The new sporting Cold War: implications of the Russian doping allegations for international relations and sport

Abstract

This article examines current state of the new sporting cold war in the world of sports. It provides an examination of the 2014–2018 Russian doping scandal. Political and ideological prerequisites that triggered this scandal are considered, and based on obtained observations, an analysis of possible scenarios in the development of events is made as are recommendations for future progress in ending this unnecessary neo-cold war.     

Human genetic variation: new challenges and opportunities for doping control

Sport celebrates differences in competitors that lead to the often razor-thin margins between victory and defeat. The source of this variation is the interaction between the environment in which the athletes develop and compete and their genetic make-up. However, a darker side of sports may also be genetically influenced: some anti-doping tests are affected by the athlete's genotype. Genetic variation is an issue that anti-doping authorities must address as more is learned about the interaction between genotype and the responses to prohibited practices. To differentiate between naturally occurring deviations in indirect blood and urine markers from those potentially caused by doping, the "biological-passport" program uses intra-individual variability rather than population values to establish an athlete's expected physiological range. The next step in "personalized" doping control may be the inclusion of genetic data, both for the purposes of documenting an athlete's responses to doping agents and doping-control assays as well facilitating athlete and sample identification. Such applications could benefit "clean" athletes but will come at the expense of risks to privacy. This article reviews the instances where genetics has intersected with doping control, and briefly discusses the potential role, and ethical implications, of genotyping in the struggle to eliminate illicit ergogenic practices.     

基因兴奋剂的研究进展

运用文献综述基因兴奋剂的研究进展,探讨基因兴奋剂的分子机制、基因治疗的基本理论,从基因治疗到基因兴奋剂,基因兴奋剂的操作方法,与有氧耐力相关的基因兴奋剂,如促红细胞生成素基因兴奋剂、血管紧张素转换酶基因兴奋剂;与身体力量相关的基因兴奋剂,如胰岛素样生长因子-1基因兴奋剂、机械生长因子基因兴奋剂;基因兴奋剂的危害、对策,以加深人们对基因兴奋剂的认识,提高人们对基因兴奋剂的警惕。     

新农村建设中的体育文化发展

农村体育文化作为一种农村特定的文化形式,对社会主义新农村建设有着十分重要的现实意义。阐述了新农村体育文化建设的现状,并提出了新农村建设中发展体育文化的对策。     

新农村建设中的体育文化发展

农村体育文化作为一种农村特定的文化形式,对社会主义新农村建设有着十分重要的现实意义.阐述了新农村体育文化建设的现状,并提出了新农村建设中发展体育文化的对策.     

The social-cognitive mechanisms regulating adolescents' use of doping substances

In this study, we assessed the longitudinal effects of social-cognitive mechanisms on the self-reported use of doping substances and supplements among Italian high school students. In total, 1232 students completed questionnaires measuring various psychological factors hypothesized to influence students' intention to use substances. Three months later, 762 of the students completed the same questionnaires a second time and also reported their use of substances during the time between assessments. Overall, the percentages of students using doping substances (2.1%) or supplements (14.4%) were consistent with values reported in the literature. Analysis of the data showed that adolescents' intention to use doping substances increased with stronger attitudes about doping, stronger beliefs that significant others would approve of their use, a stronger conviction that doping use can be justified, and a lowered capacity to resist situational pressure or personal desires. In turn, stronger intentions and moral disengagement contributed to a greater use of doping substances during the previous 3 months. Doping use was also correlated significantly to supplementation. In conclusion, our results provide novel information about some of the psychological processes possibly regulating adolescents' use of doping substances and supplements. The results also highlight possible areas for future study and intervention, focusing on the prevention of adolescents' substance use.     

The social-cognitive mechanisms regulating adolescents' use of doping substances

Abstract

In this study, we assessed the longitudinal effects of social-cognitive mechanisms on the self-reported use of doping substances and supplements among Italian high school students. In total, 1232 students completed questionnaires measuring various psychological factors hypothesized to influence students' intention to use substances. Three months later, 762 of the students completed the same questionnaires a second time and also reported their use of substances during the time between assessments. Overall, the percentages of students using doping substances (2.1%) or supplements (14.4%) were consistent with values reported in the literature. Analysis of the data showed that adolescents' intention to use doping substances increased with stronger attitudes about doping, stronger beliefs that significant others would approve of their use, a stronger conviction that doping use can be justified, and a lowered capacity to resist situational pressure or personal desires. In turn, stronger intentions and moral disengagement contributed to a greater use of doping substances during the previous 3 months. Doping use was also correlated significantly to supplementation. In conclusion, our results provide novel information about some of the psychological processes possibly regulating adolescents' use of doping substances and supplements. The results also highlight possible areas for future study and intervention, focusing on the prevention of adolescents' substance use.     

A meta-cognitive approach to doping in sports: The effects of thought validation on attitudes related to doping

ABSTRACT

To better understand doping-related attitude change, it is important to consider not only the amount of thinking (i.e., elaboration) done by message recipients, but also the favourability of their thoughts in response to the proposal, as well as the perceived validity in their thoughts. The main goal of the present study was to analyse the effects of a meta-cognitive process (i.e., thought validation) on attitudes related to doping. Thus, we randomly assigned participants to read a message either against or in favour of legalising several doping behaviours. Participants listed their thoughts regarding the proposal and indicated the perceived validity in their thoughts, then reported their attitudes. As hypothesised, the message against legalisation elicited more unfavourable thoughts and attitudes than the message in favour of legalisation. Most relevantly, the effects of the message direction on attitudes were greater for participants with higher (vs. lower) levels of thought validity. Furthermore, consistent with the thought validation process, results revealed that thought favourability was a better predictor of attitudes for participants with higher (vs. lower) perceived thought validity, indicating that perceiving one’s thoughts as valid plays an important role in persuasion. These findings provide novel insights for research and interventions regarding doping in sports.     

The Tour de France and the doping issue

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美国反兴奋剂机构的仲裁制度

随着兴奋剂纠纷的增多，如何来解决、用何种方式来解决因兴奋剂引起的纠纷，从而达到既能打击使用兴奋剂的行为，又能有效保护运动员的合法权益的目的，便成为摆在我们面前的紧要任务。但是，有关兴奋剂纠纷解决机制的规定甚多，有的甚至相互冲突，怎样来协调个中规定，美国反兴奋剂机构的仲裁制度或许能给我们些许启示。     

兴奋剂的入罪问题研究

从最初出现的药物兴奋剂,到现在更为隐蔽、更加危险的基因兴奋剂,这些黑名单上不断增加的违禁物品,无不严重破坏着体育公平竞争精神,突破人类道德的底线,进而滑向违法犯罪的深渊.兴奋剂不仅是有悖奥林匹克精神的"毒瘤",同时也是对人类社会的诚信、健康权与生命权的极大挑衅.然而现行兴奋剂问题的处罚方式却呈现两个极端,一方面处罚原则过于严格导致打击面扩大,另一方面犯罪成本过低导致打击力度不足.因此,该文希望通过对兴奋剂问题的刑事责任进行深入研究,以期找到刑罚的依据,给予兴奋剂违法犯罪有力一击.     

武术文化对民族文化心理的影响

武术作为一种独特的、内外兼修、蕴含深刻哲理的传统文化,以多方面影响着我们民族的文化心理和民族个性。发扬光大武术文化的坦荡、博大的精神内涵,对理解东方文明的精髓,对民族自立、自尊、自强和凝聚发展有着重要的作用     

Money matters: The impact of prize money on doping behaviour

In professional sports, the amounts disbursed in rank-based prize money distributions decline sharply, and differences in performance are extremely small. This disparity may provide a high incentive for doping. Due to the complexity of doping, obtaining meaningful insights on the influence of prize money distribution and the pecuniary value of prize money on doping behaviour of elite athletes using game theory or other approaches has not been possible. The authors perform a computerised social simulation through agent-based modelling to analyse doping behaviour in competitive sport. The results show that the distribution of prize money in particular has an enormous impact on the prevalence of doping. By contrast, the total amount of prize money is less decisive for doping behaviour. Further, doping costs are observed to have only a marginal effect on doping prevalence, depending on the tested prize money distribution and its amount. The simulation results can be used by sports federations and competition organisers who should distribute the prize money more evenly to all athletes to reduce doping.     

新型农村社区体育文化服务体系建设之策

从构建公共文化服务体系的视角出发,以新型农村社区体育文化服务建设为背景,运用文献资料调研、调查访问、典型个案调查和论证分析等多种方法,阐述了新型农村社区体育文化服务体系建设的概念,探讨发展模式,并通过分析新型农村社区体育文化服务创新体系建设发展过程中出现的典型案例,总结其成功案例的不同特点和共同特征,为新型农村社区体育文化服务体系建设提供理论与实践依据.     

体育文化产业——我国文化产业中的新亮点

体育文化产业作为文化产业的重要组成部分,越来越发挥着其他文化产业所不能替代的重要作用,是我国文化产业中的新亮点.我国体育文化丰厚并为其产业的发展奠定了良好的基础;但在体制上还存在一些欠缺,开发力度还不够,既有与其他文化产业竞争的优势,也面临着机遇与挑战.     

论反兴奋剂的伦理学依据

本文采用文献资料法,通过分析反兴奋剂的标准:自然观,损害观,指出使用兴奋剂而造成的对体育本质的违背及竞赛伦理道德的破坏,才是反兴奋剂最合理的伦理学依据。     

体育全球化的文化反思

体育全球化的实质是欧美化。奥林匹克是当今体育思想、组织制度、内容形式的集大成者，欧美中心主义表现得淋漓尽致．其特征是“输出”意识强烈、排他性、强化认同。欧美中心主义的体育全球化与人类的理想是相冲突的。在新的世纪，体育全球化是不可阻挡的潮流，但体育全球化必须以文化的差异为基点，充分认识世界体育发展主体的多元性。中西方体育文化的融合是体育发展的选择。     

The public perception of doping in sport in Switzerland, 1995-2004

The article reports findings on the perception of doping and anti-doping policies from four representative population surveys carried out in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004, as well as from a 2005 - 2006 survey of top-level athletes in Switzerland. The results show a growing public awareness for doping issues and increasing support for a comprehensive anti-doping strategy in Switzerland. The vast majority of the Swiss population and top-level athletes are strongly against doping and support a strategy that combines strict prohibition and sanctioning with informational and educational efforts. The perception of the doping issue and the strategic preferences in fighting doping stated by the public are largely in line with the current anti-doping strategy followed by the Swiss authorities. The results thus suggest a successful use of information resources by the authorities to create public awareness and to communicate its strategy.