低碳经济目标下一次能源消费结构影响因素分析

低碳经济实现的重点在于能源结构的优化。本文通过文献回顾的方式提炼了一次能源消费结构的主要影响因素,并通过路径分析测算各影响因素对能源消费结构的总影响、直接影响和间接影响,明确了影响机理。其中,能耗量约束和GDP增长对能源消费结构的优化起直接推动作用;但在碳强度和能耗强度保持不变的条件下,碳排放约束和能耗量约束总影响上对能源消费结构的优化起抑制作用。在此基础上,通过岭回归方法消除各因素的多重共线性,构建了一次能源消费结构的预测模型,并据此得出,为实现2020年低碳经济目标,煤炭消费比重应降至65.99%~66.72%,在增加GDP的同时,降低能源消耗和碳排放。     

基于低碳经济视角的我国碳排放强度的影响因素分析

在我国宏观低碳经济背景下,控制碳排放量首要任务是降低碳排放强度。本文首次将中间投入强度及投入结构引入到碳排放强度影响因素研究中,选用2000年、2002年、2005年、2007年及2010年的数据,运用LMDI因素分解方法将我国碳排放强度的影响因素分解为能源结构效应、能源投入替代率效应、投入结构效应和中间投入强度效应。结果表明：能源投入替代率加快碳排放强度的降低,中间投入强度和投入结构抑制碳排放强度的降低,能源结构对碳排放强度的降低作用不明显。从因素总效应来看,除了2002年至2005年间各影响因素整体抑制了碳强度的降低外,其他各区段间因素效应之和加速碳强度的降低。因此,调整投入结构、提高能源效率成为碳减排的当务之急。     

基于结构分解的碳排放驱动因素及行业影响分析 ——以广东为例

为弥补缺乏从行业附加值视角研究碳排放强度和部门生产环节碳排放结构的不足,以更好地分析碳排放变动情况,基于消费者视角,同时考虑附加值对碳排放的影响,将引起碳排放的因素分解为能源结构效应、能源强度效应、附加值效应、投入结构效应和最终需求效应并构建研究模型,以广东为例,利用其2007年、2012年和2017年投入产出表数据,采用结构分解分析（SDA）法和结构路径分析（SPA）法对广东及其部分行业碳排放情况进行分析。结果表明：对于广东而言,能源强度效应是碳排放减少的主要因素,最终需求效应是碳排放增加的主要因素;直接碳强度和完全碳强度增加的部门主要是能源部门,其碳排放呈现增加状态,其中直接消耗引起的碳排放比例增加,间接消耗引起的碳排放集中在第1和第2层生产环节上;能源强度效应是非能源部门直接碳排放和完全碳强度降低的关键因素。最后,从应对最终需求高碳化对碳排放的影响、能源消费结构和产业结构优化调整以及政府调控手段等方面对促进广东碳减排提出有关对策建议。     

能源价格、经济增长与我国能源强度的变动——基于LMDI分解与计量模型的实证研究

运用LMDI乘法分解模型,将能源强度变动分解为技术进步效应、部门结构变动效应与能源替代效应;建立计量经济模型分析驱动能源强度变动三种效应的价格与经济原因。基于我国1980~2014年数据的实证结果表明:能源价格上涨、经济增长对于降低能源强度具有显著的积极作用,但对技术进步效应、部门结构变动效应与能源替代效应的影响存在显著的差异性。能源价格对技术进步效应影响效果最显著,对部门结构变动效应影响较小,对能源替代效应无显著影响。能源价格上涨主要是通过促进技术进步而不是通过引发经济结构调整或能源消费结构改变推动能源强度下降。经济增长与技术进步效应、部门结构变动效应呈负相关关系,与能源替代效应不相关。     

一次能源消费结构变动对碳强度影响的灵敏度分析

运用通径分析明确了一次能源消费比例的相互关系及其与碳强度的直接与间接关系,在此基础上计算一次能源消费比例分别对碳强度和GDP的贡献,据此分析一次能源消费结构变动对碳强度影响的灵敏度.研究结论表明:煤炭消费比例是碳强度增长的主要推动因素,其他能源(水电、核电、风电等)消费比例、灰因素等是碳强度增长的主要抑制因素.依据一次能源消费结构变动对碳强度影响的灵敏度矩阵的结论,降低煤炭消费比例,提高其他能源(水电、核电、风电等)消费比例对降低碳强度的贡献最大,优化能源消费结构可以降低碳强度4.5722个百分点,对实现“十二五”规划碳强度目标的贡献潜力为26.9％.     

基于低碳经济视角的我国碳排放强度影响因素分析

首次将中间投入强度及投入结构引入到碳排放强度影响因素研究中,选用2000年、2002年、2005年、2007年及2010年的数据,运用LMDI因素分解方法将我国碳排放强度的影响因素分解为能源结构效应、能源投入替代率效应、投入结构效应和中间投入强度效应。结果表明,能源投入替代率加快碳排放强度的降低,中间投入强度和投入结构抑制碳排放强度的降低,能源结构对碳排放强度的降低作用不明显。从因素总效应来看,除了2002—2005年间各影响因素整体抑制了碳强度的降低外,其他各区段间因素效应之和加速碳强度的降低。因此,调整投入结构、提高能源效率成为碳减排的当务之急。     

低碳基础指标测算综述

从低碳经济测评指标体系研究现状出发,构建低碳系统测算环节图,根据能源消耗、治理环节,将低碳评价所涉及测算方法按碳排放、碳足迹、碳源控制、碳汇建设、碳中和五大类进行归纳和评述。各方法分别涉及产业结构、消费结构、能源结构以及能源利用率等碳排放影响因素。     

技术进步,结构变动与碳生产率增长

本文估算了中国1978—2008年碳生产率,并用拉氏分解法分析了技术进步、产业结构变动和能源消费结构等影响碳生产率的主要因素.研究发现,样本期间我国碳生产率年平均增长率为4.26%,累计增长249%,技术进步是推动碳生产率提高的主要因素,能源消费结构变化的贡献较小.进一步推进技术进步、发挥技术效率在节能减排中的主导作用,重点发展清洁能源和高效能源、优化能源消费结构,以及推动产业结构持续演进,是提高碳生产率、发展低碳经济的可靠路径.     

中国区域碳生产率的空间特性及影响因素分析

基于2006—2021年中国30个省的碳生产率测算及空间特征,采用邻接、经济和地理矩阵下的空间杜宾模型,实证检验了各影响因素对碳生产率的直接效应和间接效应。研究表明：从空间特征来看,我国碳生产率表现为“发达聚集,欠发达分散”的特征;从作用效果来看,城镇化、产业结构和能源结构对本地区及相邻地区碳生产率均具有显著的抑制作用,经济发展水平具有显著的促进作用,而绿色技术创新和FDI对本地区碳生产率具有显著的促进作用但对相邻地区具有显著的抑制作用;从作用大小来看,经济发展水平对碳生产率的促进作用最大,绿色技术创新的促进作用最小,FDI的抑制作用最大,能源结构的抑制作用最小;从区域异质性来看,经济发展水平在西部的提升作用不显著;FDI在西部表现出负溢出效应。建议从完善外商政策、降低能源强度、加快绿色技术创新和促进产业结构高级化来助力碳生产率提升。     

中国产业结构变化对能源强度的影响

改革开放以来,中国总能源强度呈现整体下降的趋势,分析影响总能源强度的因素,对促进节能减排有着至关重要的作用。本文基于结构性因素分解方法(SDA)将能源强度分解为结构效应和效率效应,从产业结构层次逐步深入到工业内部行业的结构层次,从各产业和工业分行业角度分别定量分析了引起中国总能源强度和工业能源强度下降的原因。结果表明:(1)目前中国总能源强度的下降主要是由于各产业能源效率的提高,产业结构在2013年之前起到了阻碍作用,在2013年之后起到了微弱正向促进作用;(2)从各产业对总能源强度的影响上看,工业、建筑业和第三产业的结构因素对总能源强度下降的负向影响程度大于第一产业结构因素的正向影响程度,但工业、建筑业和第三产业的效率因素对总能源强度下降起到了主要的推动作用;(3)中国工业能源强度的下降是由工业结构变化和工业各行业能源利用效率的提高共同推动的,工业各行业能源强度的下降是主要动力;(4)从工业各行业对工业能源强度的影响上看,工业行业结构效应和效率效应影响行业较为集中,重点高能耗行业的结构变化和效率变化对促进工业能源强度的下降起到了重要的作用;(5)工业发展速度较快行业的结构变化和效率变化对工业能源强度的影响作用越来越明显。针对得出的结论,提出了相关建议,为中国节能减排政策的制定提供理论支持。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.