计算机图形图像技术在医学中的应用

该文通过医学应用和研究领域几个有代表性的例子引入了计算机图形图像相关技术在医学中的应用,同时简单介绍了这些相关技术的概念、意义和发展。     

A novel wide-range precision instrument for measuring three-dimensional surface topography

We developed a measuring instrument that had wide range, high precision, small measuring touch force. The instrument for three-dimensional （3D） surface topography measurement was composed of a high precision displacement sensor based on the Michelson interference principle, a 3D platform based on vertical scanning, a measuring and control circuit, and an industrial control computer. It was a closed loop control system, which changed the traditional moving stylus scanning style into a moving platform scanning style. When the workpiece was measured, the lever of the displacement sensor returned to the balanced position in every sample interval according to the zero offset of the displacement sensor. The non-linear error caused by the rotation of the lever was, therefore, very small even if the measuring range was wide. The instrument can measure the roughness and the profile size of a curved surface.     

高职建筑工程技术专业核心课程体系解析与重构

通过对高职建筑工程技术专业的调研,进行了建筑施工企业岗位(群)职业能力解析,理清了基于工作过程与能力本位的建筑工程技术专业人才核心课程形成途径,基于此,重构了建筑工程技术专业核心课程体系,并提出了实现这一目标的途径。     

A novel method for detection of hard exudates from fundus images based on SVM and improved FCM

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important causes of visual impairment. Automatic recognition of DR lesions, like hard exudates (EXs), in retinal images can contribute to the diagnosis and screening of the disease. To achieve this goal, an automatically detecting approach based on improved FCM (IFCM) as well as support vector machines (SVM) was established and studied. Firstly, color fundus images were segmented by IFCM, and candidate regions of EXs were obtained. Then, the SVM classifier is confirmed with the optimal subset of features and judgments of these candidate regions, as a result hard exudates are detected from fundus images. Our database was composed of 126 images with variable color, brightness, and quality. 70 of them were used to train the SVM and the remaining 56 to assess the performance of the method. Using a lesion based criterion, we achieved a mean sensitivity of 94.65 and a mean positive predictive value of 97.25 . With an image-based criterion, our approach reached a 100 mean sensitivity, 96.43 mean specificity and 98.21 mean accuracy. Furthermore, the average time cost in processing an image is 4.56 s. The results suggest that the proposed method can efficiently detect EXs from color fundus images and it could be a diagnostic aid for ophthalmologists in the screening for DR.     

An edge-preserving algorithm of joint image restoration and volume reconstruction for rotation-scanning 4D echocardiographic images

INTRODUCTION 3D echocardiography has been widely used in diagnostic cardiology because it can visualize the complex structure of heart more accurately than pre-vious used 2D diagnosis method. Currently, there are two major image acquisition methods of 3D echo-cardiography, i.e., random data acquisition and se-quential data acquisition (Roelandt, 2000). The for-mer uses a spatial locator to measure the position and orientation of the ultrasound probe, allowing unre-stricted (free-hand) s…     

Time series of EIT measurements and images during lung ventilation based on principal component analysis

The aim of this paper is to propose a useful method for exploring regional ventilation and perfusion in the chest and also separation of pulmonary and cardiac changes.The approach is based on estimating both electrical impedance tomography(EIT) measurements and reconstructed images by means of principal component analysis(PCA).In the experiments in vivo,43 cycles of heart-beat rhythm could be detected by PCA when the volunteer held breath;9 breathing cycles and 50 heart-beat cycles could be detected by PCA ...     

A validated instrument measuring students' perceptions on plastinated and three-dimensional printed anatomy tools

Due to the modernization of the medical curriculum and technological advancements, anatomy education has evolved beyond cadaveric dissection alone. Plastination techniques, three-dimensional (3D) modeling, and 3D printing technologies have progressively gained importance. However, there are limited valid and reliable surveys to evaluate students' perceptions of these new anatomy tools. Hence, this study aimed to develop a validated instrument to measure students' learning satisfaction, self-efficacy, humanistic values, and perceived limitations of plastinated and 3D printed models. A 41-item survey (five-point Likert scale, 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) was administered to Year 1 undergraduate medical students following a randomized controlled crossover study that evaluated plastinated and 3D printed cardiac and neck models. Ninety-six responses were received, and a factor analysis was performed with the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin sampling adequacy of 0.878. The confirmatory factor analysis yielded a 4-factor, 19 items model that had a good fit with the latent constructs of $x$² (147) = 211.568, P < 0.001, root mean square error of approximation = 0.068, root mean square residual = 0.064, comparative fit index = 0.946, and Tucker Lewis index = 0.937. The Cronbach's alpha for the individual factors ranged from 0.74 to 0.95, indicating good internal consistency. This demonstrated a psychometrically valid and reliable instrument to measure students' perceptions toward plastinated and 3D printed models.     

用inRm3D实现数学分析课程的数形结合教学

介绍了数学分析课程中的曲线积分、重积分、曲面积分中的三维曲面的inRm3D画法,体现了inRm3D软件使用的简单性、便捷性,说明了数学分析课程数形结合教学的可行性.     

Three-dimensional visual analysis for construction layout of reservoir project

It is difficult to analyze the inter-relationship for the construction layout of a reservoir project scientifically and intuitively.According to the characteristics of broad field and huge information,the modeling methods of digital terrain and solid model as well as the techniques of texture mapping and scene navigation are adopted.The simulation system is developed by C program language,which includes the functions of the interactive navigation of 3D scene,the visual inquiry of project digital model information,the storage and management of project information.A certain reservoir is taken as a case.The 3D visual analysis for the construction layout and engineering information are obtained.The proposed system is of great advantages in dealing with large amount of information and the method provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the construction layout of a reservoir project.     

Development and implementation of a three-dimensional (3D) printing elective course for health science students

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has become more affordable, accessible, and relevant in healthcare, however, the knowledge of transforming medical images to physical prints still requires some level of training. Anatomy educators can play a pivotal role in introducing learners to 3D printing due to the spatial context inherent to learning anatomy. To bridge this knowledge gap and decrease the intimidation associated with learning 3D printing technology, an elective was developed through a collaboration between the Department of Anatomy and the Makers Lab at the University of California, San Francisco. A self-directed digital resource was created for the elective to guide learners through the 3D printing workflow, which begins with a patient's computed tomography digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) file to a physical 3D printed model. In addition to practicing the 3D printing workflow during the elective, a series of guest speakers presented on 3D printing applications they utilize in their clinical practice and/or research laboratories. Student evaluations indicated that their intimidation associated with 3D printing decreased, the clinical and research topics were directly applicable to their intended careers, and they enjoyed the autonomy associated with the elective format. The elective and the associated digital resource provided students with the foundational knowledge of 3D printing, including the ability to extract, edit, manipulate, and 3D print from DICOM files, making 3D printing more accessible. The aim of disseminating this work is to help other anatomy educators adopt this curriculum at their institution.     

The role of culture,competitiveness and economic performance in explaining academic performance: a global market analysis for international student segmentation

A nation's culture, competitiveness and economic performance explain academic performance. Partial Least Squares (PLS) testing of 2252 students shows culture affects competitiveness and academic performance. Culture and economic performance each explain 32%; competitiveness 36%. The model predicts academic performance when culture, competitiveness and economic performance vary. A three-tier market categorisation enhances academic performance.     

A rational reconstruction of the kinetic molecular theory of gases based on history and philosophy of science and its implications for chemistry textbooks

Research in science education has recognized the importance of history and philosophy of science. Given this perspective, the study was designed to develop a framework for examining the way in which chemistry textbooks describe the kinetic theory and related issues. The framework was developed by a rational reconstruction of the kinetic molecular theory of gases based primarily on the interpretations of Maxwell and Boltzmann, by historians and philosophers of science. Another aspect of the framework was based on an analysis of freshman chemistry students' performance on gas problems that required the use of algorithms or conceptual understanding. Subsequently, 22 textbooks were evaluated using a framework consisting of six criteria. Results obtained showed that most textbooks lacked a history and philosophy of science framework and did not deal adequately with the following aspects: (1) Postulates of the kinetic theory were speculative and played the role of simplifying assumptions, considered to be the rule in science rather than being the exceptions; (2) Based on these simplifying assumptions, the theorists built a series of tentative models that progressively incorporated the behavior of real gases; (3) Similar to other research programs in the history of science, Maxwell's was based on inconsistent foundations; (4) Development of the kinetic theory had to compete with chemical thermodynamics, a rival research program; (5) Maxwell and Boltzmann facilitated our understanding of gas behavior beyond the observable hydrodynamical laws, by explaining the internal properties (e.g., molecular collisions).     

Maximizing modern distribution of complex anatomical spatial information: 3D reconstruction and rapid prototype production of anatomical corrosion casts of human specimens

Anatomical corrosion casts of human specimens are useful teaching aids. However, their use is limited due to ethical dilemmas associated with their production, their lack of perfect reproducibility, and their consumption of original specimens in the process of casting. In this study, new approaches with modern distribution of complex anatomical spatial information were explored to overcome these limitations through the digitalization of anatomical casts of human specimens through three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction, rapid prototype production, and Web‐based 3D atlas construction. The corrosion cast of a lung, along with its associated arteries, veins, trachea, and bronchial tree was CT‐scanned, and the data was then processed by Mimics software. Data from the lung casts were then reconstructed into 3D models using a hybrid method, utilizing both “image threshold” and “region growing.” The fine structures of the bronchial tree, arterial, and venous network of the lung were clearly displayed and demonstrated their distinct relationships. The multiple divisions of bronchi and bronchopulmonary segments were identified. The 3D models were then uploaded into a rapid prototype 3D printer to physically duplicate the cast. The physically duplicated model of the lung was rescanned by CT and reconstructed to detect its production accuracy. Gross observation and accuracy detection were used to evaluate the duplication and few differences were found. Finally, Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) was used to edit the 3D casting models to construct a Web‐based 3D atlas accessible through Internet Explorer with 3D display and annotation functions. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.     

A training technique for improving the parent-child interaction skills of an abusive-neglectful mother

Several recent investigations have shown that abusive and neglectful parents exhibit deficits in skills for interacting with their children. In the current study, an inattentive and neglectful parent was taught to provide positive verbal and physical attention towards her 4-year-old child. Training was accomplished using a “bug-in-the-ear” microphone device while the parent interacted with her child in a clinic playroom. After use of the device was discontinued, the parent continued to use the newly trained skills at rates higher than during baseline. Four month follow-up and at home observations were suggestive of skill maintenance. Training of this kind may prove useful for parents who lack skills for effective interaction with their children.     

Hierarchical models for failure analysis of plates bent by distributed and localized transverse loadings

The failure analysis of simply supported, isotropic, square plates is addressed. Attention focuses on minimum failure load amplitudes and failure locations, von Mises＇ equivalent stress along the plate thickness is also addressed. Several distributed and localized loading conditions are considered. Loads act on the top of the plate. Bi-sinusoidal and uniform loads are taken into account for distributed loadings, while stepwise constant centric and off-centric loadings are addressed in the case of localized loadings. Analysis is performed considering plates whose length-to-thickness ratio a/h can be as high as 100 （thin plates） and as low as 2 （very thick plates）. Results are obtained via several 2D plate models. Classical theories （CTs） and higher order models are applied. Those theories are based on polynomial approximation of the displacement field. Among the higher order theories （HOTs） HOTsa models account for the transverse shear deformations, while HOTs models account for both transverse shear and transverse normal deformations. LHOTs represent a local application of the higher order theories. A layerwise approach is thus assumed： by means of mathematical interfaces, the plate is considered to be made of several fictitious layers. The exact 3D solution is presented in order to determine the accuracy of the results obtained via the 2D models. In this way a hierarchy among the 2D theories is established. CTs provide highly accurate results for a/h greater than 10 in the case of distributed loadings and greater than 20 for localized loadings. Results obtained via HOTs are highly accurate in the case of very thick plates for bi-sinusoidal and centric loadings. In the case of uniform and off-centric loadings a high gradient is present in the neighborhood of the plate top. In those cases, LHOTs yield results that match the exact solution.     

楚雄师专学生毕业论文(设计)调查分析及建议

通过对楚雄师专教师、学生对怎样做好毕业论文（设计）工作等有关方面的问卷调查，使用χ2检验法分析并得出结果，提出几点建议，以促使学校切实有效地开展毕业论文（设计）的工作，使毕业论文（设计）工作迈向更高的台阶。     

A novel patchwork model used in lecture and laboratory to teach the three‐dimensional organization of mesenteries

Anatomy teaching is seeing a decline in both lecture and laboratory hours across many medical schools in North America. New strategies are therefore needed to not only make anatomy teaching more clinically integrated, but also to implement new interactive teaching techniques to help students more efficiently grasp the complex organization of the human body. Among the difficult anatomical concepts that students struggle to understand, the anatomy of the peritoneal cavity with its complex projections of peritoneum could benefit strongly from new learning aids. In this report, an innovative teaching tool is presented to engage students during both lecture and laboratory, and help them build three‐dimensional (3D) mental maps of peritoneal cavity. The model consists of a patchwork of mesenteries and gut made from colored cloth stitched together onto a T‐shirt to denote the origin and outflow of each peritoneum projection. As the lecturer wears the life‐size model, the students can appreciate the 3D organization of the peritoneal cavity on a living body. In addition, the T‐shirt model can be used in parallel with dissection to ensure a strong reinforcement of the spatial understanding of the peritoneal cavity. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.     

基于三维实体造型和虚拟仿真技术的液压与气动课教学资源的制作

为了解决液压与气动课程教学中遇到的一些问题,提高教学质量,将三维实体造型技术和虚拟仿真技术应用到该课程教学中。以齿轮液压泵教学资源的制作为例,阐述三维实体造型与虚拟仿真软件的选择、三维实体模型的创建和虚拟仿真的运行过程。     

我国与发达国家群众体育活动内容、强度和频率的文化学分析

我国与发达国家体育活动的内容、强度及频率有着较大的差异，发达国家的群众体育活动多为休闲活动，而我国居民则以传统的养生为核心。西方发达国家的参与率高于我国。造成这种现象的主要原因，主要是经济与文化生活水平的差距。     

A critical analysis and evaluation of Web-based environments for program development

This paper provides a classification, review, and critical analysis of current Web-based interactive programming environments and tools that facilitate learning programming languages and concepts. The focal point of the paper is based on (1) categorizing available programming systems and tools into classes according to their pedagogical approaches; (2) reviewing individual systems; and (3) critically analyzing them according to established standards for instructional design. The paper is intended to provide those seeking to use these resources with a comprehensive survey of the available systems, their succinct evaluation, and their effectiveness.