The components of the female athlete triad do not identify all physically active females at risk

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of the triad components (amenorrhoea, disordered eating, and osteoporosis) in identifying physically active women at risk of long-term health problems. Eighty-two females (mean age 31.1 years, s = 6.7; body mass 58.4 kg, s = 6.6; stature 1.65 m, s = 0.06) completed training, menstrual, and dietary questionnaires. Bone mineral density and size-adjusted bone mineral density were assessed at the femoral neck and lumbar spine using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Seventy-eight percent of participants were eumenorrhoeic, 20% were oligomenorrhoeic, and 2% were amenorrhoeic. Thirty-six percent and 55% reported disordered eating practices in the present and past respectively. Eighty-one percent, 17%, and 2% were classified as normal, osteopaenic, and osteoporotic at the femoral neck respectively; 92% were normal, 7% osteopaenic, and 1% osteoporotic at the lumbar spine. No significant differences in femoral neck size-adjusted bone mineral density were observed between eumenorrhoeic and oligo/amenorrhoeic participants (F _2,80 = 0.119, P = 0.73); eumenorrhoeic participants had significantly greater lumbar spine size-adjusted bone mineral density (F _2,80 = 9.79, P = 0.003). Disordered eating participants had significantly lower femoral neck size-adjusted bone mineral density than those reporting no disordered eating (F _2,80 = 13.816, P = 0.000). Twenty-two percent of participants fulfilled triad criteria, while 55% were “at risk” of long-term health problems. An accumulation of conditions resulted in lower lumbar spine size-adjusted bone mineral density (F _1,80 = 6.074, P = 0.004). The current triad components do not identify all women “at risk” and more appropriate criteria such as exercise-related menstrual alterations, disordered eating, and osteopaenia are suggested.     

The female athlete triad: components, nutrition issues, and health consequences

This paper, which was part of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) 2007 Nutritional Consensus Conference, briefly reviews the components of the female athlete triad (Triad): energy availability, menstrual status, and bone health. Each component of the Triad spans a continuum from health to disease, and female athletes can have symptoms related to each component of the Triad to different degrees. Low energy availability is the primary factor that impairs menstrual dysfunction and bone health in the Triad. We discuss nutritional issues associated with the Triad, focusing on intakes of macronutrients needed for good health, and stress fractures, the most common injury associated with the Triad. Finally, we briefly discuss screening and treatment for the Triad and the occurrence of the Triad in men.     

浅谈青少年女子冰球运动员力量素质的陆地训练

针对青少年女子冰球运动员的力量训练的特点,提出了进行相应的训练方法、手段和原则.     

Martial arts masters identify the essential components of training

Background: Martial Arts (MA) have been touted as a beneficial psycho-social exercise and have been used in a number of training programmes and interventions. However, proving MA effectiveness through empirical research is hindered by difficulties defining exactly what students experience during MA training. As such, there is a need to define the essential components of the student experience, and to measure and quantify the learning associated with MA training.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore what students are likely to experience during MA training. In particular, we give an insight into the thoughts and expectations of some of the MA most experienced practitioner-teachers. In identifying these facets of the student experience, future research may then be able to determine which facets are most effective in improving student self-regulation and wellbeing.

Design: Four martial arts instructors from a broad range of disciplines, and (each) with over 30 years of teaching experience, were interviewed to gain insights into the typical student experience of martial arts training.

Conclusions: Thematic analysis revealed ten components/ facets of the student experience of training. These components belonged to the three broader areas of physical experience, social expectations, and mindful training. These components if validated by future research may be used to form a quantitative survey measure of the MA student experience, and may ultimately allow researchers and practitioners to identify the more functional facets of MA training in relation to improving the student experience and students’ self-regulation skills.     

家属鉴定不可一概而信

随着国内艺术品市场的繁荣和拍卖市场的火爆，买家投资人对书画鉴定的需求呈日益扩大之势，以前不受人重视的“家属鉴定”逐渐走到了前台，成为国内艺术品市场较为流行的一大鉴定形式。     

Self-efficacy theory and the theory of planned behavior: teaching physically active physical education classes

The purpose of our investigation was to examine determinants of teachers' intentions to teach physically active physical education classes (i.e., spend at least 50% of class time with the students engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity). Based on the theory of planned behavior, a model was examined hypothesizing that teachers' intentions were determined by subjective norm, attitude, and perceived behavioral control. Grounded in self-efficacy theory, it was hypothesized that program goal importance and hierarchical and barrier self-efficacy would also predict intention. Using a series of hierarchical regression analyses, the theory of planned behavior was supported by accounting for 59% of the variance in intention due to attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm. Self-efficacy theory based variables received minimal support.     

The role of athlete narcissism in moderating the relationship between coaches' transformational leader behaviors and athlete motivation

Leadership research that examines follower characteristics as a potential moderator of leadership effectiveness is lacking. Within Bass's (1985) transformational leadership framework, we examined follower narcissism as a moderator of the coach behavior-coach effectiveness relationship. Youth athletes (male = 103, female = 106) from the Singapore Sports Academy (mean age = 14.28, SD = 1.40 years) completed the Differentiated Transformational Leadership Inventory (Callow, Smith, Hardy, Arthur, & Hardy, 2009), the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin & Terry, 1988), and indices of follower effort. Multilevel analyses revealed that athlete narcissism moderated the relationship between fostering acceptance of group goals and athlete effort and between high performance expectations and athlete effort. All the other transformational leader behaviors demonstrated main effects on follower effort, except for inspirational motivation.     

大众健美操在专业运动员身体素质训练中的应用

通过对90名赛艇、皮划艇运动员进行为期两个月的大众健美操培训发现,短距离专项水平成绩未明显变化,但教练员、运动员和管理人员对跳健美操提高运动员协调能力、改善精神状态等主管评价较好.     

The effect of vibration on active and passive range of motion in elite female synchronized swimmers

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess the acute effects of vibration and stretching on passive and active forward split range of motion in elite adult female synchronized swimmers. Eleven athletes performed a passive forward split test measuring the height of the anterior superior iliac spine on both sides and an active split test on both sides by adopting an inverted split position. Then athletes were assigned randomly by right or left leg to receive vibration on one leg while stretching. The contralateral leg was stretched but did not receive vibration and served as the control. The treatment involved a 40-s exposure to vibration of the forward leg in a split and 40 s of vibration to the rear leg in a split. The athletes were then post-tested using the same protocols. The results indicated that the vibration had a statistically significant influence on passive forward split flexibility, but not active split flexibility. The results of this study confirm earlier work and further demonstrate the efficacy of vibration in enhancing range of motion in a passive split position. Given that it is often difficult to achieve large changes in range of motion with already highly trained elite athletes, this methodology shows considerable promise. Vibration may not be powerful enough to evoke changes in active range of motion in spite of the changes in passive range of motion.     

对中、日男子速滑运动员500m比赛起跑动作的比较研究

采用三维摄像DLT法,用3台松下M9000摄像机在比赛条件下分别从侧面和正面进行同步定点、定焦拍摄,完整记录了参加2003年世界杯哈尔滨站男子500m速滑比赛的中、日10名运动员起跑前后约16 m范围内的运动过程,旨在揭示中、日运动员起跑的动作特点.研究结果表明:中国运动员起跑预备姿势支撑点间距小,前稳定角小,其重心较偏前,为完成从静止状态转入快速起动蹬冰状态创造了有利的条件,其稳定性略低于日本运动员;疾跑阶段日本运动员的步频高于中国运动员,中国运动员步幅明显大于日本运动员,中国运动员的起跑效果优于日本运动员.     

Evidence for the importance of openness to experience on performance of a fluid intelligence task by physically active and inactive participants

The cross-sectional relationship between exercise training history and performance on a fluid intelligence test was examined. In addition, openness to experience was included as a potential trait-based contributor to predicting cognitive performance. Results supported past literature demonstrating that aerobically trained or active participants performed significantly better on the fluid intelligence task than aerobically untrained or inactive participants. Hierarchical regression analysis results revealed, as predicted, that openness to experience was a significant predictor of fluid intellectual performance. When entered into the hierarchical regression equation, openness to experience accounted for 16.0% of unique variance in Culture Fair Intelligence Test performance. By contrast, participants' exercise training history, which initially and significantly (p < .05) accounted for approximately 12.0% of the variance in cognitive performance, accounted for 5.0% (p > .05) after openness was entered. Participants were, on average, more open than inactive participants. Results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms aerobic exercise training and openness to experience share in regard to brain functioning and performance of fluid intelligence tasks. Future research is suggested that examines biological factors known to influence cognitive performance in exercise settings.     

中国冬季项目运动员心率现状的研究

对中国冬季项目运动员心率的调查结果进行详细的报告和对比分析,以便读者对我国冬季项目运动员的心率情况有一个了解,找出现存问题,为系统建立我国冬季项目运动员身体机能检测与评定标准提供基础数据。     

不同等级女子背越式跳高助跑技术的生物力学分析

通过高速摄影获取部分不同等级女子背越式跳高弧线助跑技术的数据,运用生物力学的研究方法分析她们倒数第三步到起跳时,身体重心的前倾角、后倾角、内倾角、助跑方向角以及它们的变化,支持时间、腾空时间、步频步长、蹬伸离地瞬间水平速度以及它们的变化.进一步找出她们之间技术相同和差别的生物力学特征.     

国外大众休闲体育兴起的因素探析

国外大众休闲体育兴起于上个世纪六、七十年代，但对休闲理论的研究已有近二百年的历史。通过献资料法简述了人类研究休闲的思想背景，并从社会、经济、政治、化等不同角度对国外大众休闲体育兴起的动因作了分析和评述，还论述了人们参与休闲体育的意义，以便对我国对休闲体育的研究提供一点参考。     

国内外女子链球优秀运动员旋转技术的运动学分析

对获得第29界奥运会女子链球冠军的米安科娃和季军的张文秀的旋转技术进行拍摄,运用德国SIMI-motion录像解析系统对两位选手的技术进行解析.结果表明:两位选手在旋转阶段各时相的重心高度无显著性差异;但米安科娃的旋转速度显著高于张文秀,且单、双腿支持的时间及其比例、链球运行的斜面角、肩髋和肩链的角度等均优于张文秀.     

优秀女子铅球运动员滑步阶段下肢技术的运动学分析

以我国优秀女子铅球运动员李梅菊、李玲、刘向荣和巩立娇为研究对象,运用文献资料、三维摄像和录像解析等,结合运动技术诊断原理从运动学角度对其滑步阶段左侧和右侧下肢技术特征、左右下肢配合状况及动量传递特征进行分析。结果发现:(1)右离时,李梅菊和刘向荣的蹬摆配合时机不理想,臀部后移幅度不够;(2)这4名队员在右离时左腿间动作链不同程度遭到破坏,不符合人体运动链的原理;(3)除李梅菊之外的其他运动员,右离时右腿间的动量传递效果较好,符合人体运动链的原理;(4)巩立娇右着时右髋速度明显偏小;(5)在滑步阶段结束时4名运动员的重心过高,尤其是李玲。     

念动教学法在篮球教学中的应用

改革、创新教学方式方法,是每一名教师应努力研究的课题。采用念动教学法,让学生在学习技术动作中反复想象所学技术的动作结构、要领、过程、边想边练,不断纠正错误动作,从而提高教学质量,缩短教学时数,使技术动作规范化。     

现代女大学生体育健身活动现状分析

本文运用问卷法、访问法、数理统计法，对女大学生体育健身活动的内容以及影响体育活动的主客观因素等方面的情况进行了分析。目的是为了加强高校体育改革的深入发展，更好地对学生实施终身体育教育，培养她们体育锻炼的意识、技能和习惯，为实施“健康第一”的指导思想提供依据。     

跆拳道比赛各局心理特征、运动能力变化的研究

为了解跆拳道运动员在激烈的各局比赛后心理特征和运动能力的变化情况,对广东省25名男队员作系统的测试,结果表明：比赛第二局的心理状态优于其他状态;运动时神经反应类型差于安静状态,但第二局优于第一局和第三局;在运动过程中,第二局的运动能力最强。     

兹事体大:体育之美,世界共享——易剑东教授学术访谈录

在这篇学术访谈中,易剑东教授结合自己的学术经历畅谈了中国体育文化发展现状、体育学科面临的困境、公共政策与体育的发展等重要问题,认为体育对社会具有不可替代的价值,是一项关系国家战略的伟大事业,主张体育融入社会;体育是一个辐射面广而不是偏安一隅的渺小领域,中国的体育学科建设应该追求学科融合与独立的统一,借鉴和学习艺术学科,努力达成自然科学求真、社会科学向善、人文学科审美、技术学科爱智的目标。