Kinetics study on biomass pyrolysis for fuel gas production

INTRODUCTIONSincebiomassisanabundant,inexpensiveandrenewableresource ,itsconversiontosyn theticfuelsandchemicalproductsappearsat tractive.Amongallkindsofbiomassconversionroutes,pyrolysisisbeinggivenincreasingatten tionsincetheprocessissimpleandmaybeopti m…     

Kinetics study on biomass pyrolysis for fuel gas production

Kinetic knowledge is of great importance in achieving good control of the pyrolysis and gasification process and optimising system design. An overall kinetic pyrolysis scheme is therefore addressed here. The kinetic modelling incorporates the following basic steps: the degradation of the virgin biomass materials into primary products (tar, gas and semi-char), the decomposition of primary tar into secondary products and the continuous interaction between primary gas and char. The last step is disregarded completely by models in the literature. Analysis and comparison of predicted results from different kinetic schemes and experimental data on our fixed bed pyrolyser yielded very positive evidence to support our kinetic scheme. Project (No. 2001CB409600) Supported by the National Key Basic Research Program (973) of China     

聚氨酯泡沫燃料正向阴燃传播特性的数值模拟

以聚氨酯泡沫为试样,建立了多孔介质水平燃料床阴燃的二维两相流数学模型.模型包括燃料吸热热解、燃料放热氧化及焦炭的放热氧化3个反应过程.通过有限单元法对聚氨脂泡沫的阴燃控制方程进行离散,并采用数值分析软件包FEMLAB进行计算求解.数值模拟了来流速度为0.28 cm/s时燃料阴燃的温度分布和固体成分(燃料泡沫、炭粒和灰分)的变化,其中阴燃传播平均速度为0.0214cm/s,阴燃最高温度平均为644.67K;固体成分的变化曲线明显的将填充床分成4个区域:未燃区、燃料热解氧化区、焦炭氧化区及燃料燃尽区.同时,模拟研究了来流速度及燃料特性参数(导热率、比热、密度、孔隙直径等)对阴燃传播特性的影响.结果表明:阴燃速度和阴燃温度随着来流速度的增大基本上呈线性增长;燃料密度对阴燃传播影响最大;对于孔径较大的多孔介质燃料,模型中要考虑辐射的影响.模拟数据与实验数据进行了对比,结果基本吻合.     

纤维质燃料填充床正向阴燃传播特性的数值模拟

Based on a three-step kinetic mechanism, a one-dimensional, time dependent, numerical model is presented forthe smoldering propagation in a horizontally packed bed of cellulosic material. The kinetic processes include pyrolysis andoxidation degradation of fuel and oxidation of char. Heat transfer between solid and gas is taken into account, and the diffusioncoefficient varies with the temperature. Radiative heat transfer is included by using the diffusion approximation. The effectsof airflow velocity and oxygen concentration are simulated on the smoldering velocity and the averaged maximum temperatureof smoldering fuel. The results indicate that the spread rate varies linearly with increasing airflow velocity, and the inlet airvelocity has little effect on the maximum temperature. The evolutions of gas species and solid compositions are predicted.The effects of frequency factors (A1, A2 and A3) are analyzed. Simulations show that the smoldering spread rate increaseswith increasing A2 (fuel oxidation), but decreases with A1 (fuel pyrolysis) and A3 (char oxidation).     

Numerical study of heat transfer characteristics of downward supercritical kerosene flow inside circular tubes

The heat transfer characteristics of China RP-3 aviation kerosene flowing in a vertical downward tube with an inner diameter of 4 mm under supercritical pressures are numerically studied. A ten-species surrogate model is used to calculate the thermophysical properties of kerosene and the re-normalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulent model with the enhanced wall treatment is adopted to consider the turbulent effect. The effects of mass flow rate, wall heat flux, inlet temperature, and pressure on heat transfer are investigated. The numerical results show that three types of heat transfer deterioration exist for the aviation kerosene flow. The first type of deterioration occurred at the tube inlet region and is caused by the development of the thermal boundary layer, while the other two types are observed when the inner wall temperature or the bulk fuel temperature approaches the pseudo-critical temperature. The heat transfer coefficient increases with the increasing mass flow rate and the decreasing wall heat flux, while the inlet bulk fluid temperature only influences the starting point of the heat transfer coefficient curve plotted against the bulk fluid temperature. The increase of inlet pressure can effectively eliminate the deterioration due to the small variations of properties near the pseudo-critical point at relatively high pressure. The numerical heat transfer coefficients fit well with the empirical correlations, especially at higher pressures (about 5 MPa).     

Vacuum pyrolysis characteristics of waste epoxy printed circuit boards

Vacuum pyrolysis was employed to dispose scrap brominated epoxy printed circuit boards (PCBs). Pyrolysis characteristics of waste PCBs under normal pressure and vacuum were investigated in this paper. A detailed study on the analysis of the elemental composition of PCBs and the pyrolysis products was performed. The thermal decomposition kinetics was measured by a thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer. The activation energy of pyrolysis under nitrogen atmosphere and vacuum were 193 kJ/mol to 206 kJ/mol and 145 kJ/mol to 165 kJ/mol, respectively. The composition of materials was analyzed by elemental analyzer. The pyrolysis products were analyzed by GC (gas chromatograph), GC-MS (chromatography and mass spectrometry) and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). Vacuum helped to increase the yield of pyrolysis oil. The liquid yield of PCBs pyrolysis at 15 kPa and normal pressure were 31.3? and 23.5?, respectively. The main components in pyrolysis oils were phenol, isopropyl-phenol, and their brominated substitution.     

减压渣油掺炼乙烯重焦油共焦化试验

将减压渣油、乙烯重焦油以及它们的掺兑物在管式焦化反应器中进行共焦化反应.结果表明,在减压渣油中掺兑乙烯重焦油技术可行,而且还可稍微降低生焦率和气体收率,提高液体油收率.在减压渣油中掺兑乙烯重焦油,有望成为扩大乙烯重焦油利用的一种途径.     

Microstructure,mechanical property and corrosion resistance property of Cr26Mo3.5 super ferritic stainless joints by P-TIG and laser welding

The characteristics of microstructure, mechanical property and corrosion behavior of Cr26Mo3.5 super stainless steel joints by pulse tungsten inert gas(P-TIG)welding and laser welding were investigated. The results indicate that the widths of the center equiaxed grain zone(EGZ)and the columnar grain zone(CGZ)increase with the increase of heat input in both welding processes. The precipitates of Nb and Ti carbides and nitrides are formed in the weld metal(WM)and the heat affected zone(HAZ). The joints by laser welding show better tensile and corrosion resistance properties than those by P-TIG welding due to the heat concentration and lower heat input. The tensile strength and elongation increase with the decrease of heat input, and the fracture mode of the joints turns into ductile-brittle mixed fracture from ductile fracture when the welding method turns into P-TIG welding from laser welding. Moreover, the corrosion resistance of all joints declines slightly with the increase of heat input. Hence, laser welding is more suitable for welding Cr26Mo3.5 super stainless steel in engineering applications.     

Heat Transfer of an Array of Round Impinging Jets with One-Sided Exhaust of the Spent Air

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弹性管束换热器传热与阻力特性的实验研究

对弹性管束水-水换热器的传热与阻力特性进行了研究。主要分析了换热器在不同工况下的传热系数的变化规律;研究了弹性管束在管外流体和管内流体的共同诱导作用下,管外和管内对流换热的情况;并对管程和壳程的流动阻力损失进行了实验测量,得出了管程和壳程的阻力损失变化的规律,以及换热器管程阻力损失的计算方法。     

顶喷流态化过程模拟(英文)

对顶喷流化床中的颗粒干燥过程进行模拟.引进润湿率参数表示喷雾液滴对流化颗粒的有限润湿,并利用聚丙烯和水物系的实验数据回归得到了该物系的润湿率表达式.通过得到的润湿率对顶喷流态化过程进行模拟,模拟结果与实验结果基本一致,润湿率及过程模型得到了验证.     

Experimental Study on Dimethyl Ether Combustion Process in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Mode

Experimental study on homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion process was carried out on a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine fueled with dimethyl ether(DME). The influence of inert gas CO2 on the ignition and combustion process was investigated. The research results indicate that because of the high cetanc number of DME, the stable HCCI operating range is quite narrow while the engine has a high compression ratio. The HCCI operating range can be largely extended when the inert gas is inducted into the charging air. HCCI combustion of DME presents remarkable characteristic of two-stage combustion process. As the concentration of inert gas increases, the ignition timing of the first combustion stage delays,the peak heat release rate decreases, and the combustion duration extends. Inducting inert gas into charging air cannot make the combustion and heat release of DME occur at a perfect crank angle position. Therefore, to obtain HCCI operation for the fuel with high cetane number,other methods such as reducing engine compression ratio should be adopted. Emission results show that under HCCI operation, a nearly zero NOx emission can be obtained with no smoke emissions. But the HC and CO emissions are high, and beth rise with the increase of the concentration of inert gases.     

Research on temperature profiles of honeycomb regenerator with asymptotic analysis

1 Introduction 1 High temperature air combustion (HTAC) [1] can offer significantly improved thermal efficiency, reduced NOx emission and uniform heat flux field. Most of HTAC use the honeycomb regenerative system to preheat the air to a temperature above…     

Heat transfer and parametric studies of an encapsulated phase change material based cool thermal energy storage system

INTRODUCTION Cool thermal energy storage (CTES) using the latent heat concept as an alternative to sensible heat storage offers a good option because of its high storage density and the nearly constant temperature heat removal characteristics during the discharging cycle. Since the principle of latent cool storage nec- essarily involves a change of state, heat transfer must occur in different modes depending on the state of charging and discharging. During the periods of low cooling dema…     

对流传热系数测定的探讨

测定了不同流速下的各种传热数据,用实验法和理论计算法给出管内热膜系数α测、α计、Nu测、Nu计及总传热系数K测、K计的值,分析了实际法和理论法得到的传热系数的区别.在传热管中加入螺旋弹簧作为强化元件后,对各种数据的计算及与理论值之间的差别进行了分析.     

Rib height selection for roughness-enhanced tube

1 Introduction A well known method to increase heat transfer from a surface is to roughen the surface by use of regular geometric roughness elements, such as transversely-ridged tube, spirally-ridged tube or converging-diverging tube, etc., on the surface…     

Measurement of boiling heat transfer coefficient in liquid nitrogen bath by inverse heat conduction method

Inverse heat conduction method （IHCM） is one of the most effective approaches to obtaining the boiling heat transfer coefficient from measured results. This paper focuses on its application in cryogenic boiling heat transfer. Experiments were conducted on the heat transfer of a stainless steel block in a liquid nitrogen bath, with the assumption of a 1D conduction condition to realize fast acquisition of the temperature of the test points inside the block. With the inverse-heat conduction theory and the explicit finite difference model, a solving program was developed to calculate the heat flux and the boiling heat transfer coefficient of a stainless steel block in liquid nitrogen bath based on the temperature acquisition data. Considering the oscillating data and some unsmooth transition points in the inverse-heat-conduction calculation result of the heat-transfer coefficient, a two-step data-fitting procedure was proposed to obtain the expression for the boiling heat transfer coefficients. The coefficient was then verified for accuracy by a comparison between the simulation results using this expression and the verifying experimental results of a stainless steel block. The maximum error with a revised segment fitting is around 6%, which verifies the feasibility of using IHCM to measure the boiling heat transfer coefficient in liquid nitrogen bath.     

试差法在换热器的设计与选型中的应用

采用试差法,参考换热器传热系数的大致范围,假设一个传热系数值,利用热量衡算和传热速率方程估算传热面积,初选换热器型号,最后校核传热系数和传热面积。     

锅炉热力计算中传热系数类库的实现

通过对烟气、空气和水蒸汽的物性参数进行拟合,直接采用烟气、蒸汽侧对流传热系数公式计算对流换热系数,进一步实现锅炉对流受热面的传热系数类库编制,从而可以不再采用传统的查图求取的方法,提高计算的精度和效率。     

液化气罐工作应力测量和评估

为了评估局部受损液化气罐的应力水平,利用气压试验对罐体进行加载,采用电测法对罐体缺陷区、封头焊缝热影响区和母材区的应力进行测定。结果表明,凹坑区域呈现出较高的应力水平,最大应力位于凹坑中心,为436 MPa(1.12 Rel),该区域的高应力水平在湿H2S腐蚀环境中易引发局部应力腐蚀;受焊接残余应力的影响,罐体总应力有可能进一步增加;罐体继续使用前应对变形部位进行局部消除残余应力热处理,罐体内部定期进行表面探伤。