社会“麦当劳化”理论与英国的高等教育质量评估

论文分析了英国高等教育在大众化阶段和“市场化”趋势下的高等教育政策以及高等教育质量评估的利弊,揭示了当今英国高等教育的现状。文章分别从两个方面评介了英国的高等教育现状：一方面,在高等教育大众化阶段,里茨尔的社会“麦当劳化”理论影响了英国现代高等教育的发展和英国政府高等教育政策_的制定;另一方面,在高等教育“市场化”趋势下,英国政府主导的高等教育质量评估纠正了过分“市场化”的偏向,但同时也带来一些负面的影响。     

英国高等教育治理范式的转移——国家与大学关系的变革

在英国高等教育从精英型向大众化高等教育转变过程中,其治理范式发生了深刻的变革。英国大学从自我治理向公共治理范式转移,英国大学与国家的关系发生了根本性的变化。英国大学的自治只是虚构的神话,过去和现在英国大学一直都受到国家的限制。英国大学与国家关系的变化是权力关系发生了根本性变化导致的结果。我们应将这种改变视为积极而非负面的现象,英国高等教育的实践为我们深刻理解大学与国家的关系提供了一种范式。     

英国高等教育后大众化现象及其经验

后大众化是高等教育在大众化过程中出现的一种新现象,其显著特征是非传统成人学生增长迅速,并超过传统适龄人口的入学增长。本文通过分析英国高等教育后大众化现象的特征及高等教育入学政策的变化,总结其高等教育后大众化的经验。     

当代英国大学课程改革研究

当代英国大学课程改革反映了知识、高等教育和社会之间关系的变革,其核心是在课程和工作世界之间建立明确的联系,注重操作性能力的培养.如果说过去是学术能力概念支配英国大学教育,那么现在,一种面向工作世界的能力正在代替这种学术能力思想.这次课程改革是在政府干预下进行的,许多大学结合英国政府启动的"高等教育企业精神试验"、英国皇家文科协会发起的"为了能力的高等教育"等项重大改革,开展了积极的课程改革探索.     

Continuity and Change in the Collegial Tradition

This article has four main purposes: to explore the meaning of the idea of collegiality, to consider its importance in the governance of British institutions of higher education, to examine the pressures for change that have been exerted upon both the collegiate model of the university as well as upon the idea of collegiality, and to ascertain what relevance – if any – the idea of collegiality has in the context of a system of mass higher education. The article is a report upon ongoing research, of which interviews with some fifty Oxford academics and officials form the core of its empirical base. Naturally we welcome feedback. An important subtheme is our attempt to understand the process of change in British higher education. Our analysis suggests that the change process is best understood through an analysis of the interaction between state pressure for change and developments within the character of the academic profession.     

英国高等教育治理体系的现代化嬗变

从19世纪初开始,英国高等教育治理体系先后经历了大学主导的惰性治理体系、政府与大学合作的惯性治理体系以及政府主导的刚性治理体系三个阶段。每一次变革都是在一定政治或经济事件催化下,政府认识到必须让大学满足某种时代需求时开启改革,随后在政府与大学的磨合下完成转变。英国高等教育治理体系的现代化嬗变是大学理想退却而形式理性胜利的过程,而现代化带来的治理困境引发我们对当代高等教育治理的深思。     

Maturity and Interculturality: Chinese students' experiences in UK higher education

Increasing global competition for students has witnessed an ever more rapid internationalisation of higher education. In the case of the UK, there has been a major influx of Chinese students to British universities since the launch of the British Government's long-term worldwide educational campaign in 1999. Drawing upon evidence from an extensive review of the literature on the internationalisation of higher education, this article will explore variations in Chinese students' intercultural adaptation to the British higher education environment. Discussion of their experiences will be based upon a synthesis of findings of three studies, led by the author, investigating the pedagogical, sociocultural and psychological challenges that they have encountered when studying in British universities.
Evidence from these studies suggests that despite various challenges and struggles, most students have managed to survive the demands of the learning and the living environment and to adapt and develop. Analysis of their learning experiences suggests that this learning process spans a developmental continuum involving the students in overcoming emotional tensions arising from changes in their cognition, their sense of identity and sociocultural values. A holistic and developmental perspective is thus required to understand changes in students' perceptions and values as part of their wider adaptation to the academic conventions of their host countries. The findings will make an original contribution to understandings of the impact of the internationalisation of higher education on individuals' learning, change and development.     

从高等教育基金委员会看英国高校治理模式的创新

20世纪90年代,英国高等教育的治理模式发生了变革,1919年建立起的大学拨款委员会模式已经终结,取而代之的是新的基金委员会模式。基金委员会模式体现了英国高等教育治理的新思路,以英格兰地区的高等教育基金委员会最有代表性。该地区的高等教育基金委员会不但要求大学在财政方面积极承担绩效责任,而且在科研以及教学方面也对大学施加外在影响。基金委员会主要通过财政备忘录对大学进行财政风险评估。作为政府的代理机构,基金委员会有鲜明的商业特征,主要通过一系列审查和绩效问责措施促进高校治理变革。然而,基金委员会自身存在一些不足,需要进一步完善。     

从徘徊到跨越：英国高等教育普及化模式及成因分析

英国是现代大学的主要发源地之一,其高等教育大众化和普及化进程长达数百年时间,历经了长期徘徊、小步前进和跨越式发展三个阶段。英国高等教育普及化模式带有原发性和滞后性特点,同时,高等教育中心转移、制度缺陷与领导不力、精英教育理论、经费严重紧张、教育体制落后和缺少社会服务机制等也是影响英国高等教育普及化进程的重要原因。     

CANADA: PLANS TO CREATE OPEN LEARNING INSTITUTION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Experiments for open learning higher education institution are being made in many countries. This form of study is seen as one of the ways of democratizing higher education as well as tailoring the aims of higher education to national and regional needs.

We give below information on an open learning institution of higher education in British Columbia, which will start functioning in the autumn of 1978.     

THE MISREPRESENTATION OF RELIGION IN MODERN BRITISH (RELIGIOUS) EDUCATION

ABSTRACT:  The purpose of this paper is to articulate a new perspective on British multi-faith religious education that both complements and, in part, subsumes existing critiques. My argument, while controversial, is straightforward: it is that British religious education has misrepresented the nature of religion in efforts to commend itself as contributing to the social aims of education, as these are typically framed in liberal democratic societies. Contemporary multi-faith religious education is placed in context and its underlying theological and philosophical commitments identified and criticised. It is concluded that current representations of religion in British religious education are limited in their capacity to challenge racism and religious intolerance, chiefly because they are conceptually ill equipped to develop respect for difference.     

英国教育福利制度的变迁及其启示

作为社会福利体系最为完善的国家之一,英国的教育福利制度是彪炳人类教育史册的。由民间慈善济助到政府法定职责标志着英国教育福利制度的基本确立;由入学机会平等到学业成功机会平等是英国教育福利制度的重要发展;而公平与发展兼顾则是英国教育福利制度的深化推进。我国的《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)》已经明确提出:"坚持教育的公益性和普惠性,保障公民依法享有接受良好教育的机会。"英国教育福利制度的演进史中所体现的诸多具体措施为落实我国上述教育指导思想提供了有益的参考。     

Times, Measures and the Man: the Future of British Higher Education Treated Historically and Comparatively

This article is a tribute to the life work of Maurice Kogan. Very little of higher education's landscape in the United Kingdom has remained unchanged over the past four decades and this article sets out to analyze the way the perception of the role of universities in society has changed in the intervening period. This it does through three perspectives: continuity and change, continuity in change and continuity in the midst of change. Each yields very different visions of the university. Against this ‘inside’ view, the second part of the article examines current British higher education policy from an ‘outsider’ standpoint and very particularly the current strategies towards the European Higher Education and Research Areas. It concludes by arguing that Britain's higher education policy vis a vis Europe re‐states a dilemma which these Islands have had to tackle for the best part of the past 250 Years. This dilemma is whether to lay priority on higher education as a global instrument or to endorse a more limited, less ambitious agenda of ‘European’ integration.     

Applying the Varieties of Capitalism Approach to Higher Education: comparing the internationalisation of German and British universities

In recent years, the global market for higher education has expanded rapidly, while internationalisation strategies have been developed at university, national and European levels to increase the competitiveness of higher education institutions. This article asks how institutional settings prevailing in national models of capitalism motivate distinct national approaches with regard to the internationalisation, globalisation, and Europeanisation of higher education systems. While the university is defined as an organisational actor embedded in the higher education system, the higher education system itself represents an institutional subsystem within the national model of capitalism. An analytical framework is then developed on the basis of the Varieties of Capitalism approach to compare the internationalisation of German and British universities. Findings indicate that the relations between the various actors involved in the internationalisation of universities are based largely on market coordination in the British case. In contrast, this process in Germany relies more on strategic interactions between the various organisational actors in higher education. The development paths in the internationalisation of universities are found to be influenced by and reflect the specific mode of coordination in the respective higher education system and the national model of capitalism more generally. This comparative case study shows that recent conceptions of path dependence as well as conceptual tools developed in the Varieties of Capitalism literature, such as institutional complementarity and comparative institutional advantage, may be fruitfully applied to research on institutional change in higher education systems.     

英国高等教育演进中的政府角色变迁

伴随着英国高等教育的演进,英国政府在高等教育管理中的角色也几度变迁。探讨英国高等教育演进过程中政府角色的变迁过程,认为高等教育职能的扩展、经济形势的变化以及管理理论的发展是英国高等教育演进中政府角色变迁的三个主要原因,以期对我国高等教育改革提供一些启迪。     

Audit, Assessment and Academic Autonomy

The current preoccupation in British higher education with quality assessment, quality assurance and the monitoring of academic standards is traceable to a set of government policies which constitute an agenda for the radical overhaul of the ideals by which higher education has operated in Britain hitherto. Intent on overturning the collegial ethos of British higher education, and determined to replace the notion of a self-justifying and self-regulating academic community with a system in which universities operate primarily as pan of the national wealth-creating process, the Conservative government has used the quality debate to impose upon the universities a culture of compliance with norms of its own choosing. The net result of this process has been a deliberate undermining of academic autonomy.     

英国高等教育治理范式变革的诠释

在英国高等教育从精英型转变为大众型的进程中,其治理范式发生了深刻的变革,英国大学拨款委员会治理范式被体现新公共管理治理范式的基金委员会模式所取代。本文以基金委员会治理范式的创立、高等教育政策责任的分裂、市场因素的引入为时代背景,借用胡德的图式理论,剖析英国高等教育治理范式变革的关键要素:经济与政治危机、新思想的萌发、政策部门内部利益集体的重组以及不同政策目标新政策的形成,诠释英国高等教育治理范式变革的政治学意义。     

The market route to mass higher education: British experience 1979–1996

The period 1979–1996 was one of radical change in British higher education. Initially change was mainly financial, expenditure was cut severely. In response the universities sought funds from elsewhere. By the mid-1980s expenditure cuts were supplemented by government initiatives to encourage universities and polytechnics to undertake research and consultancy contracts with industry and to seek private donations. Education Acts in 1988 and 1992 speeded the pace of change. Most large higher education institutions were redesignated as universities with consequential changes to the idea of a university. Public funding mechanisms were established that encouraged expansion at marginal costs much lower than average costs. The results were dramatic. Between 1989 and 1994 enrollments increased by over 50% and expenditure per student fell by 30%. Financial power shifted from providers to consumers and proxy consumers. Universities began to contract out non-core activities. This paper describes these changes and considers their significance for the nature and meaning of higher education in Britain.     

英国高校国际学生学费的变化及其对高等教育的影响

在全球化时代，高等院校学生的全球流动给国际学生输入国的政治、经济以及高等教育带来了重要影响。英国作为国际学生的主要接收国之一，其优质的高等教育吸引着来自世界各地的学生。在新自由主义意识形态、国际教育服务贸易理念与高等教育财政拨款投入制度的影响下，英国逐步向国际学生收取高额学费。英国高校国际学生学费的变化呈现出新的特点，影响着国际学生的来源结构、生源数量与质量，可能导致高校课程调整与师资流失。国际学生学费的变化引发了英国社会对高等教育市场化取向与国际学生公平教育权益的讨论，并实施了将国际学生学费与院校国际教育质量挂钩、以奖助学金形式平衡国际学生学费压力等具体改革举措。     

The Dearing Report and the Maintenance of Academic Standards: Towards a New Academic Corporatism

The Dearing Report has given the responsibility for maintaining standards and quality in British higher education to the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA). While this quango may be able to ensure 'threshold' standards, it is more doubtful whether it can help institutions to sustain high academic quality. Nonetheless, the Report has three potentially very significant consequences: it represents another move towards the creation of a national curriculum in higher education, it offers a more restrictive interpretation of university autonomy, and – despite its protestations – represents a threat to the growing diversity of British higher education. The thrust of the article is that the Report has charted an uneasy 'middle way'between market forces and statism in the quest for quality control in higher education. It remains to be seen whether the academic corporatism represented by the QAA can resist the pressures of the state and the market.