New models of teacher-student interaction: A critical review

The two instructional models, cognitive apprenticeship and reciprocal teaching, introduced in this article, have attracted wide attention among researchers. Although many empirical experiments using these models have been carried out in different settings with good results, there is still no evidence about the situational conditions or the ability of the individual students to benefit from different methods. In this article empirical experiments based on these two models are reviewed and critically evaluated in an attempt to determine whether the main principles of the models applied to the practice fulfill the general theoretical expectations upon which they are based.     

Siblings as models in early infant learning

4 groups of infants, 2 at 6 months and 2 at 12 months, were tested on the Stage IV-V and V-VI object concept tasks. All groups were then retested on the same tasks 1 week later. Retesting of the experimental groups was preceded by an all-correct demonstration of the 2 search tasks by the infant's preschool sibling; control groups were not exposed to any model prior to reassessment. No effect of exposure to the sibling model was initially found in either age group. If, however, infants' initial stage of development was taken into account, cognitive performance on the lower-level task did show a significant improvement after modeling. Overall, the results suggest that sibling modeling could possibly be an effective method of facilitating cognitive development in infancy, but that the success or failure of any modeling attempt may be stage- rather than age-dependent.     

一维自组织临界米堆模型的临界行为

对一维链上的具有固定位置驱动机制和随机位置驱动机制的米堆模型的临界行为进行了数值模拟研究.系统经一个暂态过程后达到一个临界态,雪崩大小的概率统计分布服从"幂指"规律.固定位置驱动机制模型的临界雪崩指数为τs=1.51±0.02和τt=1.83±0.02.随机位置驱动机制的模型的临界雪崩指数为τs=1.01±0.02和τt=1.03±0.02.固定位置驱动机制和随机位置驱动机制的米堆模型属于不同的普适类.     

Demonstrator influence on observer diet preference: Analyses of critical social interactions and olfactory signals

Previous studies have shown that interaction of an observer rat with a previously fed conspecific demonstrator enhances the observer’s subsequent preference for the diet its demonstrator ate. The present series of experiments were undertaken to explore both the conditions sufficient to permit demonstrator influence on observer diet preference and the behavioral processes underlying such influence. We found (1) that an observer rat can be influenced in its subsequent diet selection by interaction for as little as 2 min with a demonstrator, (2) that during such brief interactions mouth-to-mouth contact between demonstrator and observer is necessary for demonstrator influence on observer diet preference, (3) that both cues emerging from the digestive tract of a rat fed by intragastric intubation and particles of food clinging to the fur of a demonstrator are sufficient to permit observers to identify their respective demonstrators’ diets, (4) that exposure to a diet is effective in enhancing an observer’s subsequent preference for that diet only if the diet is experienced in the presence of another rat, and (5) that diets experienced on the anterior of a live rat are more effective in altering observers’ subsequent diet preferences than the same diets experienced either on the anterior of a dead rat or the posterior of a live one.     

高职英语口语测试模式的构建

本文主要分析高职英语口语测试的现状,提出改革的方法和思路,探讨了构建一套标准化的高职英语口语测试模式的可行性和实施过程。     

Technical characteristics and some correlates of the california critical thinking skills test,forms A and B

Forms A and B of the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST) were administered to two randomly formed groups of undergraduate students at a large eastern university, as part of the freshman orientation process. Arithmetic means for the forms were significantly different, indicating a lack of equivalence between forms. Principal component analyses and specific patterns of item intercorrelations differed between forms, with the lack of equivalence apparently due to the changes in Form A items, which were carried out in order to create Form B items. Internal consistency reliabilities for total and subtest scores were uniformly low, and it appears the CCTST scores largely reflect verbal intelligence of the type measured by the SAT. It was concluded that the CCTST may be acceptable for research purposes (e.g., as a blocking variable or covariate), but not for decision making concerning individual students, especially with respect to subtest scores and score differences.     

Stimulus preference and the transitivity of preference

Four pigeons were exposed to multiple schedules with concurrent variable interval (VI) components and then tested for preference transfer. Half of the pigeons were trained on a multiple concurrent VI 20-sec, VI 40-sec/cuncurrent VI 4G-sec5 VI 80-sec schedule. The remaining pigeons were trained on a multiple concurrent VI 80-sec, VI 40-sec/concurrent VI 40-sec, VI 20-sec schedule-After stability criteria for time and response proportions were simultaneously met, four preference transfer tests were conducted with the stimuli associated with the VI 40-sec schedules. During the transfer tests, each pigeon allocated a greater proportion of responses (M=0,79) and time (M=0.82) to the stimulus associated with the VI 40-sec schedule that was paired with the VI 80-sec schedule than lo the VI 40-sec schedule stimulus paired with the VI 20-sec schedule. Absolute reinforcement rates on the two VI 40 sec schedules were approximately equal and unlikely to account for the observed preference. Nor was the preference consistent with the differences in local reinforcement rates associated with the two stimuli. Instead, the results were interpreted in terms of the differential value that stimuli acquire as a function of previous pairings with alternative schedules of reinforcement.     

中山包装学院:人才培养模式创新试验

高等教育必须与社会经济发展相适应,必须创新教育模式。株洲工学院把教学实践基地建在行业内具有国际先进水平的企业前沿,共建“中山包装学院”,实施“四个结合”的合作教育办学方针,取得了良好的成效。     

一种基于加权的新型模糊偏好关系及其解析表达式

通过对Nakamura和Yuan所定义的模糊偏好关系的对比研究,给出了一种新的加权模糊偏好关系及其解析表达式.     

二维米堆模型在不同空间结构的自组织临界行为

研究了在四方网格和正三角网格上的具有决定性倒塌过程的二维自组织临界米堆模型的自组织临界行为.雪崩大小的概率统计分布服从幂指规律,利用函数推断法得到的四方网格和正三角网格上的二维米堆模型的临界指教在误差范围内是一致的.这表明系统的临界行为对空间结构的依赖并不敏感,正三角网格和四方网格上的米堆模型同属于一个普适类.     

Analysis of the Latin Square Task with linear logistic test models

The Latin Square Task (LST) was developed by Birney, Halford, and Andrews [Birney, D. P., Halford, G. S., & Andrews, G. (2006). Measuring the influence of cognitive complexity on relational reasoning: The development of the Latin Square Task. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 146–171.] and represents a non-domain specific, language-free operationalization of Relational Complexity (RC-)Theory. The current study investigates the basic cognitive parameters and structure of LST as defined by RC-Theory, using IRT-based linear logistic test models (LLTM). 850 German school students completed 26 systematically designed LST items. Results support the notion of Rasch-scalability. LLTM analyses reveal that both operation complexity and number of operations affect item difficulty. It is shown how LLTM and its variants can provide substantial insights into cognitive solution processes and composition of item difficulty in relational reasoning in order to make item construction more efficient.     

初中生物学有效实验考查模式的探索与实践

广州市从2003年起,就开始在初中毕业生生物学业考试中开展考查知识、能力、情感态度与价值观的探索,即学业成绩由纸笔测试成绩、非纸笔测试成绩(开放式考查)、平时成绩三部分构成。其中纸笔测试成绩占60%、非纸笔测试成绩占30%、平时成绩占10%。笔者参照广州市做法,在2006年以广州市开发区中学七年级的6个班,八年级的4个班为实验对象,取非纸笔测试成绩的20%,进行了实验考查模式的探索与研究。将实验考查模式分为五种类型,分别是操作、口试、笔试、设计和报告。教师给出一定的范围和题目,学生根据自己的特长和兴趣任选一种方式进行考查。选择…     

A computational alternative to the Piagetian infant

Abstract

Piaget's (1953, 1955) increasingly controversial claim that infant knowledge depends upon action need not be rejected, provided the mechanisms underlying infant ability are conceptualized appropriately in computational terms. Computational concepts solve many problems caused by Piaget's notions of perception, behaviour, schemes, reciprocal-assimilation and action. Artificial intelligence work on vision offers a way of explaining early perceptual abilities that is precise, internally coherent and able to encompass recent findings of innate organization. Concepts from the procedural programming languages offer a way of accounting for both internal and overt aspects of behaviour, and for the functional coordination of perception and behaviour that characterizes infant anion. This perspective challenges Piaget's view that development necessitates a radical reconstruction of action-based knowledge. Conceptualized computationally, perceptual-behavioural action can be seen to involve representation in a nontrivial sense. Restructuring of action mechanisms can account for some central phenomena of infant development.