画艺术教育需从生源、师资、人才培养方案与课程体系、校企合作四方面现状提出思考.     

新时期史家主体的学术实践与历史话语体系转型

在新时期,随着“改革开放”不断走向深入,解脱了政治束缚的史学家们获得了较为自由的学术空间,在对新的研究范式、内容体系等方面展开探索的同时,也积极对旧有的政治色彩浓厚、封闭性较强的意识形态话语进行反思与解构,一种新的多元化开放的学术性话语体系正在逐步形成。     

新时期高校完善志愿服务工作的途径

青年志愿者活动对大学生思想道德教育发挥着重要作用,成为当前加强和改进大学生思想政治教育的有益途径。我国志愿服务工作起步较晚,面临着诸多制约因素。文章就高校如何加强大学生志愿服务工作、采取科学有效的管理方法等方面进行探讨,试图指出新时期高校完善志愿服务工作的途径。     

高校新校区建设筹资风险的防范

在当前高等学校新校区建设热潮中,存在许多问题,其中资金问题是最重要的问题之一,加强筹资风险的研究具有重大意义。     

IMPROVING TEACHING AND LEARNING IN AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES ‐‐ STAFF (FACULTY) DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES AS A FIELD OF CO‐OPERATION BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES

In virtually all the countries of the world, the need for staff‐development programmes for university and other higher education teachers has been recognized. Because the developed countries of Europe and of North America have a head start in the domain, specialists from these countries have frequently been called upon to create and to offer staff‐development programmes in the universities of developing countries. This article discusses the appropriateness of European conceptions of staff‐development for African universities. Concluding that Euro‐centric staff‐developers and pre‐packaged European programmes are not appropriate, that they run the risk of becoming a form of cultural neo‐colonialism, the author considers ways in which European specialists can collaborate with their African colleagues in the structuring of staff‐development programmes that are not only African‐centred but are geared to the real needs of African universities as they are perceived by Africans themselves. If the author's suggestions are accepted, African universities will be able to make use of those aspects of European staff‐development concepts and programmes which have universal value without having to accept European cultural tutelage along with them.     

THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN PROMOTING LITERACY

This article offers a critique of the traditional role of the university in relation to the promotion of universal literacy. It describes some of the developments in university Involvement in adult basic education in the United Kingdom and suggests possibilities for the future. K argues that universities must commit themselves to a lifelong learning approach to education. They must support new access routes for adult students and collaborative models of research and practice in developing the field of literacy.     

AFRICAN AMERICAN ADMINISTRATORS' EXPERIENCES IN PREDOMINANTLY WHITE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

The purpose of this study was to better understand the experiences of African American administrators in predominantly white colleges and universities. In depth interviews were conducted with eight executive level administrators: six presidents and two associate vice chancellors. The interview process used a phenomenological approach focusing on the participants' interpretations and evaluations of their respective administrative careers. The participants were asked questions relative to their experiences which led them to predominantly white colleges and universities, their current administrative positions and responsibilities, and provided advice to African Americans seeking similar administrative positions.     

UNIVERSITIES IN TRANSITION IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Universities in the United States of America are in a state of decline. Allocations, the proportion of knowledge taught, the proportion of research carried out, staff number, movement and salaries are all declining. Recognition of this situation has initiated studies of, and changes in, what they do in terms of value, quality and effective use of resources. Television is used extensively to relieve traditional faculty teaching load, enable faculty to maximise use of scarce resources and enhance the quality and coverage of knowledge. Developments in cable television, optical fibres, lasers and satellites herald a new era, pose a threat to the autonomy of universities and have initiated inter‐university competition for the same students as well as opening up new opportunities and markets. Substantial development has taken place in postgraduate studies and outreach.     

THE ACHIEVEMENT GOALS ORIENTATION OF SOUTH AFRICAN FIRST YEAR UNIVERSITY PHYSICS STUDENTS

This paper is concerned with organizational principles of a pool of familiar problems of expert problem posers and the ways by which they are utilized for creating new problems. The presented case of Leo is part of a multiple-case study with expert problem posers for mathematics competitions. We present and inductively analyze the data collected in a reflective interview and in a clinical task-based interview with Leo. In the first interview, Leo was asked to share with us the stories behind some problems posed by him in the past. In the second interview, he was asked to pose a new competition problem in a thinking-aloud mode. We found that Leo’s pool of familiar problems is organized in classes according to certain nesting ideas. Furthermore, these nesting ideas serve him in posing problems that, ideally, are perceived by Leo as novel and surprising not only to potential solvers, but also to himself. Because of the lack of empirical research on experts in mathematical problem posing, the findings are discussed in light of research on experts in problem solving and on novices in mathematical problem posing.     

THE CHANGING SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF NURSING STUDENTS IN NEW SOUTH WALES

This study had two major aims: 1) to establish a reliable data base on the social and demographic origins of nursing students in New South Wales universities since the introduction of the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) and the change from diploma to degree level programs; and 2) to compare the social and demographic origins of nursing students in higher education programs in 1995 with the data base established by Wright in New South Wales in 1986 to detect changes over time. Comparison of data from the 1986 group (N=447) and the 1995 group (N=512) revealed that there was a no significant difference between the two cohorts on the socio‐economic variable. There was, however, a significant difference in the SES variable between the 1986 and 1995 sample for the female group. From a household perspective, there was a significant difference in the number of siblings, and income received by the mother between the 1986 and 1995 cohorts. In addition, no support was found for the assertion that country students would be disadvantaged with the move to higher education programs. It was also found that almost 79.3% of the 1995 group chose to delay their HECS payment until they entered the workforce.     

THE ACHIEVEMENT GOALS ORIENTATION OF SOUTH AFRICAN FIRST YEAR UNIVERSITY PHYSICS STUDENTS

This study investigated the achievement goals orientation of first year physics students at a South African university. The mixed methods design involved a quantitative survey of 291 students using an achievement goals questionnaire and individual interviews of selected participants. Results showed that the students perceived they have a stronger mastery goals orientation than performance goals and performance avoidance goals orientations. Multiple regression analysis in testing the mastery goals model indicated that the participants’ perceptions of teacher and peer goal emphases made the largest unique contribution to their orientation. It is suggested that at the tertiary level such an orientation should be promoted through learning experiences such as inquiry-based learning, which has been associated with this orientation.

     

SOUTH AFRICA ‐ EDUCATIONAL TELEVISION IN ACTION

The article briefly describes the television facility at the University of the Witwatersrand and the work of the Central Television Service, which is threefold; producing teaching/learning/research/documentary material for a university of 84 departments, over 11,000 students, and an academic staff of approximately 900; producing material for the University as a corporate body, i.e. material of historical and/or sociological significance in interview or documentary form; producing material, financed by the private sector, for ‘black’ education ‐ in industry and in the school. This is pioneer work which presents a unique challenge and enormous difficulties.